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Hedetoft M, Hansen MB, Madsen MB, Johansen JS, Hyldegaard O. Associations between YKL-40 and markers of disease severity and death in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1046. [PMID: 34627195 PMCID: PMC8502346 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI) is a severe and fast-progressing bacterial infection. Prognostic biomarkers may provide valuable information in treatment guidance and decision-making, but none have provided sufficient robustness to have a clinical impact. YKL-40 may reflect the ongoing pathological inflammatory processes more accurately than traditional biomarkers as it is secreted by the activated immune cells, but its prognostic yields in NSTI remains unknown. For this purpose, we investigated the association between plasma YKL-40 and 30-day mortality in patients with NSTI, and assessed its value as a marker of disease severity. Methods We determined plasma YKL-40 levels in patients with NSTI (n = 161) and age-sex matched controls (n = 65) upon admission and at day 1, 2 and 3. Results Baseline plasma YKL-40 was 1191 ng/mL in patients with NSTI compared with 40 ng/mL in controls (p < 0.001). YKL-40 was found to be significantly higher in patients with septic shock (1942 vs. 720 ng/mL, p < 0.001), and in patients receiving renal-replacement therapy (2382 vs. 1041 ng/mL, p < 0.001). YKL-40 correlated with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (Rho 0.33, p < 0.001). Baseline YKL-40 above 1840 ng/mL was associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality in age-sex-comorbidity adjusted analysis (OR 3.77, 95% CI; 1.59–9.24, p = 0.003), but after further adjustment for Simplified Acute Physiology Score II no association was found between YKL-40 and early mortality. Conclusion High plasma YKL-40 to be associated with disease severity, renal-replacement therapy and risk of death in patients with NSTI. However, YKL-40 is not an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06760-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hedetoft
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marco Bo Hansen
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Konduto ApS, Sani nudge, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bruun Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care 4131, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Sidenius Johansen
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hedetoft M, Moser C, Jensen PØ, Vinkel J, Hyldegaard O. Soluble ICAM-1 is modulated by hyperbaric oxygen treatment and correlates with disease severity and mortality in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:729-736. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00844.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HBO2 treatment may be a promising immunomodulatory agent by increasing sICAM-1, thereby lowering risk of collateral damage, especially in the most critically ill patients. sICAM-1 is associated with disease severity in NSTI as emphasized by significant correlations with SAPS II. Low sICAM-1 levels are an independent risk factor of 90-day mortality and appeared to give a good level of diagnostic accuracy, suggesting that sICAM-1 can be used as a prognostic biomarker for NSTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hedetoft
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Vinkel
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Duane TM, Huston JM, Collom M, Beyer A, Parli S, Buckman S, Shapiro M, McDonald A, Diaz J, Tessier JM, Sanders J. Surgical Infection Society 2020 Updated Guidelines on the Management of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2021; 22:383-399. [PMID: 33646051 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Surgical Infection Society (SIS) Guidelines for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) were published in October 2009 in Surgical Infections. The purpose of this project was to provide a succinct update on the earlier guidelines based on an additional decade of data. Methods: We reviewed the previous guidelines eliminating bite wounds and diabetic foot infections including their associated references. Relevant articles on the topic of complicated SSTIs from 2008-2020 were reviewed and graded individually. Comparisons were then made between the old and the new graded recommendations with review of the older references by two authors when there was disparity between the grades. Results: The majority of new studies addressed antimicrobial options and duration of therapy particularly in complicated abscesses. There were fewer updated studies on diagnosis and specific operative interventions. Many of the topics addressed in the original guidelines had no new literature to evaluate. Conclusions: Most recommendations remain unchanged from the original guidelines with the exception of increased support for adjuvant antimicrobial therapy after drainage of complex abscess and increased data for the use of alternative antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared M Huston
- Departments of Surgery and Science Education, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | | | - Adam Beyer
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara Parli
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sara Buckman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Shapiro
- Acute Care Surgery, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Amy McDonald
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose Diaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Tessier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - James Sanders
- Department of Pharmacy and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
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4
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Systems Biology and Biomarkers in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1294:167-186. [PMID: 33079369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) there is a need to identify biomarker sets that can be used for diagnosis and disease management. The INFECT study was designed to obtain such insights through the integration of patient data and results from different clinically relevant experimental models by use of systems biology approaches. This chapter describes the current state of biomarkers in NSTI and how biomarkers are categorized. We introduce the fundamentals of top-down systems biology approaches including analysis tools and we review the use of current methods and systems biology approaches to biomarker discover. Further, we discuss how different "omics" signatures (gene expression, protein, and metabolites) from NSTI patient samples can be used to identify key host and pathogen factors involved in the onset and development of infection, as well as exploring associations to disease outcomes.
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Kristensen MK, Hansen MB, Madsen MB, Hansen CB, Pilely K, Hyldegaard O, Garred P. Complement Activation Is Associated With Mortality in Patients With Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections-A Prospective Observational Study. Front Immunol 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32082310 PMCID: PMC7006023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We assessed whether different complement factors and complement activation products were associated with poor outcome in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI). Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study in an intensive care unit where treatment of NSTI is centralized at a national level. In 135 NSTI patients and 65 control patients, admission levels of MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3, C4, C3, complement activation products C4c, C3bc, and terminal complement complex (TCC) were assessed. Results: The 90-day mortality was 23%. In a Cox regression model adjusted for sex, and SAPS II, a higher than median MASP-1 (HR 0.378, CI 95% [0.164-0.872], p = 0.0226) and C4 (HR 0.162, 95% CI [0.060-0.438], p = 0.0003), C4c/C4 ratio (HR 2.290 95% CI [1.078-4.867], p = 0.0312), C3bc (HR 2.664 95% CI [1.195-5.938], p = 0.0166), and C3bc/C3 ratio (HR 4.041 95% CI [1.673-9.758], p = 0.0019) were associated with 90-day mortality, while MASP-2, C4c, C3, and TCC were not. C4 had the highest ROC-AUC (0.748, [95% CI 0.649-0.847]), which was comparable to the AUC for SOFA score (0.753, [95% CI 0.649-0.857]), and SAPS II (0.862 [95% CI 0.795-0.929]). Conclusion: In adjusted analyses, high admission levels of the C4c/C4 ratio, C3bc, and the C3bc/C3 ratio were significantly associated with a higher risk of death after 90 days while high admission levels of MASP-1 and C4 were associated with lower risk. In this cohort, these variables are better predictors of mortality in NSTI than C-reactive protein and Procalcitonin. C4's ability to predict mortality was comparable to the well-established scoring systems SAPS score II and SOFA on day 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Korsholm Kristensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Bo Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Anesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bruun Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Bo Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Complement related pattern recognition molecules as markers of short-term mortality in intensive care patients. J Infect 2020; 80:378-387. [PMID: 31981636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the complement related pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) PTX3, MBL, CL-11, ficolin-2 and -3, along with the established marker CRP, to predict 28-day mortality and disease severity of sepsis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS In a single-center, prospective, observational study 547 patients were included over a period of 18 months. Blood samples were obtained at admission to the ICU and the following 4 days. RESULTS PTX3 baseline levels were significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors, whereas MBL and ficolin-2 levels were significantly lower in non-survivors compared to survivors. A PTX3 level above the median was independently associated with 28-day mortality in the adjusted analysis including age, sex, chronic disease and immunosuppression (HR 1.87, 95% CI [1.41-2.48], p < 0.0001), while a MBL level above the median was associated with increased chance of survival (HR 0.75, 95% CI [0.57-0.98], p = 0.034). Ficolin-2 was only borderline significant (HR 0.79, 95% CI [0.60-1.03], p = 0.084). In a ROC analysis PTX3 was superior to CRP in predicting septic shock. CONCLUSIONS PTX3, MBL and CRP levels were independently associated with 28-day mortality in ICU patients. PTX3 was a better marker of septic shock compared to CRP.
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Associations of Plasma Nitrite, L-Arginine and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine With Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Shock 2019; 49:667-674. [PMID: 28863028 PMCID: PMC5929495 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: The nitric oxide system could play an important role in the pathophysiology related to necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI). Accordingly, we investigated the association between plasma nitrite level at admission and the presence of septic shock in patients with NSTI. We also evaluated the association between nitrite, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), l-arginine, l-arginine/ADMA ratio, and outcome. Methods: We analyzed plasma from 141 NSTI patients taken upon hospital admission. The severity of NSTI was assessed by the presence of septic shock, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II, Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), amputation, and 28-day mortality. Results: No difference in nitrite levels was found between patients with and without septic shock (median 0.82 μmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.41–1.21] vs. 0.87 μmol/L (0.62–1.24), P = 0.25). ADMA level was higher in patients in need of RRT (0.64 μmol/L (IQR 0.47–0.90) vs. (0.52 μmol/L (0.34–0.70), P = 0.028), and ADMA levels correlated positively with SAPS II (rho = 0.32, P = 0.0002) and SOFA scores (rho = 0.22, P = 0.01). In a logistic regression analysis, an l-arginine/ADMA ratio below 101.59 was independently associated with 28-day mortality, odds ratio 6.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.41–25.84), P = 0.016. None of the other analyses indicated differences in the NO system based on differences in disease severity. Conclusions: In patients with NSTI, we found no difference in baseline nitrite levels according to septic shock. High baseline ADMA level was associated with the use of RRT and patients with a low baseline l-arginine/ADMA ratio were at higher risk of dying within 28 days after hospital admission.
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Jarlhelt I, Genster N, Kirketerp-Møller N, Skjoedt MO, Garred P. The ficolin response to LPS challenge in mice. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:121-127. [PMID: 30818229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ficolins belong to an important family of pattern recognition molecules, which contributes to complement activation via the lectin pathway. How the ficolins respond to inflammatory stimuli remains only partly understood. In the present study, we investigated the ficolin A and ficolin B expression and protein distribution patterns in a mouse model of LPS-induced inflammation. The time- and tissue-specific expression of ficolin A and B was determined by real time PCR. Furthermore, ficolin protein levels in serum and bone marrow extracts from LPS challenged mice were determined by novel in-house developed sandwich ELISAs. Ficolin A was mainly expressed in liver and spleen. However, our data also suggested that ficolin A is expressed in bone marrow, which is the main site of ficolin B expression. The level of ficolin A and B expression was increased after stimulation with LPS in the investigated tissues. This was followed by a downregulation of expression, causing mRNA levels to return to baseline 24 h post LPS challenge. Protein levels appeared to follow the same pattern as the expression profiles, with an exception of ficolin B levels in serum, which kept increasing for 24 h. Ficolin A was likewise significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice infected with the fungi A. fumigatus, pointing towards a similar effect of the ficolins in non-sterile mouse models of inflammation. The results demonstrate that LPS-induced inflammation can induce a significant ficolin response, suggesting that the murine ficolins are acute phase reactants with increase in both mRNA expression and protein levels during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Jarlhelt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Kirketerp-Møller
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Barkai LJ, Sipter E, Csuka D, Prohászka Z, Pilely K, Garred P, Hosszúfalusi N. Decreased Ficolin-3-mediated Complement Lectin Pathway Activation and Alternative Pathway Amplification During Bacterial Infections in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:509. [PMID: 30949171 PMCID: PMC6436462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are frequent and severe in patients with diabetes mellitus. Whether diabetes per se induces functional alterations in the complement system hampering activation during infection is unknown. We investigated key elements of the complement system during bacterial infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and compared them to non-diabetic (ND) individuals. Using a prospective design, we included 197 T2DM, and 196 ND subjects, all with clinical diagnosis of acute community-acquired bacterial infections. Functional activities of the ficolin-3-mediated lectin (F3-LP), mannose binding lectin-mediated lectin- (MBL-LP), classical (CP), and alternative pathways (AP), as well as concentrations of complement activation products C4d and sC5b-9 were determined. Functional in vitro activities of F3-LP and AP were significantly higher in T2DM than in ND subjects, (median 64% vs. 45%, p = 0.0354 and 75 vs. 28%, p = 0.0013, respectively), indicating a decreased in vivo activation and lack of consumption of F3-LP and AP in T2DM patients, whereas no difference in functional capacities of CP and MBL-LP were observed between T2DM and ND subjects. Diminished F3-LP and AP activation was most pronounced in diabetic patients with urinary tract infections with positive microbiological culture results for Escherichia coli bacteria. In the T2DM group 3-months mortality significantly associated with diminished F3-LP and AP, but not with CP activation. Concentrations of C4d and sC5b-9 were significantly lower in the T2DM than in ND patients. In conclusion, we found impaired F3-LP activation and lack of AP amplification during bacterial infections in patients with type 2 diabetes, compared to non-diabetic subjects, suggesting a diminished complement mediated protection to bacterial infections in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emese Sipter
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Csuka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nóra Hosszúfalusi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Full Complement. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:83-84. [PMID: 29510384 DOI: 10.1159/000487341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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11
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With Complement. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:253-254. [DOI: 10.1159/000493170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Genster N, Østrup O, Schjalm C, Eirik Mollnes T, Cowland JB, Garred P. Ficolins do not alter host immune responses to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3852. [PMID: 28634324 PMCID: PMC5478672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficolins are a family of pattern recognition molecules that are capable of activating the lectin pathway of complement. A limited number of reports have demonstrated a protective role of ficolins in animal models of infection. In addition, an immune modulatory role of ficolins has been suggested. Yet, the contribution of ficolins to inflammatory disease processes remains elusive. To address this, we investigated ficolin deficient mice during a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of systemic inflammation. Although murine serum ficolin was shown to bind LPS in vitro, there was no difference between wildtype and ficolin deficient mice in morbidity and mortality by LPS-induced inflammation. Moreover, there was no difference between wildtype and ficolin deficient mice in the inflammatory cytokine profiles after LPS challenge. These findings were substantiated by microarray analysis revealing an unaltered spleen transcriptome profile in ficolin deficient mice compared to wildtype mice. Collectively, results from this study demonstrate that ficolins are not involved in host response to LPS-induced systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Østrup
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schjalm
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, and K.J. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jack B Cowland
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hansen MB, Rasmussen LS, Svensson M, Chakrakodi B, Bruun T, Madsen MB, Perner A, Garred P, Hyldegaard O, Norrby-Teglund A. Association between cytokine response, the LRINEC score and outcome in patients with necrotising soft tissue infection: a multicentre, prospective study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42179. [PMID: 28176831 PMCID: PMC5296880 DOI: 10.1038/srep42179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early assessment of necrotising soft tissue infection (NSTI) is challenging. Analysis of inflammatory markers could provide important information about disease severity and guide decision making. For this purpose, we investigated the association between cytokine levels and the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC)-score, disease severity and mortality in NSTI patients. In 159 patients, plasma was analysed for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α upon admission. The severity of NSTI was assessed by SAPS, SOFA score, septic shock, microbial aetiology, renal replacement therapy and amputation. We found no significant difference in cytokine levels according to a LRINEC- score above or below 6 (IL-1β: 3.0 vs. 1.3; IL-6: 607 vs. 289; IL-10: 38.4 vs. 38.8; TNF-α: 15.1 vs. 7.8 pg/mL, P > 0.05). Patients with β-haemolytic streptococcal infection had higher level of particularly IL-6. There was no difference in mortality between patients with a LRINEC-score above or below 6. In the adjusted analysis assessing 30-day mortality, the association was strongest for IL-1β (OR 3.86 [95% CI, 1.43-10.40], P = 0.008) and IL-10 (4.80 [1.67-13.78], P = 0.004). In conclusion, we found no significant association between the LRINEC-score and cytokine levels on admission. IL-6 was consistently associated with disease severity, whereas IL-1β had the strongest association with 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bo Hansen
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hyperbaric Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bhavya Chakrakodi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trond Bruun
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Bruun Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Perner
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hyperbaric Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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