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Draaisma F, Leenders EKSM, Erasmus CE, Braakman HMH, Burgers MCJ, Coppens CH, Rinne T, Zenker M, Tartaglia M, Reintjes W, Voermans NC, van Engelen BGM, van Alfen N, Draaisma JMT. Nerve enlargement in patients with Noonan syndrome: A retrospective cohort study. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63810. [PMID: 38958480 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by facial dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, development delay, growth retardation and lymphatic disease. It is caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins in the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Nerve enlargement is not generally considered as a feature of NS, although some cases have been reported. High-resolution nerve ultrasound enables detailed anatomical assessment of peripheral nerves and can show enlarged nerves. This retrospective cohort study aims to describe the sonographic findings of patients with NS performed during a 1-year time period. Data on the degree of enlargement, the relation to increasing age, pain in extremities, genotype on the gene level and clinical features were collected. Twenty-nine of 93 patients visiting the NS Center of Expertise of the Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen underwent high-resolution ultrasound. In 24 patients (83%) nerve enlargement was found. Most of them experienced pain. We observed a weak correlation with increasing age and the degree of nerve enlargement but no association with pain, genotype at the gene level or clinical features. This study shows that patients with NS have a high predisposition for sonographic nerve enlargement and that the majority experience pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fieke Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erika K S M Leenders
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie E Erasmus
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M H Braakman
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie C J Burgers
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catelijne H Coppens
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Wesley Reintjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicol C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nens van Alfen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuromuscular Imaging Group, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M T Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Leoni C, Viscogliosi G, Onesimo R, Verdolotti T, Biagini T, Mazza T, De Luca A, Perri L, Trevisan V, Flex E, Tartaglia M, Zampino G. Further case of enlarged spinal nerve roots in KRAS-related Noonan syndrome. Clin Genet 2023. [PMID: 36757675 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) belongs to RASopathies, a family of disorders caused by unregulated signaling through the RAS-MAPK pathway. Herein, we report on an individual with molecularly confirmed diagnosis of NS showing asymptomatic enlarged spinal nerve roots, which are distinctive features of neurofibromatosis type 1. To date, a total of 16 patients with neurogenic tumors resembling neurofibromas/schwannomas and a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of a non-NF1 RASopathy have been reported, adding this further feature shared among RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leoni
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Germana Viscogliosi
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Tommaso Verdolotti
- UOC Radiologia e Neuroradiologia, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Medical Genetics Division, IRCCS Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Lucrezia Perri
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Valentina Trevisan
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome (RM), Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (RM), Italy
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3
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MRI and MR neurography features of a patient with Noonan syndrome associated with diffuse thickening of peripheral and cranial nerves. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:2043-2045. [PMID: 36173470 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Zhao D, Wang L, Chen Z, Zhang L, Xu L. KRAS is a prognostic biomarker associated with diagnosis and treatment in multiple cancers. Front Genet 2022; 13:1024920. [PMID: 36330448 PMCID: PMC9624065 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1024920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS encodes K-Ras proteins, which take part in the MAPK pathway. The expression level of KRAS is high in tumor patients. Our study compared KRAS expression levels between 33 kinds of tumor tissues. Additionally, we studied the association of KRAS expression levels with diagnostic and prognostic values, clinicopathological features, and tumor immunity. We established 22 immune-infiltrating cell expression datasets to calculate immune and stromal scores to evaluate the tumor microenvironment. KRAS genes, immune check-point genes and interacting genes were selected to construct the PPI network. We selected 79 immune checkpoint genes and interacting related genes to calculate the correlation. Based on the 33 tumor expression datasets, we conducted GSEA (genome set enrichment analysis) to show the KRAS and other co-expressed genes associated with cancers. KRAS may be a reliable prognostic biomarker in the diagnosis of cancer patients and has the potential to be included in cancer-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of food and drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizhuang Wang
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of food and drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- School of food and drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Xu,
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Ben-Mahmoud A, Jun KR, Gupta V, Shastri P, de la Fuente A, Park Y, Shin KC, Kim CA, da Cruz AD, Pinto IP, Minasi LB, Silva da Cruz A, Faivre L, Callier P, Racine C, Layman LC, Kong IK, Kim CH, Kim WY, Kim HG. A rigorous in silico genomic interrogation at 1p13.3 reveals 16 autosomal dominant candidate genes in syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:979061. [PMID: 36277487 PMCID: PMC9582330 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.979061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide chromosomal microarray is extensively used to detect copy number variations (CNVs), which can diagnose microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. These small unbalanced chromosomal structural rearrangements ranging from 1 kb to 10 Mb comprise up to 15% of human mutations leading to monogenic or contiguous genomic disorders. Albeit rare, CNVs at 1p13.3 cause a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including development delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism, epilepsy, and craniofacial anomalies (CFA). Most of the 1p13.3 CNV cases reported in the pre-microarray era encompassed a large number of genes and lacked the demarcating genomic coordinates, hampering the discovery of positional candidate genes within the boundaries. In this study, we present four subjects with 1p13.3 microdeletions displaying DD, ID, autism, epilepsy, and CFA. In silico comparative genomic mapping with three previously reported subjects with CNVs and 22 unreported DECIPHER CNV cases has resulted in the identification of four different sub-genomic loci harboring five positional candidate genes for DD, ID, and CFA at 1p13.3. Most of these genes have pathogenic variants reported, and their interacting genes are involved in NDDs. RT-qPCR in various human tissues revealed a high expression pattern in the brain and fetal brain, supporting their functional roles in NDDs. Interrogation of variant databases and interacting protein partners led to the identification of another set of 11 potential candidate genes, which might have been dysregulated by the position effect of these CNVs at 1p13.3. Our studies define 1p13.3 as a genomic region harboring 16 NDD candidate genes and underscore the critical roles of small CNVs in in silico comparative genomic mapping for disease gene discovery. Our candidate genes will help accelerate the isolation of pathogenic heterozygous variants from exome/genome sequencing (ES/GS) databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kyung Ran Jun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pinang Shastri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC, United States
| | - Alberto de la Fuente
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kyung Chul Shin
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança – Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Irene Plaza Pinto
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lysa Bernardes Minasi
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alex Silva da Cruz
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD, Genetics of Developmental Disorders, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d’Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Racine
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lawrence C. Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Hyung-Goo Kim,
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Bajia D, Bottani E, Derwich K. Effects of Noonan Syndrome-Germline Mutations on Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193099. [PMID: 36231062 PMCID: PMC9563972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and related Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases in the RASopathy family. This family of genetic disorders constitute one of the largest groups of developmental disorders with variable penetrance and severity, associated with distinctive congenital disabilities, including facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was first clinically described decades ago, and several genes have since been identified, providing a molecular foundation to understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. These genes encode proteins that participate in, or regulate, RAS/MAPK signalling. The RAS pathway regulates cellular metabolism by controlling mitochondrial homeostasis, dynamics, and energy production; however, little is known about the role of mitochondrial metabolism in NS and NSML. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the most frequently mutated genes responsible for NS and NSML, covering their role in the current knowledge of cellular signalling pathways, and focuses on the pathophysiological outcomes on mitochondria and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Bajia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
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7
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De Ridder W, Engelen B, Alfen N. Neurological features of Noonan syndrome and related
RASopathies
: Pain and nerve enlargement characterized by nerve ultrasound. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1801-1807. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem De Ridder
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Centre University Hospital of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Baziel Engelen
- Institute Born‐Bunge University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Nens Alfen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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