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Chen H, Xu M, Zhang B, Yu S, Weir MD, Melo MAS, Masri RM, Tang Y, Xu HHK, Yang D. Novel strategy of S. mutans gcrR gene over-expression plus antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate suppresses biofilm acids and reduces dental caries in rats. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00160-X. [PMID: 38942710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a major contributor to dental caries, with its ability to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and biofilms. The gcrR gene is a regulator of EPS synthesis and biofilm formation. The objectives of this study were to investigate a novel strategy of combining gcrR gene over-expression with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), and to determine their in vivo efficacy in reducing caries in rats for the first time. METHODS Two types of S. mutans were tested: Parent S. mutans; and gcrR gene over-expressed S. mutans (gcrR OE S. mutans). Bacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured with DMAHDM and chlorhexidine (CHX). Biofilm biomass, polysaccharide, lactic acid production, live/dead staining, colony-forming units (CFUs), and metabolic activity (MTT) were evaluated. A Sprague-Dawley rat model was used with parent S. mutans and gcrR OE S. mutans colonization to determine caries-inhibition in vivo. RESULTS Drug-susceptibility of gcrR OE S. mutans to DMAHDM or CHX was 2-fold higher than that of parent S. mutans. DMAHDM reduced biofilm CFU by 3-4 logs. Importantly, the combined gcrR OE S. mutans+ DMAHDM dual strategy reduced biofilm CFU by 5 logs. In the rat model, the parent S. mutans group had a higher cariogenicity in dentinal (Dm) and extensive dentinal (Dx) regions. The DMAHDM + gcrR OE group reduced the Dm and Dx caries to only 20 % and 0 %, those of parent S. mutans + PBS control group (p < 0.05). The total caries severity of gcrR OE + DMAHDM group was decreased to 51 % that of parent S. mutans control (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE The strategy of combining S. mutans gcrR over-expression with antibacterial monomer reducing biofilm acids by 97 %, and reduced in vivo total caries in rats by 48 %. The gcrR over-expression + DMAHDM strategy is promising for a wide range of dental applications to inhibit caries and protect tooth structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei Distrinct, Chongqing 401147, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei Distrinct, Chongqing 401147, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei Distrinct, Chongqing 401147, PR China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Radi M Masri
- Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yunhao Tang
- Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Biomaterials and Regenerative Dental Medicine, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Deqin Yang
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 404100, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei Distrinct, Chongqing 401147, PR China.
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Ren S, Cheng Y, Deng Y, Xia M, Yang Y, Lei L, Hu T. Pudilan Keyanning mouthwash inhibits dextran-dependent aggregation and biofilm organization of Streptococcus mutans. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad298. [PMID: 38086612 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This research aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Pudilan mouthwash (PDL) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms and identify its chemical components. METHODS AND RESULTS The impacts of 100% concentrated PDL on S. mutans biofilm were detected by colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR). The biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was evaluated by Cell-Counting-Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. And chemical components were identified by UPLC-HRMS. PBS and 0.12% chlorhexidine were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Results indicate early 8-h S. mutans biofilms are sensitive to PDL. Additionally, it leads to a decrease in bacterial activities and dextran-dependent aggregation in 24-h S. mutans biofilms. PDL significantly downregulates the gene expression of gtfB/C/D and smc. And 114 components are identified. CONCLUSIONS PDL has an inhibitory effect on S. mutans and favorable biocompatibility. It has potential to be exploited as a novel anti-biofilm agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus& Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Zheng T, Jing M, Gong T, Yan J, Wang X, Xu M, Zhou X, Zeng J, Li Y. Regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharide synthesis and biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2225257. [PMID: 37346997 PMCID: PMC10281425 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2225257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a chronic, multifactorial and biofilm-mediated oral bacterial infection affecting almost every age group and every geographical region. Streptococcus mutans is considered an important pathogen responsible for the initiation and development of dental caries. It produces exopolysaccharides in situ to promote the colonization of cariogenic bacteria and coordinate dental biofilm development. Objective The understanding of the regulatory mechanism of S. mutans biofilm formation can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of caries. Design At present, an increasing number of studies have identified many regulatory systems in S. mutans that regulate biofilm formation, including second messengers (e.g. c-di-AMP, Ap4A), transcription factors (e.g. EpsR, RcrR, StsR, AhrC, FruR), two-component systems (e.g. CovR, VicR), small RNA (including sRNA0426, srn92532, and srn133489), acetylation modifications (e.g. ActG), CRISPR-associated proteins (e.g. Cas3), PTS systems (e.g. EIIAB), quorum-sensing signaling system (e.g. LuxS), enzymes (including Dex, YidC, CopZ, EzrA, lmrB, SprV, RecA, PdxR, MurI) and small-molecule metabolites. Results This review summarizes the recent progress in the molecular regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharides synthesis and biofilm formation in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangchuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ren S, Yang Y, Xia M, Deng Y, Zuo Y, Lei L, Hu T. A Chinese herb preparation, honokiol, inhibits Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 147:105610. [PMID: 36603516 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm and anticariogenic effects of honokiol, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). DESIGN The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of honokiol on S. mutans UA159 were measured. Then, S. mutans were treated with honokiol at concentrations of 1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis was assessed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the anthrone-sulfuric method. Crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to demonstrate the characteristics and morphology of S. mutans biofilms. Colony-forming unit (CFU) assay was performed to observe the antibacterial effect of honokiol. Lactic acid production of 24-h biofilms was measured by the lactic acid assay. The expression level of caries-related genes (gtfB/C/D, comD/E and ldh) was identified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRTPCR) to explore the relevant mechanism. And the cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. RESULTS The MIC and MBC of honokiol on S. mutans were 30 μg/mL and 60 μg/mL, respectively. Honokiol inhibited biofilm formation, EPS synthesis and lactic acid production. It also decreased the expression of glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) and quorum sensing (QS) system encoding genes. Moreover, honokiol showed favorable biocompatibility with HGFs. CONCLUSIONS Honokiol has an inhibitory effect on S. mutans and favorable biocompatibility, with application potential as a novel anticaries agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuling Zuo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Sun Y, Chen H, Xu M, He L, Mao H, Yang S, Qiao X, Yang D. Exopolysaccharides metabolism and cariogenesis of Streptococcus mutans biofilm regulated by antisense vicK RNA. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2204250. [PMID: 37138664 PMCID: PMC10150615 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2204250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a pivotal cariogenic pathogen contributing to its multiple virulence factors, one of which is synthesizing exopolysaccharides (EPS). VicK, a sensor histidine kinase, plays a major role in regulating genes associated with EPS synthesis and adhesion. Here we first identified an antisense vicK RNA (ASvicK) bound with vicK into double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Objective This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of ASvicK in the EPS metabolism and cariogenesis of S. mutans. Methods The phenotypes of biofilm were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC-MS) , gel permeation chromatography (GPC) , transcriptome analysis and Western blot. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-ip) assay and enzyme activity experiment were adopted to investigate the mechanism of ASvicK regulation. Caries animal models were developed to study the relationship between ASvicK and cariogenicity of S. mutans. Results Overexpression of ASvicK can inhibit the growth of biofilm, reduce the production of EPS and alter genes and protein related to EPS metabolism. ASvicK can adsorb RNase III to regulate vicK and affect the cariogenicity of S. mutans. Conclusions ASvicK regulates vicK at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, effectively inhibits EPS synthesis and biofilm formation and reduces its cariogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwen He
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongchen Mao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyao Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqin Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- CONTACT Deqin Yang Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing4404100, China
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Zhang H, Xia M, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Chen H, Deng Y, Yang Y, Lei L, Hu T. Sucrose selectively regulates
Streptococcus mutans
polysaccharide by
GcrR. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1395-1410. [PMID: 35064734 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Mengying Xia
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yalan Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yingming Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
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The vicK gene of Streptococcus mutans mediates its cariogenicity via exopolysaccharides metabolism. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 34916484 PMCID: PMC8677823 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is generally regarded as a major contributor to dental caries because of its ability to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) that aid in the formation of plaque biofilm. The VicRKX system of S. mutans plays an important role in biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vicK gene on specific characteristics of EPS in S. mutans biofilm. We constructed single-species biofilms formed by different mutants of vicK gene. Production and distribution of EPS were detected through atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microcosmic structures of EPS were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cariogenicity of the vicK mutant was assessed in a specific pathogen-free rat model. Transcriptional levels of cariogenicity-associated genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that deletion of vicK gene suppressed biofilm formation as well as EPS production, and EPS were synthesized mostly around the cells. Molecular weight and monosaccharide components underwent evident alterations. Biofilms formed in vivo were sparse and contributed a decreased degree of caries. Moreover, expressional levels of genes related to EPS synthesis were down-regulated, except for gtfB. Our report demonstrates that vicK gene enhances biofilm formation and subsequent caries development. And this may due to its regulations on EPS metabolism, like synthesis or microcosmic features of EPS. This study suggests that vicK gene and EPS can be considered as promising targets to modulate dental caries.
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Bedoya-Correa CM, Rincón-Rodríguez RJ, Parada-Sanchez MT. Acidogenic and aciduric properties of Streptococcus mutans serotype c according to its genomic variability. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12824. [PMID: 34865249 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has a wide genetic diversity that contributes to its phenotypic heterogeneity, and may be related to attributes associated with acidogenicity and aciduricity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acidogenic and aciduric properties of S. mutans serotype c isolates from saliva of schoolchildren according to the genomic variability. S. mutans isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Fifty S. mutans serotype c isolates were genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and tested for their ability to produce and resist acid. Three specific genotypes were identified in the caries-active group and only one in the caries-free group. Although isolates were similarly acidogenic, an exclusive caries-active genotype had the greatest glycolytic activity. In contrast, isolates exhibited variable aciduricity, and three caries-active genotypes were the least aciduric. We concluded that there is genetic variability within serotype c. Acid production was similar regardless of the caries status but correlated with the number of genotypes. In addition, resistance to acid could be an important characteristic for the establishment and colonisation of specific genotypes in children with caries. However, it is important to evaluate children's intrinsic characteristics and other phenotypic properties to explain the physiopathological behaviour of the different genotypes.
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Mao M, Zhang W, Huang Z, Huang J, Wang J, Li W, Gu S. Graphene Oxide-Copper Nanocomposites Suppress Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7727-7739. [PMID: 34824531 PMCID: PMC8610231 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent disease that largely relies on the ability of Streptococcus mutans to synthesize exopolysaccharide matrix. Graphene oxide-based metal nanomaterials, as the derivatives of graphene, are potent agents against pathogens by their impressive antibacterial and anti-biofilm biofunctions. Previously, we fabricated the novel graphene oxide-copper nanocomposites (GO-Cu), maintaining a long-term release of copper nanoparticles. Here, the biofunctionalization of GO-Cu nanocomposites against cariogenic S. mutans is investigated. Methods Growth curve observation and colony forming units counting were applied to detect the antibacterial effect of GO-Cu nanocomposites on S. mutans. Scanning electron microscopy and the crystal violet assay were used to detect nanocomposite effects on biofilm forming ability. The production and distribution of exopolysaccharides within biofilm was analyzed and the expression of genes required for biofilm formation was explored. Moreover, the regulatory landscape of GO-Cu nanocomposites on S. mutans pathogenicity was probed. Results It has been found that GO-Gu nanocomposites were antibacterial to S. mutans and 10 μg/mL GO-Cu nanocomposites could inhibit the bacteria bioactivity instead of killing them. The biomass of S. mutans biofilm was significantly reduced when treated with 10 μg/mL GO-Cu nanocomposites. Also, 10 μg/mL GO-Cu nanocomposites could alter the biofilm architecture and impair exopolysaccharides production and distribution, and dysregulated the expression of exopolysaccharide-associated genes. Conclusion In all, we found low-dose GO-Cu nanocomposites could disrupt exopolysaccharide matrix assembly and further impair optimal biofilm development with minimal cytotoxicity. Therefore, GO-Cu nanocomposites can open up a new avenue for the development of alternative anti-caries biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Mao
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhang Q, Ma Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Zou J. Molecular mechanisms of inhibiting glucosyltransferases for biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:30. [PMID: 34588414 PMCID: PMC8481554 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) play critical roles in the etiology and pathogenesis of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)- mediated dental caries including early childhood caries. Gtfs enhance the biofilm formation and promotes colonization of cariogenic bacteria by generating biofilm extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), the key virulence property in the cariogenic process. Therefore, Gtfs have become an appealing target for effective therapeutic interventions that inhibit cariogenic biofilms. Importantly, targeting Gtfs selectively impairs the S. mutans virulence without affecting S. mutans existence or the existence of other species in the oral cavity. Over the past decade, numerous Gtfs inhibitory molecules have been identified, mainly including natural and synthetic compounds and their derivatives, antibodies, and metal ions. These therapeutic agents exert their inhibitory role in inhibiting the expression gtf genes and the activities and secretion of Gtfs enzymes with a wide range of sensitivity and effectiveness. Understanding molecular mechanisms of inhibiting Gtfs will contribute to instructing drug combination strategies, which is more effective for inhibiting Gtfs than one drug or class of drugs. This review highlights our current understanding of Gtfs activities and their potential utility, and discusses challenges and opportunities for future exploration of Gtfs as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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11
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Lu Y, Zhang H, Li M, Mao M, Song J, Deng Y, Lei L, Yang Y, Hu T. The rnc gene regulates the microstructure of exopolysaccharide in the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans through the β-monosaccharides. Caries Res 2021; 55:534-545. [PMID: 34348276 DOI: 10.1159/000518462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orange Dental Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Mengying Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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12
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Liu S, Liu Y, Zhang R, Lu X, Hu H, Hu J, Zhang K, Sun Y. [Association of sepM gene mutation with mutacin Ⅳ production by Streptococcus mutans]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:876-882. [PMID: 34238740 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the types of sepM gene mutations and their distribution in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and explore the association of sepM gene mutation with the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production by S. mutans. OBJECTIVE We assessed the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production in 80 clinical isolates of S. mutans using an inhibition zone assay. The minimum spanning tree and phylogenetic tree of these isolates were constructed using core genome multilocus sequence typing and maximum likelihood method, respectively. GeneMarkS software was used to predict the coding genes of these isolates, and the predicted genes were blasted against the sepM gene sequence of the reference genome UA159 to determine sepM gene mutations and their distribution characteristics in the clinical isolates. The mutation types affecting mutacin Ⅳ production were identified by analyzing the differentially distributed mutations between mutacin Ⅳ-producing isolates and mutacin Ⅳ-free isolates and by comparing the inhibition zones between isolates with sepM gene mutations and those without mutations. OBJECTIVE Among the 80 clinical isolates of S. mutans, 25 isolates were capable of mutacin Ⅳ production and 55 did not produce mutacin Ⅳ. The minimum spanning tree showed that the allelic differences were less among the mutacin Ⅳproducing isolates than among the mutacin Ⅳ-free isolates, and the origins of the mutacin Ⅳ-producing isolates were similar. We identified a total of 34 single base mutations in the 80 clinical isolates, and among them, C31T (P=0.001), G533A (P < 0.001), C756T (P=0.025), and C1036T (P=0.003) showed significant differential distributions between the mutacin Ⅳ-producing and mutacin Ⅳ-free isolates. These differentially distributed mutations were positively correlated with the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production of the bacteria. OBJECTIVE sepM gene mutations that affect the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production are present in the clinical strains of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of histology and Embryology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - R Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - X Lu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - J Hu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
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13
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Chen J, Chen Z, Yuan K, Huang Z, Mao M. Recombinant bacteriophage T4 Rnl1 impacts Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1860398. [PMID: 33456722 PMCID: PMC7782964 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1860398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase 1 (T4 Rnl1) can be stably expressed in many bacteria and has been reported to affect the bioactivity of the host bacteria. Recently, we constructed bacteriophage T4 Rnl1 expressing system in Streptococcus mutans, a crucial biofilm-forming and dental caries-causing oral pathogen. Here, we characterized the function of recombinant bacteriophage T4 Rnl1 in biofilm formation of S. mutans. The T4 Rnl1 mutant exhibited similar growth phenotype but resulted in a significant reduction of biofilm biomass compared to wild type strain and empty plasmid carrying strain. The abnormal biofilm of the T4 Rnl1 mutant harbored loose bacterial clusters with defective production and distribution of exopolysaccharides. Moreover, the expression of several biofilm formation-associated genes was dysregulated at mRNA level in the T4 Rnl1 mutant. These results reveal that the bacteriophage T4 Rnl1 exert antibiofilm activities against the cariogenic bacterium S. mutans, which impacts the spatial organization of the exopolysaccharides and further impairs the three-dimensional biofilm architecture. These findings implicate that manipulation of bacteriophage T4 Rnl1, a biological tool used for RNA ligation, will provide a promising approach to cariogenic biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanyi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyong Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengying Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Deciphering Streptococcal Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111835. [PMID: 33233415 PMCID: PMC7700319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are a diverse group of bacteria, which are mostly commensals but also cause a considerable proportion of life-threatening infections. They colonize many different host niches such as the oral cavity, the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract. While these host compartments impose different environmental conditions, many streptococci form biofilms on mucosal membranes facilitating their prolonged survival. In response to environmental conditions or stimuli, bacteria experience profound physiologic and metabolic changes during biofilm formation. While investigating bacterial cells under planktonic and biofilm conditions, various genes have been identified that are important for the initial step of biofilm formation. Expression patterns of these genes during the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth suggest a highly regulated and complex process. Biofilms as a bacterial survival strategy allow evasion of host immunity and protection against antibiotic therapy. However, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated bacteria cause disease are poorly understood. Therefore, advanced molecular techniques are employed to identify gene(s) or protein(s) as targets for the development of antibiofilm therapeutic approaches. We review our current understanding of biofilm formation in different streptococci and how biofilm production may alter virulence-associated characteristics of these species. In addition, we have summarized the role of surface proteins especially pili proteins in biofilm formation. This review will provide an overview of strategies which may be exploited for developing novel approaches against biofilm-related streptococcal infections.
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15
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de Alvarenga JA, de Barros PP, de Camargo Ribeiro F, Rossoni RD, Garcia MT, Dos Santos Velloso M, Shukla S, Fuchs BB, Shukla A, Mylonakis E, Junqueira JC. Probiotic Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 to Inhibit Streptococcus mutans in a Gellan-Based Formulation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:506-517. [PMID: 32980974 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is considered to be a major bacterium involved in dental caries, and the control of virulence mechanisms is fundamental to prevent disease. Probiotics present a promising preventive method; however, the use of probiotics requires its incorporation into delivery materials to facilitate oral colonization. Thus, we performed a comprehensive study examining preventive effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4-enriched gellan hydrogel materials to inhibit S. mutans in planktonic and biofilm states, addressing its influence in the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and altered gene expression of several cariogenic virulence factors. L. paracasei 28.4, a strain isolated from the oral cavity of a caries-free individual, was incorporated in three gellan hydrogels (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% w/v). The pretreatment with probiotic-gellan formulations provided a release of L. paracasei cells over 24 h that was sufficient to inhibit the planktonic growth of S. mutans, independent of the gellan concentrations and pH variations. This pretreatment also had inhibitory activity against S. mutans biofilms, exhibiting a reduction of 0.57 to 1.54 log10 in CFU/mL (p < 0.0001) and a decrease of 68.8 to 71.3% in total biomass (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group. These inhibitory effects were associated with the decreased production of EPS by 80% (p < 0.0001) and the downregulation of luxS, brpA, gbpB, and gtfB genes. The gellan formulation containing L. paracasei 28.4 exhibited probiotic effects for preventing S. mutans growth, biofilm formation, and production of cariogenic factors to suggest possible use in tooth decay prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Araújo de Alvarenga
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Marisol Dos Santos Velloso
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Shashank Shukla
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
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16
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Chen H, Zhang B, Weir MD, Homayounfar N, Fay GG, Martinho F, Lei L, Bai Y, Hu T, Xu HH. S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. J Dent 2020; 93:103278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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17
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Chen H, Tang Y, Weir MD, Gao J, Imazato S, Oates TW, Lei L, Wang S, Hu T, Xu HHK. Effects of S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial monomer dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate on biofilm growth and acid production. Dent Mater 2019; 36:296-309. [PMID: 31839202 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomers (QAMs) are used in resins. The rnc gene in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays a key role in resisting antibiotics. The objectives of this study were to investigate for the first time: (1) the effects of rnc deletion on S. mutans biofilms and acid production; (2) the combined effects of rnc deletion with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) on biofilm-inhibition efficacy. METHODS Parent S. mutans strain UA159 (ATCC 700610) and the rnc-deleted S. mutans were used. Bacterial growth, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured to analyze the bacterial susceptibility of the parent and rnc-deleted S. mutans against DMAHDM, with the gold-standard chlorhexidine (CHX) as control. Biofilm biomass, polysaccharide and lactic acid production were measured. RESULTS The drug-susceptibility of the rnc-deleted S. mutans to DMAHDM or CHX was 2-fold higher than parent S. mutans. The drug-susceptibility did not increase after 10 passages (p < 0.05). Deleting the rnc gene increased the biofilm susceptibility to DMAHDM or CHX by 2-fold. The rnc-deletion in S. mutans reduced biofilm biomass, polysaccharide and lactic acid production, even at no drugs. DMAHDM was nearly 40 % more potent than the gold-standard CHX. The combination of rnc deletion+DMAHDM treatment achieved the greatest reduction in biofilm biomass, polysaccharide synthesis, and lactic acid production. SIGNIFICANCE Gene modification by deleting the rnc in S. mutans reduced the biofilm growth and acid production, and the rnc deletion+DMAHDM method showed the greatest biofilm-inhibition efficacy, for the first time. The dual strategy of antibacterial monomer+bacterial gene modification shows great potential to control biofilms and inhibit caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yunhao Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jianghong Gao
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics & Periodontics and Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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18
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Lei L, Yang Y, Yang Y, Wu S, Ma X, Mao M, Hu T. Mechanisms by Which Small RNAs Affect Bacterial Activity. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1315-1323. [PMID: 31547763 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519876898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a distinct habitat that supports diverse bacterial flora. Recent observations have provided additional evidence that sRNAs are key regulators of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. These sRNAs have been divided into 5 functional groups: cis-encoded RNAs, trans-encoded RNAs, RNA regulators of protein activity, bacterial CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) RNAs, and a novel category of miRNA-size small RNAs (msRNAs). In this review, we discuss a critical group of key commensal and opportunistic oral pathogens. In general, supragingival bacterial sRNAs function synergistically to fine-tune the regulation of cellular processes and stress responses in adaptation to environmental changes. Particularly in the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, both the antisense vicR RNA and msRNA1657 can impede the metabolism of bacterial exopolysaccharides, prevent biofilm formation, and suppress its cariogenicity. In Enterococcus faecalis, selected sRNAs control the expression of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes and stress responses. In subgingival plaques, sRNAs from periodontal pathogens can function as novel bacterial signaling molecules that mediate bacterial-human interactions in periodontal homeostasis. In Porphyromonas gingivalis, the expression profiles of putative sRNA101 and sRNA42 were found to respond to hemin availability after hemin starvation. Regarding Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), a major periodontal pathogen associated with aggressive periodontitis, the predicted sRNAs interact with several virulence genes, including those encoding leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin. Furthermore, in clinical isolates, these associated RNAs could be explored not only as potential biomarkers for oral disease monitoring but also as alternative types of regulators for drug design. Thus, this emerging subspecialty of bacterial regulatory RNAs could reshape our understanding of bacterial gene regulation from their key roles of endogenous regulatory RNAs to their activities in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S Wu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - M Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Bedoya-Correa CM, Rincón Rodríguez RJ, Parada-Sanchez MT. Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Chen H, Tang Y, Weir MD, Lei L, Masri R, Lynch CD, Oates TW, Zhang K, Hu T, Xu HHK. Effects of S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial calcium phosphate nanocomposite on secondary caries and marginal enamel hardness. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41672-41683. [PMID: 35541571 PMCID: PMC9076473 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09220j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary caries at the restoration-tooth margins is a main reason for dental restoration failures. Gene-modification for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and composites containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDMA) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) all have the potential to suppress bacterial acids and promote remineralization. However, there has been no report of their effects on marginal caries-inhibition and enamel hardness. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of gene-modification and DMAHDM–NACP composite restoration on enamel demineralization and hardness at the margins under biofilm acids for the first time. Parent S. mutans and rnc gene-deleted S. mutans were tested side by side. The bioactive composite contained 3% DMAHDM and 30% NACP. Mechanical properties and calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion releases were measured. Colony-forming units (CFU), MTT, lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. Demineralization of bovine enamel with composite restorations was induced via biofilms, then enamel hardness was measured. The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with DMAHDM+30NACP: (1) achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in biofilm CFU by 6 logs; (2) decreased biofilm lactic acid and polysaccharide production by more than 80%; (3) achieved enamel hardness that was 140% higher than that of a commercial fluoride-releasing composite under 30 days of biofilm acids. Therefore, the novel dual approach of rnc gene-deletion and DMAHDM+NACP nanocomposite is promising to inhibit secondary caries at the margins and increase the longevity of tooth restorations. Secondary caries at the restoration-tooth margins is a main reason for dental restoration failures.![]()
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21
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Lei L, Stipp RN, Chen T, Wu SZ, Hu T, Duncan MJ. Activity of Streptococcus mutans VicR Is Modulated by Antisense RNA. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1477-1484. [PMID: 29969955 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518781765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The VicRK 2-component system of Streptococcus mutans regulates genes associated with cell wall biogenesis and biofilm formation. A putative RNase III-encoding gene ( rnc) is located downstream from the vicRKX operon. The goals of this study were to investigate the potential role of VicR in the regulation of adjacent downstream genes and evaluate transcription levels of vicR during planktonic and biofilm growth. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate whether vicRKX and adjacent downstream genes were cotranscribed. Binding of purified recombinant VicR protein to promoter regions of vicR, rnc, and syfA genes was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and by chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. VicR antisense (AS vicR) RNA was detected by Northern blotting and qRT-PCR assays. AS vicR overexpression mutants were constructed, and the biofilm biomass was determined by crystal violet microtiter assay. Adjacent downstream genes rnc, smc, syfA, smu.1511, and syfB were cotranscribed with vicRKX. The predicted promoter regions of vicR, rnc, and syfA genes were directly regulated by VicR. An AS vicR RNA transcript was detected upstream of the rnc gene. Expression of the AS vicR RNA transcript was elevated in planktonic cultures and repressed during biofilm growth. In addition, Western blot data showed that expression of the VicR protein decreased by 35% in planktonic as compared with biofilm cultures. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of AS vicR led to a reduction in biofilm formation. The downstream genes rnc, smc, syfA, smu.1511, and syfB are cotranscribed with vicRKX. VicR is autophosphorylated, and rnc and syfA are directly regulated by VicR. Expression of VicR protein correlated inversely with different levels of AS vicR RNA transcript and growth conditions. The biofilm biomass decreased in the AS vicR overexpression mutant. These data suggest a role for the AS vicR RNA transcript in posttranscriptional regulation of VicR protein production in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,2 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R N Stipp
- 2 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - T Chen
- 2 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Z Wu
- 4 West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - T Hu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M J Duncan
- 2 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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