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Sağsöz H, Liman N, Akbalık ME, Alan E, Saruhan BG, Ketani MA, Erdoğan S. Expression of cadherins and some connective tissue components in cow uterus and placenta during pregnancy. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:64-79. [PMID: 35870371 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The implantation and placental development processes are regulated with cell adhesion molecules and remodeling of the maternal endometrium's extracellular matrices (ECM) and fetal chorion. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and localization of some classical cadherins (E-, N-, and P-cadherins) and extracellular matrix components collagen type 5α1, fibronectin, and laminin in the cow placentomes during pregnancy using immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses. The study results confirmed the expression of E- and P-cadherins, collagen type Vα1 (COLVα1), fibronectin, and laminin in the cow placentomes, but not N-cadherin. Throughout the pregnancy, E- and P- cadherins, COLVα1, and laminin were localized in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the inter-caruncular endometrium, caruncular epithelium, and the uninucleate (UNCs) and binucleate trophoblast giant cells (BNCs/TGCs). E- cadherin immunoreactivity in the first pregnancy period was strong in the UNCs while moderate in the BNCs/TGCs. However, it was weak in both trophoblast in the second and third pregnancy periods. In the fetal trophoblasts, P- cadherin and laminin immunostainings were more intense in the BNCs/TGCs than UNCs. The fetal and maternal stromal cells were also positive for P- cadherin, COLVα1, fibronectin, and laminin. The immunostaining intensity of COLVα1 and fibronectin in the stromal extracellular matrix of the placentomes decreased as the pregnancy progressed. The endothelia of fetal and maternal vessels were positive for all proteins. The presence and distinct localization of cadherins and ECM proteins in the cow placentome components support the role of these molecules in regulating placental cell growth, migration, and matrix production during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sağsöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - M Erdem Akbalık
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Berna Güney Saruhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - M Aydın Ketani
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, 59000, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Wooding FBP. The Ruminant Placental Trophoblast Binucleate cell - an evolutionary breakthrough. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:705-716. [PMID: 35594454 PMCID: PMC9476219 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viviparity and the development of a placenta are two of the major reasons for the success of the mammals in colonizing all habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic. The placenta is an apposition of fetal to maternal tissue which serves two main, but competing functions: to maximize oxygen transfer and the acquisition of nutrients from the mother, but to minimize immunological rejection by the maternal immune system. This has resulted in the evolution of four main types differing in the degree of loss of the maternal uterine epithelial (UE) barrier: epitheliochorial, synepitheliochorial, endotheliochorial, and hemochorial, all providing a successful safe balance between the needs of mother and fetus. Epitheliochorial is the least invasive, a simple apposition and microvillar interdigitation of the apices of uterine epithelium and trophoblast. It is suggested to have evolved as a response to the increase in the size of the animal to provide a sufficiently long gestation to produce a single altricial (run/swim-soon-as-born) neonate as in the Cetartiodactyla. The mother needs to have good control of the fetal demands so the UE barrier is maintained. However, in the synepitheliochorial placenta, characteristic of all ruminants, the fetus has evolved a means of increasing, or at least maintaining, demand without the need for invasion. This has been achieved by the development of the trophoblast binucleate cell which, uniquely, can fuse with a UE cell to form fetomaternal hybrid tissue. This can maintain some maternal barrier function but also deliver fetally synthesized immunomodulatory and metabolic messages to the maternal circulation. This review provides the evidence for this remarkable evolutionary step and also considers an alternative explanation for the formation of the structure of the ruminant placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B P Wooding
- The Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EG
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Su Y, Li Q, Zhang Q, Li Z, Yao X, Guo Y, Xiao L, Wang X, Ni H. Exosomes derived from placental trophoblast cells regulate endometrial epithelial receptivity in dairy cows during pregnancy. J Reprod Dev 2021; 68:21-29. [PMID: 34690214 PMCID: PMC8872746 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate fetomaternal interactions could directly lead to pregnancy failure in dairy cows. Exosomes are widely involved in endometrial matrix remodeling, immune function changes,
placental development, and other processes of embryo implantation and pregnancy in dairy cows. However, the role of exosomes derived from placental trophoblast cells in regulating the
receptivity of endometrial cells and facilitating fetomaternal interaction remains unclear. In this study, bovine trophoblast cells (BTCs) were obtained from bovine placenta and immortalized
by transfection with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Immortalized BTCs still possess the basic and key properties of primary BTCs without exhibiting any neoplastic transformation
signs. Subsequently, the effect of trophoblast-derived exosomes (TDEs) on endometrial receptivity in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) was determined, and the mechanism whereby TDEs and
their proteins participate in the fetomaternal interaction during bovine pregnancy were explored. EECs were co-cultured with the exosomes derived from BTCs treated with progesterone (P4).
Such treatment enhanced the expression of the endometrial receptivity factors, integrin αv, β3, Wnt7a, and MUC1 by changing the extracellular environment, metabolism, and redox balance in
EECs via proteome alignment, compared with no treatment according to the DIA quantitation analysis. Our study demonstrated that trophoblast-derived exosome proteins are one of the most
critical elements in fetomaternal interaction, and their changes may act as a key signal in altering endometrial receptivity and provide a potential target for improving fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Su
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiaochu Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinxin Yao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hemin Ni
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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Toschi P, Baratta M. Ruminant Placental Adaptation in Early Maternal Undernutrition: An Overview. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:755034. [PMID: 34746288 PMCID: PMC8565373 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct placental development during early gestation is considered the main determinant of fetal growth in late pregnancy. A reduction in maternal nourishment occurring across the early developmental window has been linked to a wide range of pregnancy disorders affecting placental transport capacity and consequently the fetal nutrient supply line, with long-term implications for offspring health and productivity. In livestock, ruminant species specifically experience maternal undernutrition in extensive systems due to seasonal changes in food availability, with significant economic losses for the farmer in some situations. In this review, we aim to discuss the effects of reduced maternal nutrition during early pregnancy on placental development with a specific focus on ruminant placenta physiology. Different types of placental adaptation strategies were examined, also considering the potential effects on the epigenetic landscape, which is known to undergo extensive reprogramming during early mammalian development. We also discussed the involvement of autophagy as a cellular degradation mechanism that may play a key role in the placental response to nutrient deficiency mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin, named the mTOR intracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Toschi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Viale delle Scienze, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Carter AM. Evolution of placentation in cattle and antelopes. Anim Reprod 2020; 16:3-17. [PMID: 33936288 PMCID: PMC8083812 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovids have enjoyed great evolutionary success as evidenced by the large number of extant species. Several important domestic animals are from this family. They derive from both subfamilies: cattle and their kin belong to Bovinae and sheep and goats to Antilopinae. The premise of this review, therefore, is that evolution of reproduction and placentation is best understood in a context that includes antelope-like bovines and antelopes. Many key features of placentation, including hormone secretion, had evolved before bovids emerged as a distinct group. Variation nevertheless occurs. Most striking is the difference in fusion of the binucleate trophoblast cell with uterine epithelium that yields a transient trinucleate cell in bovines and many antelopes, but a more persistent syncytium in wildebeest, sheep and goat. There is considerable variation in placentome number and villus branching within the placentome. Many antelopes have right-sided implantation in a bicornuate uterus whilst others have a uterus duplex. Finally, there has been continued evolution of placental hormones with tandem duplication of PAG genes in cattle, differences in glycosylation of placental lactogen and the emergence of placental growth hormone in sheep and goats. The selection pressures driving this evolution are unknown though maternal-fetal competition for nutrients is an attractive hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Klisch K, Schraner EM. Intraluminal vesicles of binucleate trophoblast cell granules are a possible source of placental exosomes in ruminants. Placenta 2019; 90:58-61. [PMID: 32056553 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exosomes are membrane-bound small extracellular vesicles, which play important roles in intercellular communication, including the feto-maternal communication. Placenta-derived exosomes have been identified in maternal blood of a variety of species, including cattle and sheep. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy is used to characterize intraluminal vesicles in binucleate trophoblast cell secretory granules and extracellular vesicles in placentome samples from eight ruminant species of the bovidae and cervidae clades. RESULTS In all species the secretory granules of binucleate cells contain intraluminal vesicles of 40-70 nm diameter. After fusion of the binucleate trophoblast cells with cells of the uterine epithelium these vesicles are exocytosed together with the granule's secretory proteins. The vesicles are located at the basement membrane of the uterine epithelium and in the connective tissue underneath. DISCUSSION We suggest that these vesicles function as exosomes. Their function might be either locally in the maternal endometrial stroma or they could have systemic functions after entering the maternal blood. Earlier electron microscopical studies in other ruminants, including species of the most basic ruminant clade (tragulidae), indicate that the intraluminal vesicles are a general feature of ruminant binucleate trophoblast cell granules. Our findings suggest that ruminant BNC are a source of exosomes, which are released into the maternal organism and are thus a newly described type of feto-maternal communication in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Klisch
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Elisabeth M Schraner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kazemian A, Hooshmandabbasi R, Schraner EM, Boos A, Klisch K. Evolutionary implications of fetal and maternal microvillous surfaces in epitheliochorial placentae. J Morphol 2019; 280:615-622. [PMID: 30805975 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
According to the "parent-offspring conflict hypothesis" the rapid evolution and diversification of the mammalian placenta is driven by divergent optima of resource allocation between fetus and mother. The fetus has an interest to maximize its resource intake, while the mother has an interest to restrict the transfer of resources, and thus retain resources for subsequent pregnancies. In the epitheliochorial placenta, the contacting fetal and maternal surfaces at the feto-maternal interface are covered with microvilli, which leads to an increase of membrane surfaces available for transport processes. Because membranes are the site of active transport, the conflict hypothesis predicts that the fetal surfaces at the feto-maternal interfaces are larger than the maternal ones. We use transmission electron microscopy and a stereological method to estimate the factors by which the apical fetal and maternal membranes are enlarged by the microvilli. Ten species with an epitheliochorial placenta were studied. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) was used to create three-dimensional models of the interdigitating microvilli of the bovine and porcine placenta. In all species, the fetal surface was larger than the maternal. This was due to a higher number of fetal microvilli and to the presence of membrane folds at the base of the fetal, but not of maternal microvilli. Our results suggest that the ultrastructural morphology of the feto-maternal interface in the epitheliochorial placenta is shaped by conflicting interests between fetus and mother and thus represent a so far neglected arena of the parent-offspring conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemian
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Hooshmandabbasi
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisabeth M Schraner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alois Boos
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Klisch
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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