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Hoang Thanh T, Nguyen Kim T. A Simple Procedure of Fascia-Fat Grafting and Blepharoplasty as a Single-Stage Procedure for the Correction of Sunken Eyelids in Vietnamese Population. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 40:453-459. [PMID: 38319189 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSES Upper sunken eyelids, which are characterized by the hollowness of the upper eyelids, often cause a poor aesthetic appearance. Herein, we present a simplified technique using fascia-fat grafts for volume augmentation combined with blepharoplasty as a single-stage procedure. METHODS From January 2021 to December 2021, 30 patients with sunken eyelids visiting our clinic for hollow eyelid treatment underwent a fascia-fat grafting derived from the inguinal crease combined with simultaneous eyelid reconstruction. A modified classification of sunken eyelids that was more suitable for the Asian population was proposed. RESULTS Postoperatively, edema and ptosis were transient and addressed thanks to proper massage and compresses. Two cases had scar fibers leading to a slight tension of upper eyelids at 6-month follow-up. This event was addressed by triamcinolone acetonide injections at 4-6-week intervals with satisfactory results. The orbital volume of all patients was satisfying and stable up to 12 months after the surgery. The satisfaction rate was 100% and 88.8% in group 1 and group 2, respectively, at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Fascia-fat grafting combined with blepharoplasty as a single-stage procedure was a simplified method that did not require varied types of surgical tools but brought satisfactory results. This method facilitated the routine procedure and eased surgeons in the clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Hoang Thanh
- Plastic and Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery Center, Viet Nam National Burn Hospital, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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2
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Landau M, Klein J, Leizgold FR, Kroumpouzos G. Rare and novel complications of botulinum neurotoxin type A and dermal filler injections. Clin Dermatol 2024:S0738-081X(24)00107-X. [PMID: 38914174 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) and filler injection procedures usually provide predicted outcomes with a low incidence of complications. Most of the complications after these procedures have been extensively discussed. In this study, we report on these injectables' less well-known, recently reported, and novel complications and attempt to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Counterfeit or mishandled BoNTA has been associated with botulism. BoNTA has been linked to uncommon complications, including morphea-like lesions, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, vascular occlusion, and pseudoaneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. Unusual complications from filler injection include nonscarring alopecia, intraoral necrosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, xanthelasma-like reactions, intracranial perforation, and pneumosinus dilatans. Post-BoNTA injection nodules and filler infection from bone destruction due to cocaine use are new complications. These complications pose a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. This publication aims to assist in promptly identifying and managing these rare and novel complications when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerome Klein
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Shen L, Zhang Y, Lin J, Wu W. Patchy alopecia in the central posterior occipital region. BMJ 2024; 385:e078418. [PMID: 38901861 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinran Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Pulumati A, Algarin Y, Jaalouk D, Latta S, Nouri K. Fillers impacting follicles: the emerging complication of filler-induced alopecia. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38615331 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Filler-induced alopecia is a transient alopecia characterized by localized hair loss and often attributed to vascular compromise following dermal filler injections in facial regions. Although an uncommon phenomenon, the rising incidence of filler-induced alopecia underscores the importance of understanding and managing this condition. We performed an extensive PubMed review of articles reporting filler-induced alopecia and summarizing the implicated filler types, injection areas, hair loss patterns, symptom onset, course progression, treatments, and prognosis. Hyaluronic acid injections were the most implicated in filler-induced alopecia cases, with calcium hydroxylapatite and autologous fat less frequently associated. No cases involved other dermal filler types. Although recovery times varied depending on the treatment, hyaluronidase (HAase) injections rapidly restored near-normal hair density within 3-4 months. Minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma play a more minor role in restoring hair growth but may be used as adjuncts with HAase to facilitate hair growth. Finally, alternative interventions like intralesional triamcinolone, warm compresses, and nitroglycerin warrant exploration, given limited robust clinical data. Our study promotes awareness of filler-induced alopecia's rising incidence and offers practical insights and evidence-based recommendations for effective management. By equipping dermatologists with this knowledge, our aim is to improve patient outcomes and reduce adverse events in filler-based procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Pulumati
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yanci Algarin
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Dana Jaalouk
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Steven Latta
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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5
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Sadeghi S, Ghane Y, Hajizadeh N, Goodarzi A. Autologous adipose tissue injection in the treatment of alopecia: A mini-review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:758-765. [PMID: 37955172 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia may decrease patients' quality of life and self-confidence by limiting their social life. Therefore, the main goal of the treatment is to limit or halt the progression of inflammation, scarring, and hair loss. The promising effect of fat injection on hair regrowth, limited adverse effects, and subsiding inflammation can be proof of its efficacy and safety in treating alopecia. AIMS This review sought to assess the role of autologous fat tissue injection in scarring and non-scarring alopecia. METHODS Accordingly, a thorough search was performed on the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline databases, as well as the Google Scholar search engine, for studies published from inception until September 1st, 2023, using the related keywords. RESULTS Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is a novel and potentially effective modality for treating alopecia, particularly primary and secondary cicatricial alopecia. AFG can be an effective semi-invasive option for treating refractory lichen planopilaris because it induces angiogenesis, which supports hair regrowth. In addition to cicatricial alopecia, AFG held promise for treating non-scarring alopecia, including androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. The adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) in adipose tissue (AT) secrete different growth factors, further supporting hair regeneration. Moreover, different anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents are known in AT, preventing further damage to hair follicles. CONCLUSIONS AFG can significantly control inflammatory processes, improve signs and symptoms, and increase hair density and diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadeghi
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicine, New York Health System, South Brooklyn Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yekta Ghane
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Hajizadeh
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Goodarzi
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Corona-Rodarte E, Cano-Aguilar LE, Baldassarri-Ortego LF, Tosti A, Asz-Sigall D. Pressure alopecias: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:125-132. [PMID: 37454698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced alopecias (PAs) are an infrequent group of scarring and nonscarring alopecias that occur after ischemic obstruction of capillaries that leads to circumscribed areas of hair loss. Initially described after prolonged surgeries or immobilization, type 1 PA occurs after sustained external pressure to the skin, mainly the scalp prominences. Alopecia induced by cosmetic procedures, referred in this review as type 2 PA, is reported with increased frequency in literature and predominantly emerges from pressure exerted by the volume of injectables. It is important to differentiate type 2 PA from vascular occlusion-induced alopecia because they represent distinct entities. Clinically, PA may present with erythema, swelling, and tenderness; however, alopecia might be the sole manifestation. Crusts and ulceration are associated with a worse outcome and a higher risk of scarring alopecia. Prompt diagnosis is paramount to prevent complications. Trichoscopy, although considered nonspecific, may provide relevant clues for an accurate diagnosis. Hair regrows in most cases, but prognosis depends on ischemia severity and timely treatment with reperfusion therapies or mobilization. Treatment of hair loss is usually not necessary because the disease in most cases is self-limited and reversible. The role of topical minoxidil and corticosteroids remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Corona-Rodarte
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco José Barba Rubio, Zapopan, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Daniel Asz-Sigall
- Trichology Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico.
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Pearce J, Al-Wahab Y, Brent G, Natkunarajah J. A case of scarring and nonscarring alopecia secondary to vascular occlusion with dermal filler. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:1040-1043. [PMID: 37185674 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of scarring and nonscarring alopecia secondary to vascular occlusion with dermal filler. Vascular occlusion is a known complication of dermal filler injections, and alopecia as a clinical sequela has only rarely been reported. Our novel use of hydroxychloroquine, in addition to hyaluronidase and oral and topical steroids, may improve clinical outcomes associated with this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasir Al-Wahab
- Pathology Department, Kingston University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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Barrera-Ochoa CA, Alonso-León MT, Arenas R, Vega-Memjie ME, Asz-Sigall D. Secondary alopecia induced by aesthetic procedures: An unrecognized potential complication. Australas J Dermatol 2023; 64:322-329. [PMID: 37265044 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surgical facelifts and noninvasive techniques such as mesotherapy, hyaluronic fillers and botulinum toxin, among other procedures are widely used nowadays to reverse skin ageing and achieve rejuvenation effects. Secondary alopecia due to cosmetic procedures is a rare side effect and is poorly described in the literature. The mechanisms in which hair loss develops after an aesthetical procedure or surgical technique are not well known. The development of secondary scarring alopecia or non-scarring alopecia depends upon the interaction between different external factors, the individual host response and the extent of damage to the hair follicle anatomy. Current knowledge hints at the type of substance used, pressure to hair structures and vasculature due to the materials used, previously unknown or unaware hair disorder, and poor surgical techniques to be the main factors contributing to the development of secondary alopecia. Physicians and patients must be aware of all the substances used for the procedures and be attentive to any change in hair density or hair loss. Clinicians must have a low threshold to take biopsies if the risk of scarring alopecia may occur. Herein, we review the clinical, trichoscopic, histopathological findings and potential pathophysiological mechanisms of hair loss due to different aesthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Arenas
- Micology Section, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel Asz-Sigall
- Dermatology Department, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Landau M, Lopez-Gehrke I, Villarica-Hayano W, Suwanchinda A, Galadari H. Nonscarring alopecia after temporal lifting technique with dermal fillers. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 37:30-34. [PMID: 37324180 PMCID: PMC10265465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Landau
- Private Dermatology Practice, Herzliya, and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hashamir Medical Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Hassan Galadari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
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10
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Alopecia After Cosmetic Injection Procedures: A Review. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:855-861. [PMID: 35642921 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cosmetic procedures for antiaging carry inherent risks of adverse events. One that has not yet been well characterized is transitory or permanent alopecia. This is attributable to numerous mechanisms including pressure, ischemia, inflammation, and necrosis. Cases of postcosmetic procedure alopecia have been reported after mesotherapy as well as hyaluronic acid filler, deoxycholic acid, and botulinum toxin injections. OBJECTIVE This review serves to describe the currently known causes of postcosmetic procedure alopecia and the mechanisms by which alopecia is attained. Furthermore, this review highlights the risk of unregulated mesotherapy injections for cosmetic enhancement and to bring attention to the increasing number reports of alopecia after these procedures. METHODS A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022 was conducted looking for keywords such as "alopecia," "cosmetic procedures," "mesotherapy," and "hyaluronic acid" in Google Scholar and PubMed. RESULTS Ten articles met the criteria set forth in the authors' literature review. Many of the procedures resulted in partial or complete resolution of alopecia. CONCLUSION Alopecia after cosmetic injection procedures is an underreported adverse effect. More research is needed to further characterize the risk of alopecia after mesotherapy and other injection procedures.
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Nilforoushzadeh MA, Heidari-Kharaji M, Tork BB, Torkamaniha E, Sadeghi S, Seirafianpour F, Karimi Y, Roohaninasab M, Behrangi E, Amini Z, Goodarzi A. Autologous Adipose Tissue Transfer in the Treatment of Lichen Planopilaris. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5295-5297. [PMID: 35500148 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh
- Skin & Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jordan Dermatology & Hair Transplantation Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Heidari-Kharaji
- Skin & Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jordan Dermatology & Hair Transplantation Center, Tehran, Iran.,Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (CAFSB), Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Batool Baiat Tork
- Skin & Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Torkamaniha
- Skin & Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jordan Dermatology & Hair Transplantation Center, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Islamic Azad University, Kish Branch, Iran
| | - Sara Sadeghi
- Skin & Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Seirafianpour
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Karimi
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Roohaninasab
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behrangi
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Amini
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Azadeh Goodarzi
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Namgoong S, Han SK. Commentary on: Autogenous Fat Transplantation and Botulinum Toxin Injection Into the Masseter Muscle to Create an Ideal Oval Face. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP589-NP591. [PMID: 33544124 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sik Namgoong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Han
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Purpose of the present study is to objectively evaluate the number of severe vascular complications, represented by skin necrosis and vision loss or impairment, following facial filler injection. The investigators implemented a review of the literature including articles published on PubMed database without limitation about year of publication, including all reports concerning skin necrosis and vision loss or impairment related to the injection of fillers for cosmetic uses. The search highlighted 45 articles and a total of 164 cases of skin necrosis and vision loss or impairment after injection of different substances. The injection site most frequently associated with complications was the nose (44.5%), followed by glabella (21%), nasolabial fold (15%), and forehead (10%). Results of the present study suggest that injectable filler can cause severe complications even in expertized hands. Treatments in the new defined "Dangerous triangle" must be carefully carried out. Despite our expectations, the highest rates of sever adverse events have been associated with autologous fat transfer practice.
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Lin Z, Yang K, Li G, Wei S, Liu Y. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Temporal Autologous Micro-fat Augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:2098-2106. [PMID: 32372123 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous fat grafting is a rapidly developing soft tissue filling technique that has been playing an increasingly important role in facial contouring and rejuvenation surgeries. However, this technique is accompanied by many side effects and risks. In particular, there is still much room for improvement in regard to the surgical method of temporal augmentation with autologous fat, which is highly popular among Chinese people. Better surgical methods can achieve better outcomes while curbing surgical risks. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY We reviewed 39 patients who consecutively underwent subcutaneous temporal autologous micro-fat argumentation surgery at Peking University People's Hospital from February 19, 2016, to May 13, 2019, to correct temporal hollowness. Each patient's Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) satisfaction score and Hollowness Severity Rating Scale (HSRS) score before and after surgery were precisely recorded, and any complaints about perioperative complications were meticulously collected to assess the efficacy and safety profile of the novel technique. RESULTS All 39 patients included in this study were female. We performed 86 subcutaneous temporal autologous micro-fat argumentation surgeries, with an average follow-up of 20.4 ± 9.6 months. The average fat filling volume in the right temporal region was 6.29 ± 2.55 mL, and that in the left temporal region was 6.34 ± 2.71 mL. The average VAS satisfaction score increased from 4.44 ± 1.33 before the surgery to 8.08 ± 0.77 after the surgery, and the average HSRS score dropped from 1.82 ± 0.72 before the surgery to 0.36 ± 0.49 after the surgery. Four patients were encountered with minor complications of intraoperative bleeding and congestion, which were all completely ameliorated after conservative therapies. CONCLUSION In the present study, we found that the reported surgical method of subcutaneous temporal autologous micro-fat augmentation successfully improved the temporal hollowness of the patients, boasting good surgical results and high patient satisfaction with minimal short- and long-term complications, illustrating that it is an effective, safe and promising novel surgical technique worthy of wider clinical application. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Lin
- Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxue Li
- Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuyi Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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