Development of Dermatitis Herpetiformis in Chronic Plaque Psoriasis

A Case of Drug-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid With an Isomorphic Response and Updated Review of Koebnerization in Bullous Diseases

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) can be a challenging diagnosis as it can mimic a variety of other inflammatory conditions. An isomorphic response may be seen in a variety of cutaneous diseases; however, there is a paucity of reports associated with BP. We present a case of recurrent drug-induced BP with an isomorphic response to trauma in a 73-year-old Caucasian male. Bumetanide was determined to be the inciting cause of the initial disease. The patient was initially treated with prednisone tapers and topical steroids. Mycophenolate Mofetil was eventually started after numerous flares. He later developed isomorphic bullous lesions at the periphery of a skin graft that was completed following a traumatic fall. He was started on clobetasol ointment with full resolution over the following month.

Current knowledge of immunomodulation strategies for chronic skin wound repair

In orchestrating the wound healing process, the immune system plays a critical role. Hence, controlling the immune system to repair skin defects is an attractive approach. The highly complex immune system includes the coordinated actions of several immune cells, which can produce various inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and affect the healing of skin wounds. This process can be optimized using biomaterials, bioactive molecules, and cell delivery. The present review discusses various immunomodulation strategies for supporting the healing of chronic wounds. In this regard, following the evolution of the immune system and its role in the wound healing mechanism, the interaction between the extracellular mechanism and immune cells for acceleration wound healing will be firstly investigated. Consequently, the immune-based chronic wounds will be briefly examined and the mechanism of progression, and conventional methods of their treatment are evaluated. In the following, various biomaterials-based immunomodulation strategies are introduced to stimulate and control the immune system to treat and regenerate skin defects. Other effective methods of controlling the immune system in wound healing which is the release of bioactive agents (such as antiinflammatory, antigens, and immunomodulators) and stem cell therapy at the site of injury are reviewed.