1
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Szydlowski M. A clue to the etiology of disorders of sex development from identity-by-descent analysis in dogs with cryptic relatedness. Anim Genet 2023; 54:166-176. [PMID: 36437751 DOI: 10.1111/age.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are discrepancies between sex chromosomes and phenotypical sex. Quite common forms of DSD in canine populations include testicular and ovotesticular XX DSDs with a normal set of sex chromosomes. The objective of this study was to identify genes and putative harmful variants for canine XX DSDs. I have reanalyzed data from the whole-genome sequencing of 11 XX DSD French Bulldogs and six XX DSD American Staffordshire Terriers. Identity-by-descent analysis revealed cryptic relatedness in affected French Bulldogs. Causative genes were sought in chromosomal segments shared identical-by-descent by close relatives. In French Bulldogs, the reanalysis identified 19 regions of importance with a total length of just 65.9 Mb. Variant filtering within the regions implicated AKAP2, PIWIL1, POLR3A and SH2D4B as genes that may be involved in individual cases of testicular and ovotesticular XX DSD in French Bulldogs and American Staffordshire Terriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Szydlowski M, Szabelska-Beresewicz A, Zyprych-Walczak J, Krzeminska P, Nowak T, Lukomska A, Ligocka Z, Biezynski J, Dzimira S, Nizanski W, Switonski M. Whole genome sequencing identifies a missense polymorphism in PADI6 associated with testicular/ovotesticular XX disorder of sex development in dogs. Genomics 2022; 114:110389. [PMID: 35597501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital malformations defined as discrepancies between sex chromosomes and phenotypical sex. Testicular or ovotesticular XX DSDs are frequently observed in female dogs, while monogenic XY DSDs are less frequent. Here, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to search for causative mutations in XX DSD females in French Bulldogs (FB) and American Staffordshire Terries (AST) and in XY DSD Yorkshire Terries (YT). The WGS results were validated by Sanger sequencing and ddPCR. It was shown that a missense SNP of the PADI6 gene, is significantly associated with the XX DSD (SRY-negative) phenotype in AST (P = 0.0051) and FB (P = 0.0306). On the contrary, we did not find any associated variant with XY DSD in YTs. Our study suggests that the genetic background of the XX DSD may be more complex and breed-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Szabelska-Beresewicz
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zyprych-Walczak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Lukomska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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3
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Hendawy H, Yoshida T, Ma D, Takeuchi A, Ozai Y, Hamabe L, Tanaka R. Clinical and diagnostic approach of male pseudo hermaphroditism with os‐clitoris in French bulldog: A case report. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:953-958. [PMID: 35156328 PMCID: PMC9122445 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Case report Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hendawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Danfu Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Aki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Ozai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
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4
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Walter B, Flock U, Leykam C, Otzdorff C, Simmet K, Hecht W, Kempker L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Reese S. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106654. [PMID: 34509739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may have their origin in alterations of the chromosomal, gonadal or phenotypic sex. Affected animals are usually presented because of ambiguous external genitalia, seldom because of reproductive disorders. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted in the gonads with higher amounts in males than in females and can be used to identify gonadal tissue in sexually normally developed dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic potential of serum AMH to identify testicular tissue in 11 dogs with DSD. The diagnostic procedures applied were: determination of the phenotypic sex (n = 11), genital ultrasound (n = 9), determination of the SRY gene (n = 11), karyogram (n = 6), gonadectomy (n = 11), pathohistology of the gonads (n = 10), serum AMH measurement (n = 11). 39 female dogs described in a previous study and 19 male dogs with a normal spermiogram served as controls for the AMH serum concentrations in sexually intact dogs. The 11 dogs with DSD were classified as 7 XY DSD and 4 XX DSD. Presumptive testes were obtained in 10 dogs and 1 dog had an ovotestis combined with a testis. Mean serum AMH values of the dogs with DSD were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in male and female controls. The upper limit of the AMH test (≥ 23ng/ml) was reached in 6 dogs. High AMH concentrations have been described previously in cryptorchid dogs. 1 dog with a male phenotype and 2 with a female phenotype had AMH values within the range of the male controls, although all of them had cryptorchid testes. A Poodle, in which epididymis were identified but no definitive gonads, had an AMH concentration of the lower limit of the test (≤ 0.01 ng/ml), comparable to previously described castrated dogs. This study indicates that serum AMH levels are a useful diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in dogs with DSD and suggests the possible use of AMH to diagnose testicular dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - U Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Leykam
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - W Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Kempker
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - S Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Szczerbal I, Nizanski W, Dzimira S, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Stachecka J, Biezynski J, Ligocka Z, Jagodka D, Fabian-Kurzok H, Switonski M. Chromosome abnormalities in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 230:106771. [PMID: 34034132 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) caused by chromosome abnormalities are rarely diagnosed in dogs. In this report, there is a focus on five DSD cases in which the dogs had abnormal karyotypes. All animals were recognized by owners as females, however, these dogs had a large number of reproductive defects. Among these were abnormal external genitalia such as an enlarged clitoris, abnormal development of the labia, abnormal location of the vulva and urethral orifice, and other abnormalities were observed in four dogs. Gonadal histology assessments were conducted on three dogs and there were diagnoses of the presence of an ovary, inactive testes, and ovotestis with calcification in ovarian follicles. Results from cytogenetic analysis indicated there were the following karyotypes: (a) X trisomy in a mosaic form (79,XXX/78,XX); (b) Robertsonian translocation in a mosaic form (77,XX,rob/78,XX); (c) nonmosaic X/autosome translocation (78,X,t(X;A)); (d) X/autosome translocation in a mosaic form (78,X,t(X;A)/78,XX); and (e) leukocyte chimerism (78,XX/78,XY). The findings in the present study, emphasize that cytogenetic analysis is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of DSD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Stachecka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hanna Fabian-Kurzok
- Ara S.C. Veterinary Clinic, Plebiscytowa 7, 47-220, Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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6
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Cellular fate of intersex differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:388. [PMID: 33846307 PMCID: PMC8041806 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Infertile ovotestis (mixture of ovary and testis) often occurs in intersex individuals under certain pathological and physiological conditions. However, how ovotestis is formed remains largely unknown. Here, we report the first comprehensive single-cell developmental atlas of the model ovotestis. We provide an overview of cell identities and a roadmap of germline, niche, and stem cell development in ovotestis by cell lineage reconstruction and a uniform manifold approximation and projection. We identify common progenitors of germline stem cells with two states, which reveal their bipotential nature to differentiate into both spermatogonial stem cells and female germline stem cells. Moreover, we found that ovotestis infertility was caused by degradation of female germline cells via liquid-liquid phase separation of the proteasomes in the nucleus, and impaired histone-to-protamine replacement in spermatid differentiation. Notably, signaling pathways in gonadal niche cells and their interaction with germlines synergistically determined distinct cell fate of both male and female germlines. Overall, we reveal a cellular fate map of germline and niche cell development that shapes cell differentiation direction of ovotestis, and provide novel insights into ovotestis development.
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7
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Szczerbal I, Switonski M. Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:947. [PMID: 33801756 PMCID: PMC8066086 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
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8
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Chang J, Wang S, Zheng Z. Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models. Res Rep Urol 2021; 12:673-686. [PMID: 33381468 PMCID: PMC7769141 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s276141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly of the penis with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 200 boys, but the etiology of the majority of hypospadias has remained unknown. Numerous genes have been reported as having variants in hypospadias patients, and many studies on genetic deletion of key genes in mouse genital development have also been published. Until now, no comparative analysis in the genes related literature has been reported. The basic knowledge of penile development and hypospadias is mainly obtained from animal model studies. Understanding of the differences and similarities between human and animal models is crucial for studies of hypospadias. In this review, mutations and polymorphisms of hypospadias-related genes have been compared between humans and mice, and differential genotype–phenotype relationships of certain genes between humans and mice have been discussed using the data available in PubMed and MGI online databases, and our analysis only revealed mutations in seven out of 43 human hypospadias related genes which have been reported to show similar phenotypes in mutant mice. The differences and similarities in the processes of penile development and hypospadias malformation among human and commonly used animal models suggest that the guinea pig may be a good model to study the mechanism of human penile development and etiology of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.,School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Zhengui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Stachowiak M, Dzimira S, Nizanski W, Biezynski J, Nowak T, Gogulski M, Switonski M. Screening for structural variants of four candidate genes in dogs with disorders of sex development revealed the first case of a large deletion in NR5A1. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 223:106632. [PMID: 33128907 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are important causes of infertility and sterility, and are risk factors for gonadal carcinogenesis. Many DSDs are caused by genetic factors, mainly sex chromosome abnormalities or mutations of genes involved in sexual development, as well as structural variants (SVs) - large deletions, duplications, and insertions, if these overlap genes involved in sex development. The aim of this study was to determine if there were SVs in four candidate genes - NR0B1 (DAX1), NR5A1, RSPO1, and SOX3 - using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). There was study of two cohorts of dogs with DSD, including 55 animals with XX DSD and 15 with XY DSD. In addition, 40 control females and 10 control males were included in the study. Among cases, for which there were evaluations, a large deletion consisting of four exons of the NR5A1 gene was identified in a Yorkshire Terrier with a rudimentary penis, hypospadias, bilateral cryptorchidism, and spermatogenesis inactive testes. This is the first mutation in the NR5A1 gene leading to XY DSD phenotype to be reported in domestic animals. There were no SVs in the genes evaluated in the present study in the cohort of dogs with XX DSD. The results from this study provide evidence that the large structural variants of these genes are rarely associated with the DSD phenotype in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- University Centre for Veterinary Medicine, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Szydlowska 43, 60-656, Poznan, Poland; Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Albarella S, Lorenzi LD, Rossi E, Prisco F, Riccardi MG, Restucci B, Ciotola F, Parma P. Analysis of XX SRY-Negative Sex Reversal Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091667. [PMID: 32947906 PMCID: PMC7552623 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study of XX SRY-negative sex reversal cases is of great interest because testicular tissue develops in these subjects in the absence of SRY gene, thus allowing us to deepen the knowledge of all the other genes involved in the development of testes and the structures related to the male reproductive apparatus. This paper reports the results of the study of four new canine disorders of sex development (DSDs) XX SRY-negative cases in which 11 copy number variations (CNVs) are observed, five of which are never described. Abstract Impaired fertility associated with disorders of sex development (DSDs) due to genetic causes in dogs are more and more frequently reported. Affected dogs are usually of specific breeds thus representing a cause of economic losses for breeders. The aim of this research is to report the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings of four XX SRY-negative DSD dog cases. All the subjects showed a female aspect and the presence of an enlarged clitoris with a penis bone. Morphopathological analyses performed in three of the four cases showed the presence of testes in two cases and ovotestis in another. Conventional and R-banded cytogenetic techniques were applied showing that no chromosome abnormalities were involved in these DSDs. CGH arrays show the presence of 11 copy number variations (CNVs), one of which is a duplication of 458 Kb comprising the genomic region between base 17,503,928 and base 17,962,221 of chromosome 9 (CanFam3 genome assembly). This CNV, confirmed also by qPCR, includes the promoter region of SOX9 gene and could explain the observed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536502; Fax: +39-081-292981
| | - Lisa De Lorenzi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milano University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Elena Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pavia University, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Marita Georgia Riccardi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milano University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.D.L.); (P.P.)
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