Temperament Profiles of Children and Adolescents with Psychotic and Mood Disorders

Correlation of temperament characteristics and early functional exercise compliance in school-age children with limb fractures: Implication for clinical nursing care

Early functional exercise plays a very important role in the rehabilitation and nursing care of children with fractures. We aimed to evaluate the role of temperament characteristics in the early functional exercise compliance in school-age children with limb fractures, to provide evidence to clinical nursing care. School-age children with limb fractures admitted to our hospital from January 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022 were selected. We collected the general information, evaluated the temperament characteristics and their functional exercise compliance in school-age children. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to assess the correlation of temperament characteristics and early functional exercise compliance. A total of 126 school-age children with limb fractures were finally included. There were 68, 36, and 22 children that were rated as easy-going, troublesome and initiate slow temperament, respectively. The children with easy-going temperament had the best early functional exercise compliance, followed by children with initiate slow temperament, and compliance of children with troublesome temperament was the worst. The reaction intensity factor in the temperament characteristics of school-age children with fracture was negatively correlated with early functional exercise compliance (P = .007). Reaction intensity was a risk factor for early functional exercise compliance in school-age children with fractures (P = .004). Health care providers must consider the influence of temperament characteristics on compliance in school-age children with fractures, and take targeted nursing measures according to different temperament characteristics of children to improve early functional exercise compliance in school-age children with fractures, so as to improve the functional recovery and prognosis of children.

Analytic Background in the Neuroscience of the Potential Project "Hippocrates"

This paper reviews the principles identified in analytic neuroscience that could be used in the setup of an international project, "Hippocrates" (H-project), named after the author of the endocrine theory of temperaments. The H-project can aim to summarize the findings in functional neurochemistry of consistent behavioural patterns (CBPs) in health (such as temperament traits) and psychopathology (symptoms of psychiatric disorders); to have systematically structured neurochemical investigations; to have an analysis of CBPs that include all ranges of behavioural histories and to have these modules complemented by regional contrasts related to climate, diets and other bio-environmental factors. The review highlights the benefits of constructivism and illustrates the contrast between constructivism and current approaches in terms of analytic and methodological aspects. (1) "Where" the neurochemical biomarkers should be measured: the review expands the range of needed measurements to out-of-brain systems, including environmental factors, and explores the concept of Specialized Extended Phenotype. (2) "What" should be measured but is missing: the review points to the need for measurement of the "Throw & Catch" neurochemical relays; behavioural and neuronal events contributing to the consistency of the CBPs but not documented in measurements. (3) Structuring the H-project's setup: the paper briefly describes a proposed earlier neurochemical framework, Functional Ensemble of Temperament that that accommodates the neurochemical continuum between temperament and symptoms of psychiatric disorders. This framework is in line with documented "Throw & Catch" neurochemical relays and can also be used to organize data about the personal and professional history of an individual.

Functional Constructivism Approach to Multilevel Nature of Bio-Behavioral Diversity

Attempts to revise the existing classifications of psychiatric disorders (DSM and ICD) continue and highlight a crucial need for the identification of biomarkers underlying symptoms of psychopathology. The present review highlights the benefits of using a Functional Constructivism approach in the analysis of the functionality of the main neurotransmitters. This approach explores the idea that behavior is neither reactive nor pro-active, but constructive and generative, being a transient selection of multiple degrees of freedom in perception and actions. This review briefly describes main consensus points in neuroscience related to the functionality of eight neurochemical ensembles, summarized as a part of the neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET). None of the FET components is represented by a single neurotransmitter; all neurochemical teams have specific functionality in selection of behavioral degrees of freedom and stages of action construction. The review demonstrates the possibility of unifying taxonomies of temperament and classifications of psychiatric disorders and presenting these taxonomies formally and systematically. The paper also highlights the multi-level nature of regulation of consistent bio-behavioral individual differences, in line with the concepts of diagonal evolution (proposed earlier) and Specialized Extended Phenotype.