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Pai V, Muthusami P, Ertl-Wagner B, Shroff MM, Parra-Fariñas C, Sainani K, Kletke S, Brundler MA, Mallipatna A. Diagnostic Imaging for Retinoblastoma Cancer Staging: Guide for Providing Essential Insights for Ophthalmologists and Oncologists. Radiographics 2024; 44:e230125. [PMID: 38451848 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common cause of all intraocular pediatric malignancies. It is caused by the loss of RB1 tumor suppressor gene function, although some tumors occur due to MYCN oncogene amplification with normal RB1 genes. Nearly half of all retinoblastomas occur due to a hereditary germline RB1 pathogenic variant, most of which manifest with bilateral tumors. This germline RB1 mutation also predisposes to intracranial midline embryonal tumors. Accurate staging of retinoblastoma is crucial in providing optimal vision-, eye-, and life-saving treatment. The AJCC Cancer Staging Manual has undergone significant changes, resulting in a universally accepted system with a multidisciplinary approach for managing retinoblastoma. The authors discuss the role of MRI and other diagnostic imaging techniques in the pretreatment assessment and staging of retinoblastoma. A thorough overview of the prevailing imaging standards and evidence-based perspectives on the benefits and drawbacks of these techniques is provided. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Pai
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Prakash Muthusami
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Manohar M Shroff
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Carmen Parra-Fariñas
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Kanchan Sainani
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Stephanie Kletke
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Marie-Anne Brundler
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
| | - Ashwin Mallipatna
- From the Divisions of Neuroradiology (V.P., P.M., B.E.W., M.M.S., C.P.F.) and Image Guided Therapy (P.M., M.M.S., C.P.F.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, and Retinoblastoma Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (K.S., S.K., A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; and Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.A.B.)
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Zhu X, Li Z, Liu J, Guo J, Xian J, Wu J. MRI features for prediction of the intravenous chemotherapy effect in patients with retinoblastoma. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:e864-e871. [PMID: 37596180 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the value of orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in predicting the efficacy of intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) for patients with retinoblastoma (RB). MATERIALS AND METHODS The pretreatment clinical and MRI data of 100 eyes from 80 RB patients who underwent IVC were collected retrospectively. There were 59 eyes in the effective group and 41 eyes in the ineffective group, and the baseline data of the two groups were compared statistically. Three radiologists reviewed and evaluated each lesion independently based on 25 MRI features. The predictive values of the MRI features for IVC efficacy were assessed by multi-factor logistic regression analysis, and their odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) with the area under the curve (AUC) were used to determine the predictive abilities. A predictive model was constructed by integrating all independent predictors visualised by the nomogram. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in sex or age between the effective and ineffective groups. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that laterality, margin, and anterior eye segment enhancement were identified as independent factors that could predict IVC efficacy. The predictive model combining these three features was constructed, and it had an AUC of 0.732 (95% CI: 0.633, 0.831, p<0.01), a sensitivity of 71.2%, and a specificity of 70.7%. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that the orbital MRI features can be used to predict IVC efficiency before RB patients are treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - J Guo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - J Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - J Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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Da Silva FN, Kora LX, Elongo T, El Kebir A, El Maaloum L, Bennani-Guebessi N, Allali B, El Kettani A, Karkouri M. Anatomo-Clinical Aspects of Retinoblastoma: A Series of 144 Cases. Cureus 2022; 14:e25422. [PMID: 35769683 PMCID: PMC9234544 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular primary malignancy for infants and young children. The tumor is bilateral in 40% of cases and unilateral in 60% of cases. The hereditary form is due to a germinal mutation in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. In developed countries, patients treated for RB have excellent survival, but unfortunately in developing countries delays in diagnosis and lack of human and financial resources are responsible for deaths. We conducted a retrospective study of 144 cases of RB in order to evaluate the clinico-pathological aspect of RB for the national reference center of RB in Morocco. Our study highlighted the indispensable collaboration between the clinician and the pathologist. Besides the diagnostic confirmation, the anatomopathological study gives us information on histopronostic risk factors to guide the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lafia Xavier Kora
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Tania Elongo
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Asmaa El Kebir
- Anatomical Pathology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Loubna El Maaloum
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, MAR
| | | | - Bouchra Allali
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casblanca, MAR
| | - Asmaa El Kettani
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Mehdi Karkouri
- Anatomical Pathology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, MAR
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Cho SJ, Kim JH, Baik SH, Sunwoo L, Bae YJ, Choi BS. Diagnostic performance of MRI of post-laminar optic nerve invasion detection in retinoblastoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroradiology 2020; 63:499-509. [PMID: 32865636 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative MRI detection of post-laminar optic nerve invasion (PLONI) offers guidance in assessing the probability of total tumor resection, an estimation of the extent of surgery, and screening of candidates for eye-preserving therapies or neoadjuvant chemotherapies in the patients with retinoblastoma (RB). The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI for detecting PLONI in patients with RB and to demonstrate the factors that may influence the diagnostic performance. METHODS Ovid-MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched up to January 11, 2020, for studies identifying the diagnostic performance of MRI for detecting PLONI in patients with RB. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of all studies were calculated followed by meta-regression analysis. RESULTS Twelve (1240 patients, 1255 enucleated globes) studies were included. The pooled sensitivity was 61%, and the pooled specificity was 88%. Higgins I2 statistic demonstrated moderate heterogeneity in the sensitivity (I2 = 72.23%) and specificity (I2 = 78.11%). Spearman correlation coefficient indicated the presence of a threshold effect. In the meta-regression, higher magnetic field strength (3 T than 1.5 T), performing fat suppression, and thinner slice thickness (< 3 mm) were factors causing heterogeneity and enhancing diagnostic power across the included studies. CONCLUSIONS MR imaging was demonstrated to have acceptable diagnostic performance in detecting PLONI in patients with RB. The variation in the magnetic field strength and protocols was the main factor behind the heterogeneity across the included studies. Therefore, there is room for developing and optimizing the MR protocols for patients with RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Cho
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hyun Baik
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonard Sunwoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Bae
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Se Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Republic of Korea
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Kashyap S, Singh L, Kumar N, Singh MK, Pushker N, Bakhshi S, Sen S, Lomi N, Meel R, Chawla B. Combined association of massive choroidal and optic nerve invasion as a prognostic relevance in primary retinoblastoma: A 10-year study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 17:e100-e108. [PMID: 32710815 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the significance of both massive choroidal invasion and optic nerve invasion (retrolaminar [(RL]+cut end [CE]) as a criterion for classifying high metastatic potential retinoblastoma and their relationship with other known histopathological high-risk features. METHODS A retrospective review of 650 eyes diagnosed as retinoblastoma over a 10-year period. In our study, there is male predominance and a higher percentage of the poorly differentiated tumors. The age of most of the patients ranges from 1 month to 8 years with a median age of 2 years. RESULTS There were 24% of eyes with massive choroidal invasion and 18% of eyes with optic nerve invasion up to the cut end. On performing Cox-proportional hazard analysis, it was found that massive choroidal invasion in association with optic nerve invasion up to the cut end was an independent prognostic parameter. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, overall survival had reduced in patients having both massive choroidal invasion and an optic nerve cut end invasion along with orbital invasion (P < .05). CONCLUSION The presence of massive choroidal invasion in association with optic nerve cut end invasion (RL+CE) could be used as a better prognostic predictor in assessing retinoblastoma patients with high metastatic potential and need to be kept for longer follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neiwete Lomi
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Meel
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
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Wu J, Qian D, Sun X. Long noncoding RNAs as potential biomarkers in retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:201. [PMID: 32514246 PMCID: PMC7257223 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant rare intraocular tumor of childhood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported participating in its progression, but their significance remains inconclusive. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to explore specific lncRNA biomarker in patients with retinoblastoma. Materials and methods Eligible articles were searched from the Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane library. Hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were extracted or calculated to evaluate the relationship between lncRNAs and retinoblastoma. The meta-analysis part was conducted with STATA v.15 software. Results A total of 9 articles with 834 retinoblastoma patients are yielded. Heterogeneity among HRs of overall survival (OS) is notably high (I2 = 91.3%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis suggests that elevated expression of lncRNA BDNF-AS and MT1JP are favorable factors in OS (pooled HR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.72-2.07, I2 = 0%). Six articles included optic nerve invasion as a clinicopathological outcome and showed a notable correlation (pooled HR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.26-3.50, I2 = 0.0%). We validate our analysis via the public dataset and also sum up the studies of lncRNA BDNF-AS and MT1JP in other cancers. Conclusion Differential expression of lncRNAs has been reported in retinoblastoma. Some of them showed potential in retinoblastoma prognosis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Dashi Qian
- Department of Translation and Interpreting, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Foreign Language, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080 China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, 200080 China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080 China.,Shanghai engineering center for precise diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, Shanghai, 200080 China
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Clinicopathological Findings of Retinoblastoma: A 10-Year Experience from a Tertiary Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5829284. [PMID: 31316824 PMCID: PMC6604297 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5829284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma (RB) is one of the most common cancers occurring in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The incidence rate reported in the literature is 9,000 new cases per year, which corresponds to 1 in 15,000 births. This study aimed at analyzing the clinicopathological findings in children with RB in Uganda. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the clinicopathological findings in the patients with RB. Design This was a cross-sectional analytical study involving 234 eyeball surgical specimens from 214 patients with RB diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2015. Results The mean age of the patients was 27.8 months (SD = 21.413, range: 1–132 months). More than half of the cases, 50.9%, presented with leucokoria. Invasion of choroid, sclera, anterior chamber, and optic nerve was found in 26.5% (n = 58), 51.2% (n = 88), 26.2% (n = 45), and 29.2% (n = 49), respectively. Twenty-six percent (n = 56) of the cases with intraocular tumour were at stage I and all patients with metastasis 4.7% (n = 11) had stage IV. The correlation between postlaminar optic nerve invasion and massive choroidal invasion was statistically significant (P = 0.002). Also, there was a statistical significance difference between metastasis and postlaminar invasion (P = 0.004). Conclusion The majority of children with RB in Uganda present clinically with leucokoria, and their parents or guardians seek medical intervention at a later stage. Moreover, there was a noticeably significant lag period for the patients to begin treatment after the diagnosis was done.
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