Age-related changes of histological composition in established benign prostatic hyperplasia

FEM simulation of EM field effect on body tissues with bio-nanofluid (blood with nanoparticles) for nanoparticle mediated hyperthermia

The study of temperature profiles and heat transport within the human body when subjected to electromagnetic waves is crucial for development and improvement of radiofrequency hyperthermia treatments. These treatments being minimally invasive can be a better alternative over surgery and chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. Nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia for cancer therapy is a growing area of cancer nanomedicine because of the potential for localized and targeted destruction of cancer cells. This treatment is dependent on many factors, including thermal conductivity of bio-nanofluid, volume fraction of nanoparticles,excitation wavelength and power and metabolic heat generation. The present study employs Finite Element Method to investigate and optimize the effects of these parameters on temperature distributions and discuss the heat transport within the human body injected with nanoparticles and subjected to electromagnetic waves. The LTNE (Local Thermal Non Equilibrium) model is used to characterize the bioheat transport through the biological medium. In order to understand the effects induced by imposed electromagnetic field, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of body tissues is also studied. The results obtained have been validated against the pertinent numerical results in the literature. This study provides benchmark numerical solutions for heat transport through biological media thereby, helping in understanding the thermophysiologic response of bio-nanofluid towards imposed electromagnetic radiation.

Morphometric evaluation of the human prostate

In order to clarify the ageing-related histological changes in the human prostate, a quantitative morphometric analysis was performed. Complete prostates were obtained at autopsy from 281 men (aged 20-84 years) who died in traffic accidents and presented no clinical symptoms of prostatic disease. The prostates were classified as: histologically normal (n=182), with nodular hyperplasia (n=42), with intraepithelial neoplasia (n=40) and carcinomatous with low Gleason grade (n=20). Each prostate was divided into three regions (periurethral, central and peripheral) and the volume of each region, as well as the average volume occupied by stroma and epithelium in each region were quantified. For each parameter, the average values for each age group were compared. In the histologically normal prostates, an increase with ageing in the total volume and the volume occupied by the central region were observed; these increases were mainly caused by an increase in the stromal volume of the central region in men after 30 years of age. No histologically normal prostates were found in men older than 70 years of age. Nodular prostatic hyperplasia was found in men over 30 years of age and a fluctuation in the total volume throughout ageing was observed. Prostates with intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and carcinoma were observed in men aged >20 years and the total volume and those of each prostatic region showed multiple variations, except for the eighth decade where a marked increase with regard to that of the previous decades was observed.