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Wang J, Hu L, Zhang Z, Sui C, Zhu X, Wu C, Zhang L, Lv M, Yang W, Zhou D, Shang Z. Mice fatal pneumonia model induced by less-virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae via intratracheal aerosolization. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:1055-1070. [PMID: 38913747 PMCID: PMC11323861 DOI: 10.1080/17460913.2024.2355738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Animal models of fatal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) have not been reliably generated using many strains of less virulent serotypes.Materials & methods: Pulmonary infection of a less virulent Spn serotype1 strain in the immunocompetent mice was established via the intratracheal aerosolization (ITA) route. The survival, local and systemic bacterial spread, pathological changes and inflammatory responses of this model were compared with those of mice challenged via the intratracheal instillation, intranasal instillation and intraperitoneal injection routes.Results: ITA and intratracheal instillation both induced fatal pneumonia; however, ITA resulted in better lung bacterial deposition and distribution, pathological homogeneity and delivery efficiency.Conclusion: ITA is an optimal route for developing animal models of severe pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Wang
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, 561113, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengyu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- Department of Microbiology of Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhengling Shang
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, 561113, China
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Jagdmann S, Berchtold D, Gutbier B, Witzenrath M, Meisel A, Meisel C, Dames C. Efficacy and safety of intratracheal IFN-γ treatment to reverse stroke-induced susceptibility to pulmonary bacterial infections. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 355:577568. [PMID: 33862420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke-induced immunosuppression contributes to the development of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). Experiments in mice demonstrated that apoptosis of IFN-γ producing cells and reduced IFN-γ secretion resulted in impaired immune responses and the development of pneumonia after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of intratracheal IFN-γ treatment to prevent SAP and demonstrated that modest benefits on pulmonary cytokine response in IFN-γ treated stroke mice did not prevent spontaneously developing infections and even slightly reduced bacterial clearance of aspirated pneumococci. Our results suggest that pulmonary IFN-γ treatment is not an effective preventive measure for SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jagdmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Daniel Berchtold
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Birgitt Gutbier
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Christian Meisel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany; Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Claudia Dames
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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Ishisaka T, Igarashi Y, Kodera K, Okuno T, Morita T, Himeno T, Hamada K, Yano H, Higashikawa T, Iritani O, Iwai K, Morimoto S, Okuro M. Relationship Between Blood Pressure Levels on Admission and the Onset of Acute Pneumonia in Elderly Patients With Cerebral Hemorrhage. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:693-698. [PMID: 33224370 PMCID: PMC7665868 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported that hypertension on admission in elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction is an independent predictor for the development of acute pneumonia. However, the relationship between blood pressure on admission owing to cerebral hemorrhage and the development of pneumonia has not been fully investigated. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between blood pressure levels on admission and the development of pneumonia in elderly patients with cerebral hemorrhage who were in the acute phase. Methods Subjects consisted of 117 elderly patients with cerebral hemorrhage who were in the acute phase and were emergently admitted to the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University between 2005 and 2015 (59 males and 58 females, the mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of 80 ± 8 years, and the range of 65 - 98 years). Blood pressure levels on admission were classified into the following four groups: normal blood pressure/mild hypertension group (systolic blood pressure of < 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of < 100 mm Hg), moderate hypertension group (systolic hypertension of 160 - 179 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 100 - 109 mm Hg), severe hypertension group (systolic hypertension of 180 - 199 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 110 - 119 mmHg), and serious hypertension group (systolic blood pressure of ≥ 200 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 120 mm Hg). Between the two groups (group of patients with acute pneumonia and group of those with absence of pneumonia), age, sex, body mass index (BMI), history of stroke, history of heart disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, prehypertension, blood pressure on admission, Japan Coma Scale (JCS) on admission, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, bleeding sites, bleeding amount, and the presence or absence of centerline shift on brain computed tomography (CT) images were retrospectively evaluated. Furthermore, factors related to cerebral hemorrhage in the development of acute pneumonia in patients with cerebral hemorrhage were verified. Results Of the 117 patients, 30 (25.6%) had acute pneumonia. Age, sex, bleeding amount, midline shift, blood pressure classification on admission, JCS, white blood cell count, CRP, albumin, diabetes were adopted as confounding factors in the development of acute pneumonia. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant differences between these two groups in the following four items: CRP, white blood cell count, JCS, and blood pressure classification on admission. After adjustment of these confounding factors, the incidence of acute pneumonia in the blood pressure groups other than serious hypertension group was set as 1, and the odds ratio of pneumonia onset in serious hypertension group was revealed to be 5.54, with the 95% confidence interval of 1.49 - 20.6. Conclusions We found that serious hypertension on admission is a risk factor for the development of acute pneumonia in elderly patients with cerebral hemorrhage who are in the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Ishisaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuta Igarashi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kumie Kodera
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tazuo Okuno
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takuro Morita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Taroh Himeno
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kazu Hamada
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Higashikawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Osamu Iritani
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kunimitsu Iwai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Shigeto Morimoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masashi Okuro
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Impact of Key Nicotinic AChR Subunits on Post-Stroke Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020253. [PMID: 32481512 PMCID: PMC7349987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is the most frequent severe medical complication after stroke. An overactivation of the cholinergic signaling after stroke contributes to immunosuppression and the development of spontaneous pneumonia caused by Gram-negative pathogens. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has already been identified as an important mediator of the anti-inflammatory pathway after stroke. However, whether the α2, α5 and α9/10 nAChR expressed in the lung also play a role in suppression of pulmonary innate immunity after stroke is unknown. In the present study, we investigate the impact of various nAChRs on aspiration-induced pneumonia after stroke. Therefore, α2, α5, α7 and α9/10 nAChR knockout (KO) mice and wild type (WT) littermates were infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) three days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). One day after infection pathogen clearance, cellularity in lung and spleen, cytokine secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and alveolar-capillary barrier were investigated. Here, we found that deficiency of various nAChRs does not contribute to an enhanced clearance of a Gram-positive pathogen causing post-stroke pneumonia in mice. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a single nAChR is not sufficient to mediate the impaired pulmonary defense against S. pneumoniae after experimental stroke.
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children and the elderly. Another important aspect related to pneumococcal infections is the persistent rate of penicillin and macrolide resistance. Therefore, animal models have been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. This narrative review will focus on the characteristics of the different animal pneumococcal pneumonia models. The assessment of the different animal models will include considerations regarding pneumococcal strains, microbiology properties, procedures used for bacterial inoculation, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive approaches.
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