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Czarnecka A, Zabłotna M, Purzycka-Bohdan D, Nowicki RJ, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A. An Observational Study of 147 Psoriasis Patients: Overweightness and Obesity as a Significant Clinical Factors Correlated with Psoriasis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2006. [PMID: 38004054 PMCID: PMC10673501 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease recognized to lead to a wide range of comorbid disorders, mainly obesity. The study aimed to evaluate the problem of overweightness and obesity among psoriasis patients in the context of their prevalence and influence on the disease course. Materials and Methods: The study group encompassed 147 adult patients with plaque psoriasis. Results: The prevalences of overweightness (39.46%) and obesity (37.41%) demonstrated in the study showed the strong predisposition of psoriatic patients for abnormal body mass. The vast majority (77%) of subjects with psoriatic arthritis were overweight or obese. The results of the correlation analysis revealed the significant impacts of overweightness and obesity, as defined by the BMI index, on modifying the severity of psoriasis (as assessed by the PASI with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.23, p = 0.016; and BSA values with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.21, p = 0.023), particularly in contrast to patients with a normal body mass. Conclusions: Overweightness and obesity constitute a major health burden among psoriatic patients, influencing the disease course and severity. Enhanced understanding of the phenomenon may directly translate into improving disease management and overall patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (M.Z.); (D.P.-B.); (R.J.N.); (A.S.-D.)
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Gómez-Garcia I, García-Puga T, Font-Ugalde P, Puche-Larrubia MA, Barbarroja N, Ruiz-Limón P, Escudero-Contreras A, Collantes-Estévez E, López-Medina C. Relationship between onset of psoriasis and spondyloarthritis symptoms with clinical phenotype and diagnosis: data from REGISPONSER registry. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221118055. [PMID: 36051633 PMCID: PMC9424886 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221118055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship of psoriasis and spondyloarthritis (SpA) is well-known, and the age of appearance of different manifestations has been described as a determinant of SpA phenotype. However, differences between Spa with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are still controversial. Objectives To evaluate whether the time of onset of psoriasis relative to the appearance of rheumatic symptoms in patients with SpA is associated with a clinical phenotype, a rheumatologist's diagnosis and the evolution of the disease. Design This was a cross-sectional study with data extracted from the REGISPONSER (Spondyloarthritis Registry of the Spanish Rheumatology Society) registry. Methods All patients had data available for both psoriasis and SpA dates of onset. Patients were classified into two groups depending on the time of appearance of psoriasis: psoriasis before or after rheumatic symptoms. The clinical characteristics, disease activity, radiographic damage, functional ability and received treatments were compared between the two groups. Moreover, the rheumatologists' diagnoses were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate the factors associated with each group. Results A total of 433/2367 (18.3%) patients included in the REGISPONSER database had psoriasis: 330 (76.2%) patients had psoriasis before rheumatic symptoms, and 103 (23.8%) had psoriasis after rheumatic symptoms. Patients with psoriasis before rheumatic symptoms had a shorter disease duration and a lower body mass index, a lower prevalence of both HLA-B27 antigens and anterior uveitis, a higher prevalence of dactylitis and an increase in levels of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Furthermore, a higher prevalence of PsA diagnoses (78.1% versus 56.4%) and a more frequent fulfilment of the CASPAR criteria (57.5% versus 42.2%) were found in these patients. The use of DMARDs was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion The time of appearance of psoriasis is associated with the clinical phenotype of SpA and could determine a diagnosis of PsA by rheumatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gómez-Garcia
- Department of Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n. Hospital Provincial, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Font-Ugalde
- Department of Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Puche-Larrubia
- Department of Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruiz-Limón
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.,CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escudero-Contreras
- Department of Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Collantes-Estévez
- Department of Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Clementina López-Medina
- Department of Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
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Norden A, Rekhtman S, Strunk A, Garg A. Risk of psoriasis according to body mass index: A retrospective cohort analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 86:1020-1026. [PMID: 34118300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis has been linked to obesity, although data on the incidence of psoriasis according to body mass index (BMI) are limited. OBJECTIVE To compare incidence of psoriasis among patients stratified by BMI category (normal or underweight, overweight, obese class 1, obese class 2/3). METHODS Retrospective cohort analysis of a demographically heterogeneous sample of over 1.5 million patients in the United States between January 1, 2008 and September 9, 2019. RESULTS Crude incidence of psoriasis per 10,000 person-years was 9.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.1-10.0) among normal or underweight patients, 11.9 (95% CI, 11.4-12.4) among overweight patients, 14.2 (95% CI, 13.6-14.9) among obese class 1 patients, and 17.4 (95% CI, 16.6-18.2) among obese class 2/3 patients. Compared to patients with BMI < 25.0, those who were overweight (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.27; P < .001), obese class 1 (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.43; CI, 1.34-1.53; P < .001) and obese class 2/3 (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.83; CI, 1.71-1.95; P < .001) significantly greater risks for developing psoriasis. LIMITATIONS Influence of obesity on psoriasis severity could not be measured. CONCLUSION BMI independently influences the development of psoriasis. There appears to be a graded association between BMI and risk of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Norden
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Sergey Rekhtman
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Andrew Strunk
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Amit Garg
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York.
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Ozkok Akbulut T, Cakir E, Agirgol S, Yucetas E, Topaloglu Demir F, Tufan AN, Turkoglu Z. Are irisin levels associated with inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis? Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2022; 157:47-54. [PMID: 35176842 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.07100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wide variety of effects of irisin, as a myokine and adipokine, have been reported. Although there are some clues about its role in the modulation of immune response in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as psoriasis, it has not yet been clearly elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship of irisin levels with inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with psoriasis. METHODS This study was conducted in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and healthy subjects who were admitted to Haseki Training and Research Hospital. In addition to routine laboratory analyses, hs-CRP, insulin, irisin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were measured. The association between irisin levels and study variables was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 42 non-diabetic patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and 43 healthy subjects were enrolled. The mean irisin, waist circumference, insulin, insulin resistance, and hs-CRP, and frequency of metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in psoriasis patients than healthy controls. Psoriasis and control groups were similar in terms of adiponectin, leptin, and Body Mass Index levels. Also, hs-CRP levels were positively and strongly correlated with irisin, adiponectin, and leptin levels. The median irisin level was 2.15 µg/mL. In the binary logistic regression analysis, CRP level (OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.005-1.29, P=0.042) and a BMI>30 kg/m2 (OR=5.9, 95% CI 1.02-34.4, P=0.048) were independent predictors of a higher irisin level. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that serum irisin levels are higher in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis than in healthy subjects. Irisin seems to be associated with inflammation, as measured by hs-CRP. More comprehensive studies are needed to clarify the effect of irisin, on immune-modulate response in patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozkok Akbulut
- Department of Dermatology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey -
| | - Evrim Cakir
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senay Agirgol
- Department of Dermatology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esma Yucetas
- Department of Biochemistry Clinic, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ayse N Tufan
- Department of Rheumatology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Turkoglu
- Department of Dermatology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated condition, which is no longer considered as being limited to the skin, but may affect the entire body. Epidemiological studies have shown that certain disorders, including obesity, diabetes, liver abnormalities, elevated lipid levels in the blood and metabolic syndrome, may occur more frequently in patients with psoriasis compared with the general population. As psoriasis is a chronic disease, the frequently associated comorbidities must be identified early to ensure timely treatment and, possibly, their prevention. Comorbidities often manifest clinically 1-2 years after the onset of psoriasis and are commonly seen in patients with severe forms of the disease. The association between psoriasis and its comorbidities is not coincidental, but rather based on common pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors that underlie the increased frequency of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. The aim of the present review was to emphasize the important role of dermatologists in the early recognition of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis, with a focus on metabolic comorbidities, precisely because the dermatologists are usually the first medical contact due to the predominance of skin lesions. Therefore, these specialists have the responsibility to inform patients on the association between psoriasis and possible multiple comorbidities, devise prevention and treatment plans, or even redirect patients to other specialists.
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Li CY, Dai YX, Chang YT, Bai YM, Tsai SJ, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Proton Pump Inhibitors Are Associated with Increased Risk of Psoriasis: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study. Dermatology 2021; 237:884-890. [PMID: 34474411 DOI: 10.1159/000517515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely used drugs. Little is known about the association between PPI use and risk of psoriasis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between PPI use and subsequent psoriasis risk. METHODS We included participants from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with PPI use and an incidence of psoriasis (n = 5,756) were assigned to the case cohort and 1:1 matched to controls. PPI use was defined as >30 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs); PPI nonuse was defined as ≤30 cDDDs. Logistic regression was used for the analyses. RESULTS There was a significant association between PPI use and psoriasis risk. The confounder-adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 1.52 (1.31-1.76) and 1.54 (1.22-1.93) for patients with 120-365 cDDDs and >365 cDDDs, respectively, compared with PPI nonusers. Stratified analyses based on PPI type showed that exposure to lansoprazole (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.11-1.41) was associated with subsequent psoriasis risk. CONCLUSIONS PPI use might be associated with an increased risk of developing psoriasis or as an epiphenomenon. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the association and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Xiu Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dai YX, Tai YH, Lee DD, Chang YT, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Risk of retinal diseases in patients with psoriasis: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1550-1556. [PMID: 34268803 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis has been associated with the risk of several ocular complications; however, its relationship with retinal diseases remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the risk of developing retinal diseases in patients with psoriasis. Study participants were recruited from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. A total of 11 729 psoriasis patients and 117 290 matched controls were included, showing an incidence rate of 121.15 and 28.34 cases of retinal diseases per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Compared with controls, patients with psoriasis had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 3.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.63-4.39) for retinal diseases after adjustment for potential confounders. Regarding the individual retinal disease, psoriasis patients had a significantly higher risk of developing retinal detachment (aHR, 5.07; 95% CI, 2.92-8.79), retinal vascular occlusion (aHR, 3.75; 95% CI 2.42-5.82), and retinopathy (aHR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.99-4.05) than controls. In conclusion, patients with psoriasis had a significantly higher risk of retinal diseases than controls. Further studies are necessary to investigate the pathophysiology underlying the relationship between psoriasis and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Tai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Din-Dar Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Associated Risk of Autoimmune Skin Diseases: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:212-217. [PMID: 33587564 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is known as a risk factor for various immune-related disorders; however, the association between PTSD and related autoimmune skin diseases (ASDs) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of PTSD with the risk of related ASDs. METHODS Participants were recruited from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We included 9801 patients with PTSD and 39,204 matched controls to assess the risk of developing ASDs. Cox regression model was used for analyses. RESULTS After adjusting for confounders, we found an increased risk of ASDs among the patients with PTSD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 3.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.21-4.07) compared with that among matched controls. Statistically significant associations were found between PTSD and five individual ASDs, including psoriasis (aHR = 3.81, 95% CI = 1.90-7.67), lichen planus (aHR = 31.63, 95% CI = 4.00-249.91), alopecia areata (aHR = 4.77, 95% CI = 2.47-9.20), autoimmune bullous diseases (aHR = 9.55, 95% CI = 1.98-45.99), and vitiligo (aHR = 16.06, 95% CI = 4.48-57.54). CONCLUSIONS Patients with PTSD had an increased risk of developing ASDs compared with the matched controls. Further studies are needed for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
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Dai YX, Tai YH, Chang YT, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Bidirectional Association between Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Dermatology 2021; 237:521-527. [PMID: 33735855 DOI: 10.1159/000514581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been some reports on the coexistence of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis; however, the longitudinal relationship between these two diseases remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the bidirectional association between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. METHODS This cohort study recruited patients from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We included 8,206 patients with psoriasis and 32,824 matched controls to assess the risk of atopic dermatitis and 25,743 patients with atopic dermatitis and 102,972 matched controls to assess the risk of psoriasis. Cox regression model was used for the analyses. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with psoriasis had a higher risk of atopic dermatitis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 13.01; 95% CI 10.23-16.56) than the controls. Patients with atopic dermatitis had a higher risk of psoriasis (aHR 10.37; 95% CI 6.85-15.69) than the controls. Stratified analyses revealed similar results in both sexes and all age groups. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a bidirectional association between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, suggesting that psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are not mutually exclusive and may share some biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Tai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, .,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,
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