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Yamamoto H, Suzuki M, Matsuta R, Sasaki K, Kang MI, Kami K, Tatara Y, Itoh K, Nakaji S. Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics of Plasma Samples from Healthy Subjects in a Cross-Sectional Japanese Population Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050314. [PMID: 34068294 PMCID: PMC8153282 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For large-scale metabolomics, such as in cohort studies, normalization protocols using quality control (QC) samples have been established when using data from gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. However, normalization protocols have not been established for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry metabolomics. In this study, we performed metabolome analysis of 314 human plasma samples using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. QC samples were analyzed every 10 samples. The results of principal component analysis for the metabolome data from only the QC samples showed variations caused by capillary replacement in the first principal component score and linear variation with continuous measurement in the second principal component score. Correlation analysis between diagnostic blood tests and plasma metabolites normalized by the QC samples was performed for samples from 188 healthy subjects who participated in a Japanese population study. Five highly correlated pairs were identified, including two previously unidentified pairs in normal healthy subjects of blood urea nitrogen and guanidinosuccinic acid, and gamma-glutamyl transferase and cysteine glutathione disulfide. These results confirmed the validity of normalization protocols in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using large-scale metabolomics and comprehensive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (M.-I.K.); (K.K.)
- Department of Metabolomics Innovation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (K.I.)
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (M.-I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Rira Matsuta
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (M.-I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (M.-I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Moon-Il Kang
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (M.-I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kenjiro Kami
- Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (M.-I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Yota Tatara
- Center for Advanced Medical Research, Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Metabolomics Innovation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
- Center for Advanced Medical Research, Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (K.I.)
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Metabolomics Innovation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
- Department of Social Health, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Free Radical Scavengers Prevent Argininosuccinic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Developing Rats: a New Adjuvant Therapy for Argininosuccinate Lyase Deficiency? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1233-1244. [PMID: 31707633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of argininosuccinate (ASA) is the biochemical hallmark of argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (ASLD), a urea cycle disorder mainly characterized by neurologic abnormalities, whose pathogenesis is still unknown. Thus, in the present work, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of ASA on a large spectrum of oxidative stress parameters in brain of adolescent rats in order to test whether disruption of redox homeostasis could be involved in neurodegeneration of this disorder. ASA provoked in vitro lipid and protein oxidation, decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and increased reactive oxygen species generation in cerebral cortex and striatum. Furthermore, these effects were totally prevented or attenuated by the antioxidants melatonin and GSH. Similar results were obtained by intrastriatal administration of ASA, in addition to increased reactive nitrogen species generation and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase. It was also observed that melatonin and N-acetylcysteine prevented most of ASA-induced in vivo pro-oxidant effects in striatum. Taken together, these data indicate that disturbance of redox homeostasis induced at least in part by high brain ASA concentrations per se may potentially represent an important pathomechanism of neurodegeneration in patients with ASLD and that therapeutic trials with appropriate antioxidants may be an adjuvant treatment for these patients.
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Baruteau J, Diez-Fernandez C, Lerner S, Ranucci G, Gissen P, Dionisi-Vici C, Nagamani S, Erez A, Häberle J. Argininosuccinic aciduria: Recent pathophysiological insights and therapeutic prospects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1147-1161. [PMID: 30723942 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first patients affected by argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA) were reported 60 years ago. The clinical presentation was initially described as similar to other urea cycle defects, but increasing evidence has shown overtime an atypical systemic phenotype with a paradoxical observation, that is, a higher rate of neurological complications contrasting with a lower rate of hyperammonaemic episodes. The disappointing long-term clinical outcomes of many of the patients have challenged the current standard of care and therapeutic strategy, which aims to normalize plasma ammonia and arginine levels. Interrogations have raised about the benefit of newborn screening or liver transplantation on the neurological phenotype. Over the last decade, novel discoveries enabled by the generation of new transgenic argininosuccinate lyase (ASL)-deficient mouse models have been achieved, such as, a better understanding of ASL and its close interaction with nitric oxide metabolism, ASL physiological role outside the liver, and the pathophysiological role of oxidative/nitrosative stress or excessive arginine treatment. Here, we present a collaborative review, which highlights these recent discoveries and novel emerging concepts about ASL role in human physiology, ASA clinical phenotype and geographic prevalence, limits of current standard of care and newborn screening, pathophysiology of the disease, and emerging novel therapies. We propose recommendations for monitoring of ASA patients. Ongoing research aims to better understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the systemic disease to design novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Baruteau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carmen Diez-Fernandez
- Division of Metabolism and Children Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shaul Lerner
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israël
| | - Giusy Ranucci
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Gissen
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandesh Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israël
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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SLC22A13 catalyses unidirectional efflux of aspartate and glutamate at the basolateral membrane of type A intercalated cells in the renal collecting duct. Biochem J 2013; 457:243-51. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SLC22A13 is specifically expressed in renal type A intercalated cells where it mediates the basolateral expulsion of aspartate and glutamate.
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Derave W, Marescau B, Vanden Eede E, Eijnde BO, De Deyn PP, Hespel P. Plasma guanidino compounds are altered by oral creatine supplementation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:852-7. [PMID: 15107411 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00206.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although creatine is one of the most widely used nutritional supplements for athletes as well as for patients with neuromuscular disorders, the effects of oral creatine supplementation on endogenous creatine synthesis in humans remains largely unexplored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic consequences of a frequently used, long-term creatine ingestion protocol on the circulating creatine synthesis precursor molecules, guanidinoacetate and arginine, and their related guanidino compounds. For this purpose, 16 healthy young volunteers were randomly divided to ingest in a double-blind fashion either creatine monohydrate or placebo (maltodextrine) at a dosage of 20 g/day for the first week (loading phase) and 5 g/day for 19 subsequent wk (maintenance phase). Fasting plasma samples were taken at baseline and at 1, 10, and 20 wk of supplementation, and guanidino compounds were determined. Plasma guanidinoacetate levels were reduced by 50% after creatine loading and remained ∼30% reduced throughout the maintenance phase. Several circulating guanidino compound levels were significantly altered after creatine loading but not during the maintenance phase: homoarginine (+35%), α-keto-δ-guanidinovaleric acid (+45%), and argininic acid (+75%) were increased, whereas guanidinosuccinate was reduced (−25%). The decrease in circulating guanidinoacetate levels suggests that exogenous supply of creatine chronically inhibits endogenous synthesis at the transamidinase step in humans, supporting earlier animal studies showing a powerful repressive effect of creatine on l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. Furthermore, these data suggest that this leads to enhanced utilization of arginine as a substrate for secondary pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Derave
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Katholieke Universiteite Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Cheng FC, Jen JF, Tsai TH. Hydroxyl radical in living systems and its separation methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:481-96. [PMID: 12450675 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that hydroxyl radicals are generated under physiological and pathological conditions and that they seem to be closely linked to various models of pathology putatively implying oxidative stress. It is now recognized that the hydroxyl radical is well-regulated to help maintain homeostasis on the cellular level in normal, healthy tissues. Conversely, it is also known that virtually every disease state involves free radicals, particularly the most reactive hydroxyl radical. However, when hydroxyl radicals are generated in excess or the cellular antioxidant defense is deficient, they can stimulate free radical chain reactions by interacting with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids causing cellular damage and even diseases. Therefore, a confident analytical approach is needed to ascertain the importance of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems. In this paper, we provide information on hydroxyl radical trapping and detection methods, including liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, electron spin resonance and chemiluminescence. In addition, the relationships between diseases and the hydroxyl radical in living systems, as well as novel separation methods for the hydroxyl radical are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chou Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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de Jonge WJ, Marescau B, D'Hooge R, De Deyn PP, Hallemeesch MM, Deutz NE, Ruijter JM, Lamers WH. Overexpression of arginase alters circulating and tissue amino acids and guanidino compounds and affects neuromotor behavior in mice. J Nutr 2001; 131:2732-40. [PMID: 11584097 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.10.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine is an intermediate of the ornithine cycle and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, creatine, agmatine and proteins. It is considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid because endogenous synthesis only barely meets daily requirements. In rapidly growing suckling neonates, endogenous arginine biosynthesis is crucial to compensate for the insufficient supply of arginine via the milk. Evidence is accumulating that the intestine rather than the kidney plays a major role in arginine synthesis in this period. Accordingly, ectopic expression of hepatic arginase in murine enterocytes by genetic modification induces a selective arginine deficiency. The ensuing phenotype, whose severity correlates with the level of transgene expression in the enterocytes, could be reversed with arginine supplementation. We analyzed the effect of arginine deficiency on guanidine metabolism and neuromotor behavior. Arginine-deficient transgenic mice continued to suffer from an arginine deficiency after the arginine biosynthetic enzymes had disappeared from the enterocytes. Postweaning catch-up growth in arginine-deficient mice was characterized by increased levels of all measured amino acids except arginine. Furthermore, plasma total amino acid concentration, including arginine, was significantly lower in adult male than in adult female transgenic mice. Decreases in the concentration of plasma and tissue arginine led to significant decreases in most metabolites of arginine. However, the accumulation of the toxic guanidino compounds, guanidinosuccinic acid and methylguanidine, corresponded inversely with circulating arginine concentration, possibly reflecting a higher oxidative stress under hypoargininemic conditions. In addition, hypoargininemia was associated with disturbed neuromotor behavior, although brain levels of toxic guanidino compounds and ammonia were normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J de Jonge
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Aoyagi K. Significance of reactive oxygen in kidney disease elucidated by uremic toxins. J Artif Organs 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01235827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aoyagi K, Shahrzad S, Iida S, Tomida C, Hirayama A, Nagase S, Takemura K, Koyama A, Ohba S, Narita M, Cohen BD. Role of nitric oxide in the synthesis of guanidinosuccinic acid, an activator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2001; 78:S93-6. [PMID: 11168991 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.59780093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We propose that reactive oxygen and argininosuccinic acid (ASA) form guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA). An alternative to this hypothesis is the so-called guanidine cycle, which consists of a series of hydroxyurea derivatives that serve as intermediates in a pathway leading from urea to GSA. We compare the role of the guanidine cycle to that of nitric oxide (NO) in the synthesis of GSA. METHODS The members of the guanidine cycle (hydroxyurea, hydroxylamine plus homoserine, L-canaline, and L-canavanine) were incubated with isolated rat hepatocytes. The known NO donors, NOR-2, NOC-7, and SIN-1, were incubated with ASA in vitro. Ornithine, arginine, or citrulline, which increase arginine, a precursor of NO, were incubated with isolated rat hepatocytes. GSA was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS None of guanidine cycle members except for urea formed GSA. SIN-1, which generates superoxide and NO formed GSA, but other simple NO donors, did not. Both carboxy-PTIO, a scavenger of NO, and dimethyl sulfoxide, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, completely inhibited GSA synthesis by SIN-1. GSA formation by SIN-1 reached a maximum at 0.5 mmol/L and decreased at higher concentrations. GSA synthesis, stimulated by urea in isolated hepatocytes, was inhibited by ornithine, arginine, or citrulline with ammonia, but not by ornithine without ammonia, where arginine production is limited. CONCLUSION GSA is formed from ASA and the hydroxyl radical. When arginine increased in hepatocytes, GSA synthesis decreased. These data suggest that increased NO, which results from high concentrations of arginine, or SIN-1 scavenges the hydroxyl radical. This may explain the decreased GSA synthesis in inborn errors of the urea cycle where ASA is decreased, and also the diminished GSA excretion in arginemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aoyagi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Aoyagi K, Akiyama K, Shahrzad S, Tomida C, Hirayama A, Nagase S, Takemura K, Koyama A, Ohba S, Narita M. Formation of guanidinosuccinic acid, a stable nitric oxide mimic, from argininosuccinic acid and nitric oxide-derived free radicals. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:59-65. [PMID: 10489120 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900300601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) is noted for its nitric oxide (NO) mimicking actions such as vasodilatation and activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. We have reported that GSA is the product of argininosuccinate (ASA) and some reactive oxygen species, mainly the hydroxyl radical. We tested for GSA synthesis in the presence of NO donors. ASA (1 mM) was incubated with NOR-2, NOC-7 or 3-morpholinosydomine hydrochloride (SIN-1) at 37 degrees C. GSA was determined by HPLC using a cationic resin for separation and phenanthrenequinone as an indicator. Neither NOR-2 or NOC-7 formed GSA. SIN-1, on the other hand, generates NO and the superoxide anion which, in turn, generated peroxynitrite which was then converted to the hydroxyl radical. Incubation of ASA with SIN-1 leads, via this route, to GSA. When ASA was incubated with 1 mM SIN-1, the amount of GSA produced depended on the incubation time and the concentration of ASA. Among the tested SIN-1 concentrations, from 0.5 to 5 mM, GSA synthesis was maximum at 0.5 mM and decreased with increasing concentrations of SIN-1. Carboxy-PTIO, a NO scavenger, completely inhibited GSA synthesis. SOD, a superoxide scavenger, decreased GSA synthesis by 20%, and catalase inhibited GSA synthesis only by 12%; DMSO, a hydroxyl radical scavenger completely inhibited GSA synthesis in the presence of SIN-1. These data suggest that the hydroxyl radical derived from a combination of NO and the superoxide anion generates GSA, a stable NO mimic. Meanwhile, synthesis of GSA by NO produces reactive oxygen and activates the NMDA receptor that generates NO from GSA, suggesting a positive feed back mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aoyagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
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