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Okagu IU, Ezeorba TPC, Aguchem RN, Ohanenye IC, Aham EC, Okafor SN, Bollati C, Lammi C. A Review on the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Natural Products in Preventing Bone Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158468. [PMID: 35955603 PMCID: PMC9368769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The drugs used for treating bone diseases (BDs), at present, elicit hazardous side effects that include certain types of cancers and strokes, hence the ongoing quest for the discovery of alternatives with little or no side effects. Natural products (NPs), mainly of plant origin, have shown compelling promise in the treatments of BDs, with little or no side effects. However, the paucity in knowledge of the mechanisms behind their activities on bone remodeling has remained a hindrance to NPs’ adoption. This review discusses the pathological development of some BDs, the NP-targeted components, and the actions exerted on bone remodeling signaling pathways (e.g., Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κ B-ligand (RANKL)/monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)s/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2)-Wnt/β-catenin, PhosphatidylInositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3β), and other signaling pathways). Although majority of the studies on the osteoprotective properties of NPs against BDs were conducted ex vivo and mostly on animals, the use of NPs for treating human BDs and the prospects for future development remain promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent U. Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (T.P.C.E.); (R.N.A.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Timothy P. C. Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (T.P.C.E.); (R.N.A.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Rita N. Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (T.P.C.E.); (R.N.A.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Ikenna C. Ohanenye
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Emmanuel C. Aham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (T.P.C.E.); (R.N.A.); (E.C.A.)
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sunday N. Okafor
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria;
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-9372
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Drug Treatment of Low Bone Mass and Other Bone Conditions in Pediatric Patients. Paediatr Drugs 2022; 24:103-119. [PMID: 35013997 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-021-00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis may affect young individuals, albeit infrequently. In childhood, bone mass increases, reaching its peak between the second and third decades; then, after a period of stability, it gradually declines. Several conditions, including genetic disorders, chronic diseases, and some medications, can have an impact on bone homeostasis. Diagnosis in young patients is based on the criteria defined by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD), published in 2013. High risk factors should be identified and monitored. Often simple interventions aimed to eliminate the underlying cause, to minimize the negative bone effects linked to drugs, or to increase calcium and vitamin D intake can protect bone mass. However, in selected cases, pharmacological treatment should be considered. Bisphosphonates remain the main therapeutic agent for children with significant skeletal fragility and are also useful in a large number of other bone conditions. Denosumab, an anti-RANKL antibody, could become a potential alternative treatment. Clinical trials to evaluate the long-term effects and safety of denosumab in children are ongoing.
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