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Zhang H, Yao J, Jiang Q, Shi Y, Ge W, Xu X. Engineered Exosomes Biopotentiated Hydrogel Promote Hair Follicle Growth via Reprogramming the Perifollicular Microenvironment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:935. [PMID: 39065633 PMCID: PMC11279965 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a highly prevalent condition in contemporary society. The conventional treatment of minoxidil tincture is hindered by issues such as skin irritation caused by ethanol, non-specific accumulation in hair follicles, and short retention due to its liquid form. Herein, we have developed a novel minoxidil-incorporated engineered exosomes biopotentiated hydrogel (Gel@MNs) that has the capability to modulate the perifollicular microenvironment for the treatment of AGA. Leveraging the exceptional skin penetration abilities of flexible liposomes and the targeting properties of exosomes, the encapsulated minoxidil can be effectively delivered to the hair follicles. In comparison to free minoxidil, Gel@MNs demonstrated accelerated hair regeneration in an AGA mouse model without causing significant skin irritation. This was evidenced by an increase in both the number and size of hair follicles within the dermal layer, enhanced capillary formation surrounding the follicles, and the regulation of the transition of hair follicle cells from the telogen phase to the anagen growth phase. Therefore, this safe and microenvironment-modifying hybrid exosome-embedded hydrogel shows promising potential for clinical treatment of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (H.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiali Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (H.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qianyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Q.J.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yurou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Q.J.); (Y.S.)
| | - Weihong Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (H.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Q.J.); (Y.S.)
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Kiratiwongwan R, Boonchai W, Kanokrungsee S. Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Topical Preparations Containing Minoxidil: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38885151 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2024.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Topical minoxidil is generally well tolerated, yet there have been a few reports of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) confirmed through patch testing. This systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis sought to elucidate the primary allergens in patients exhibiting ACD in response to topical minoxidil formulations and to ascertain the appropriate testing concentrations and vehicles of minoxidil itself. A comprehensive search was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases utilizing the keywords "minoxidil" and "contact dermatitis," or "contact allergy," or "contact eczema." Studies documenting ACD in patients using topical minoxidil confirmed by patch testing were deemed eligible. Our analysis included 46 studies encompassing 99 patients with patch-test-confirmed ACD to minoxidil-based topical treatments. The majority of these patients (93.9%) were exposed to minoxidil without additional active components. Minoxidil itself was identified as the primary allergen in 74.7% of the patients, with propylene glycol being the next most common allergen at 17.1%. Other allergens identified included estradiol, butylene glycol, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, canrenone, and latanoprost. The most effective concentration was found to be 2% minoxidil in propylene glycol, which yielded a 100% positivity rate. The findings indicate that minoxidil is the predominant allergen in ACD reactions to its topical formulations, followed by propylene glycol. For the accurate diagnosis of ACD related to minoxidil, patch testing with 2% minoxidil in propylene glycol is recommended, as are separate tests for propylene glycol and other potential allergenic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungsima Kiratiwongwan
- From the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranya Boonchai
- From the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Silada Kanokrungsee
- From the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chan CX, Hamann CR. Nickel release from hairdressing tools in the United States. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:480-483. [PMID: 37667843 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairdressers have a high prevalence of contact dermatitis, especially to nickel. The presence of nickel in hairdressing tools has been evaluated in the European Union, where the government limits nickel release levels from objects. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to qualitatively investigate nickel release in hairdresser tools in both rural and urban United States, a country without nickel release legislation. METHODS Hairdressers and individuals with hairdressing tools were invited to participate. Metallic parts of each tool were tested with dimethylglyoxime (DMG), which detects nickel release. Data on tool cost were recorded. RESULTS A total of 89 tools from 9 salons and 2 over-the-counter sets were tested. Twenty-four (27%) tested positive: trimmers (100%), curling irons (100%), clippers (50%), hair clips (36%), texturizing shears (26%), and trimming shears (4%). Nickel was detected in both salon and over-the-counter tools, and rural and urban salons. Nickel-releasing tools were cheaper than DMG-negative tools of the same type. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help explain the high prevalence of contact dermatitis among hairdressers, alert clinicians to consider occult occupational nickel when assessing patients with allergic contact dermatitis, reinforces the importance of using barrier protection including gloves when handling hairdressing tools including at home, and augments impetus for more legislation regulating common allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia X Chan
- Division of Dermatology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Carsten R Hamann
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Contact Dermatitis Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Karim M, Klein EJ, Nohria A, Taiwo D, Adotama P, Cohen D, Shapiro J, Milam E, Lo Sicco K. Potential for Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Popular Hair Care Practices and Ingredients. Dermatitis 2023; 34:484-491. [PMID: 37339433 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) due to personal care products is rising in parallel with increasing product availability and consumer interest. Hair products specifically represent a significant source of potential allergens, including preservatives, surfactants, emulsifiers, fragrances, adhesives, and dyes. ACD due to hair care products can present as dermatitis in the distinctive "rinse-off" distribution, involving the neck, eyelids, and lateral face in addition to the scalp. Herein, the authors review ingredients in hair care products that can cause ACD and practical tips for allergen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karim
- From the Department of Dermatology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Klein
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ambika Nohria
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dolly Taiwo
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prince Adotama
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Cohen
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Milam
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen Lo Sicco
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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The Prevalence of Type IV Hypersensitivity in Patients With Lichen Planopilaris and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia. Dermatitis 2022:01206501-990000000-00082. [PMID: 36255410 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Allergic Contact Dermatitis of the Scalp Associated With Scalp Applied Products: A Systematic Review of Topical Allergens. Dermatitis 2022; 33:235-248. [PMID: 35318978 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hair products are commonly used to maintain hair health or cosmesis. Products applied to the scalp and hair contain multiple active and inactive ingredients that can potentially cause irritant and/or allergic contact dermatitis. The objectives of this study were to identify and to discuss the most common allergens in scalp and hair applied products causing scalp allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). A PubMed search identified 99 studies, with 3185 patients and 31 categories of scalp products. Hair products reportedly associated with scalp ACD were hair dyes (41%), shampoos (28%), and conditioners (22%). The most commonly reported patch test-positive allergens were p-phenylenediamine (23%), nickel (15%), fragrance mix (13%), balsam of Peru (10%), cocamidopropyl betaine/3-dimethylaminopropylamine (7%), and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (6%). Common symptoms and signs include eczematous lesions, pruritus, and a burning sensation. Medical practitioners should be aware of causative agents to provide appropriate patient education, counseling, and/or treatment.
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Compatibility of Different Formulations in TrichoConceptTM Vehicles for Hair Treatments. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide variety of potential pathogeneses for alopecia and the wide variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to treat and manage those pathogeneses highlight the importance of the development of stable and effective topical treatments. Topical options for alopecia on the market remain limited and oral products may result in unwanted systemic adverse effects. This study is meant to fill the gap by determining compatibility in terms of beyond-use date (BUD) of APIs with theoretical or demonstrated benefits for topical use for alopecia. The compatibility of seven formulations was tested: F1 = clobetasol 0.05% in TrichoWashTM; F2 = ketoconazole 2% in TrichoWashTM; F3 = spironolactone 1% in TrichoWashTM; F4 = latanoprost 0.1% in TrichoCreamTM; F5 = pyridoxine HCl 0.5%, vitamin A acetate 1%, and vitamin E succinate 12.1 IU in TrichoCondTM; F6 = Caffeine 2%, menthol 1%, and pyridoxine HCl 0.5% in TrichoWashTM; F7 = Latanoprost 0.1%, minoxidil 5%, and finasteride 0.25% in TrichoSolTM. All formulations presented a BUD of 6 months, except for F4 and F7, which showed compatibility for 3 months. This validates the compatibility of the APIs with the TrichotechTM vehicles, and that they are highly convenient for compounding pharmacies.
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Bruni F, Alessandrini A, Starace M, Orlando G, Piraccini BM. Clinical and trichoscopic features in various forms of scalp psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1830-1837. [PMID: 33991148 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scalp psoriasis is often undiagnosed or inadequately treated. The patient himself underestimates the seriousness of this hair disease and consults too late to a dermatologist. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to create a correlation between the clinical patterns and trichoscopy of scalp psoriasis such in a way to help the clinician to make the diagnosis and select the appropriate therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We gathered all patients affected of scalp psoriasis afferent to Outpatient's hair consultation of the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, from January 2012 to December 2018. All patients were evaluated through clinical, trichoscopic examination and a skin biopsy only in doubtful cases. We quantified the severity of the disease with several objective and subjective parameters every 4 months, up to 1 year. We recorded therapies, outcome data and quality of life. RESULTS We collected 156 patients affected by scalp psoriasis, identifying seven clinical patterns with specific trichoscopical correlation. In the order of frequency, the clinical patterns were as follows: plaque psoriasis (with a prevalence of erythema, silver-white scales and twisted red loops vessels and red dots); thin scales (with silvery-white scales, simple red lines and signet red ring vessels); sebopsoriasis (with greasy scales, erythema with red dots, globules and twisted and bushy red loops at high magnification); psoriatic cap (with silver-white scales, erythema and polymorphic vascular pattern); pityriasis amiantacea (with yellowish adherent scales, erythema and simple red loops capillaries); cicatricial psoriatic alopecia (with erythema associated with yellowish, silver-white scales with twisted and bushy red loops capillaries) and pustular psoriasis (with 'flower shape' pustular lesions, erythema simple red loops capillaries). CONCLUSIONS The description of different clinical patterns of scalp psoriasis and its trichoscopical correlations may help the clinician to make the diagnosis also in atypical presentations and to prescribe an adequate therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bruni
- Dermatology -IRCCS Policlinico di Sant'Orsola - Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Alessandrini
- Dermatology -IRCCS Policlinico di Sant'Orsola - Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Starace
- Dermatology -IRCCS Policlinico di Sant'Orsola - Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Orlando
- Department of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - B M Piraccini
- Dermatology -IRCCS Policlinico di Sant'Orsola - Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nguyen J, Chen JK. Environmental Causes of Dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2021; 41:375-392. [PMID: 34225895 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental, or exogenous, dermatitis is comprised of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, which account for 80% and 20% of cases of contact dermatitis, respectively. Contact dermatitis is extremely common, and failure to diagnose this entity may result in overlooking a potentially curable driver of disease. In this review, we describe how clinical features, such as morphology or history, can assist in distinguishing exogenous from endogenous causes of dermatitis, and allergic from irritant contact dermatitis. Additionally, we provide an overview of common contact allergens and how dermatitis distribution can suggest possible culprit allergens. Patch testing is needed to confirm contact allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannett Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion C, 2nd Floor, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Jennifer K Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion C, 2nd Floor, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
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Warshaw EM, Kullberg SA, DeKoven JG, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, Silverberg JI, Fowler JF, Atwater AR, Sasseville D, Reeder MJ, Taylor JS, DeLeo VA, Pratt MD, Zug KA, Fransway AF. Scalp involvement in patients referred for patch testing: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 1996 to 2016. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:977-988. [PMID: 32822786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scalp conditions are often multifactorial. OBJECTIVE To characterize patients with scalp involvement and patch-testing outcomes. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data (1996-2016). Study groups included patients with scalp involvement (≤3 anatomic sites coded) with or without additional sites. RESULTS A total of 4.8% of patients (2331/48,753) had scalp identified as 1 of up to 3 affected anatomic sites. Approximately one-third of "scalp-only" individuals had a specific primary diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (38.6%), followed by seborrheic dermatitis (17.2%) and irritant contact dermatitis (9.3%). When adjacent anatomic sites were affected, allergic contact dermatitis was more frequently identified as the primary diagnosis (>50%). The top 5 currently clinically relevant allergens in scalp-only patients were p-phenylenediamine, fragrance mix I, nickel sulfate, balsam of Peru, and cinnamic aldehyde. Methylisothiazolinone sensitivity was notable when adjacent anatomic sites were involved. The top 3 specifically identified sources for scalp-only allergens were hair dyes, shampoo/conditioners, and consumer items (eg, hair appliances, glasses). LIMITATIONS Tertiary referral population. CONCLUSION Isolated scalp involvement was less likely to be associated with allergic contact dermatitis than when adjacent anatomic sites were involved. Overlap with multiple diagnoses was frequent, including seborrheic dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, other dermatoses, or all 3. p-Phenylenediamine was the most common allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sara A Kullberg
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Lazzarini R, Costa LL, Suzuki NM, Hafner MDFS. Allergic contact dermatitis by shampoo components: a descriptive analysis of 20 cases. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:658-660. [PMID: 32665076 PMCID: PMC7562994 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Lazzarini
- Allergy Unit, Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lemos Costa
- Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Mie Suzuki
- Allergy Unit, Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kasumagic-Halilovic E, Ovcina-Kurtovic N. Analysis of Epicutaneous Patch Test Results in Patients with Contact Dermatitis. Med Arch 2018; 72:276-279. [PMID: 30514994 PMCID: PMC6195022 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2018.72.276-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed type of hypersensitivity from contact with a specific allergen to which the patients has developed a specific sensitivity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of epicutaneous patch testing with standard series of contact allergen in patients suspected to have ACD. Methods: 355 cases of ACD were included in the study. Test substances were applied on the upper part of the patient’s back, on clinically uninvolved and untreated skin. All patients were free from therapy with oral antihistamines, steroids and immunosuppressants. The patch test was removed and reaction were evaluated after 48 h and 72 h. Grading of negative (-) to positive (+ to ++++) patch test was done according to the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Statistical data analysis was performed by using χ2–test. Results: Of the 355 cases, 146 patients were male (41.1%) and 209 were female (58.9%). The youngest patients in the study was 16 years of age and the oldest was 67 years of age. The commonest age group affected was 41-50 years. Hands were the most common site of involvement. The occupational character of skin lesions was find in 75 (21.1%). The most common positive reactions were recorded to nickel sulphate 99 (27.8%), cobalt chloride 46 (12.9%), thimerosal 31 (8.7%), colophony 23 (6.5%), carba mix 21 (5.9%), potassium dichromate 20 (5.6%), acid chromici 19 (5.3%), fragrance mix 18 (5%), balsam of Peru 13 (3.7%), formaldehyde 9 (2.5%), and other allergens 26 (7.3%). Females were significantly more likely to show a positive response to two or more allergens (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant impact of age, occupation and duration of disease on results of patch testing (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride and thimerosal are the most common allergens responsible for induction of ACD. These findings are crucial in the treatment, long term management, an education of patients with ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Kasumagic-Halilovic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nermina Ovcina-Kurtovic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Non-animal skin sensitization safety assessments for cosmetic ingredients – What is possible today? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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