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Malheiro LFL, Fernandes MM, Oliveira CA, Barcelos IDS, Fernandes AJV, Silva BS, Ávila JS, Soares TDJ, Amaral LSDB. Renoprotective mechanisms of exercise training against acute and chronic renal diseases - A perspective based on experimental studies. Life Sci 2024; 346:122628. [PMID: 38614303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Regular exercise training can lead to several health benefits, reduce mortality risk, and increase life expectancy. On the other hand, a sedentary lifestyle is a known risk factor for chronic diseases and increased mortality. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent a significant global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. The progression from AKI to CKD is well-recognized in the literature, and exercise training has emerged as a potential renoprotective strategy. Thus, this article aims to review the main molecular mechanisms underlying the renoprotective actions of exercise training in the context of AKI and CKD, focusing on its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and autophagy regulatory effects. For that, bibliographical research was carried out in Medline/PubMed and Scielo databases. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in renal diseases are not fully understood, experimental studies demonstrate that oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and dysregulation of fibrotic and autophagic processes play central roles in the development of tissue damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that exercise can beneficially modulate these mechanisms, potentially becoming a safe and effective non-pharmacological strategy for kidney health protection and promotion. Thus, the evidence base discussed in this review suggests that an adequate training program emerges as a valuable tool for preserving renal function in experimental animals, mainly through the production of antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide (NO), irisin, IL-10, and IL-11. Future research can continue to explore these mechanisms to develop specific guidelines for the prescription of exercise training in different populations of patients with kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fabiana Luz Malheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Masimessi Fernandes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Caroline Assunção Oliveira
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Souza Barcelos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Ana Jullie Veiga Fernandes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Júlia Spínola Ávila
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Telma de Jesus Soares
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Brazil
| | - Liliany Souza de Brito Amaral
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Brazil.
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Zhou M, Li X, Liu J, Wu Y, Tan Z, Deng N. Adenine's impact on mice's gut and kidney varies with the dosage administered and relates to intestinal microorganisms and enzyme activities. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:88. [PMID: 38406640 PMCID: PMC10884393 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dosages of adenine on intestinal microorganisms and enzyme activities, laying the experimental groundwork for subsequent exploration of the microbial mechanisms underlying diarrhea with kidney yang deficiency syndrome. Twenty-four mice were assigned to the following four groups: the control (NC) group, low-dosage adenine (NML) group, middle-dosage adenine (NMM) group, and high-dosage adenine (NMH) group. Mice in the NML, NMM, and NMH groups received 25 mg/(kg·d), 50 mg/(kg·d), and 100 mg/(kg·d) of adenine, respectively, 0.4 mL/each, once a day for 14 days. The NC group received 0.4 mL sterile water. Parameters including body weight, rectal temperature, intestinal microorganisms, enzyme activities, and microbial activity were measured. Results indicated that mice in the experimental group displayed signs of a poor mental state, curled up with their backs arched, and felt sleepy and lazy, with sparse fur that was easily shed, and damp bedding. Some mice showed fecal adhesion contamination in the perianal and tail areas. Dosage-dependent effects were observed, with decreased food intake, body weight, rectal temperature, and microbial activity and increased water intake and fecal water content. Enzyme activity analyses revealed significantly higher activities of protease, sucrase, amylase, and cellulase in intestinal contents and lactase, sucrase, amylase, and cellulase in the mucosa of the NMM group compared to those of other groups. Ultimately, the higher adenine dosage was associated with more pronounced symptoms of kidney yang deficiency syndrome, with 50 mg/kg adenine exhibiting the most substantial impact on the number of intestinal microbial colonies and enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Zhou
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208 China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208 China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650000 China
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208 China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208 China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208 China
| | - Na Deng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208 China
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Hosseini-Dastgerdi H, Pourshanazari AA, Nematbakhsh M. The role of Mas receptor on renal hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II administration in chronic renal sympathectomized male and female rats. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:489-504. [PMID: 37842515 PMCID: PMC10568965 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.383705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Renal hemodynamics is influenced by renal sympathetic nerves and the renin-angiotensin system. On the other hand, renal sympathetic denervation impacts kidney weight by affecting renal hemodynamics. The current study evaluated the role of the Mas receptor on renal hemodynamic responses under basal conditions and in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) in chronic renal sympathectomy in female and male rats. Experimental approach Forty-eight nephrectomized female and male rats were anesthetized and cannulated. Afterward, the effect of chronic renal sympathectomy was investigated on hemodynamic parameters such as renal vascular resistance (RVR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and renal blood flow (RBF). In addition, the effect of chronic sympathectomy on kidney weight was examined. Findings/Results Chronic renal sympathectomy increased RVR and subsequently decreased RBF in both sexes. Renal perfusion pressure also increased after sympathectomy in male and female rats, while MAP did not change, significantly. In response to the Ang II injection, renal sympathectomy caused a greater decrease in RBF in all experimental groups, while it did not affect the MAP response. In addition, chronic sympathectomy increased left kidney weight in right nephrectomized rats. Conclusion and implications Chronic renal sympathectomy changed systemic/renal hemodynamics in baseline conditions and only renal hemodynamics in response to Ang II administration. Moreover, chronic sympathectomy increased compensatory hypertrophy in nephrectomized rats. These changes are unaffected by gender difference and Mas receptor blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajaralsadat Hosseini-Dastgerdi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Pourshanazari
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Isfahan MN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Yi H, Huang C, Shi Y, Cao Q, Chen J, Chen XM, Pollock CA. Metformin Attenuates Renal Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Adenine-Induced Renal Injury Through Inhibiting TGF-β1 Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:603802. [PMID: 33614642 PMCID: PMC7889967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.603802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that all progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) is pathologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis process. Multiple studies have shown the critical role of inflammation and fibrosis in the development of CKD. Hence strategies that target inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways may provide promising opportunities to protect against renal fibrosis. Metformin has been used as the first-line glucose-lowering agent to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for over 50 years. Accumulating evidence suggests the potential for additional therapeutic applications of metformin, including mitigation of renal fibrosis. In this study, the anti-fibrotic effects of metformin independent of its glucose-lowering mechanism were examined in an adenine -induced mouse model of CKD. Expressions of inflammatory markers MCP-1, F4/80 and ICAM, fibrotic markers type IV collagen and fibronectin, and the cytokine TGF-β1 were increased in adenine-induced CKD when compared to control groups and significantly attenuated by metformin treatment. Moreover, treatment with metformin inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad3, ERK1/2, and P38 and was associated with activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the kidneys of adenine-treated mice. These results indicate that metformin attenuates adenine-induced renal fibrosis through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways and activation of AMPK, independent of its glucose-lowering action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yi
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School-Northern University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School-Northern University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying Shi
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School-Northern University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Qinghua Cao
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School-Northern University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School-Northern University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School-Northern University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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