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Bantounas I, Rooney KM, Lopes FM, Tengku F, Woods S, Zeef LAH, Lin IH, Kuba SY, Bates N, Hummelgaard S, Hillman KA, Cereghini S, Woolf AS, Kimber SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids reveal tubular epithelial pathobiology of heterozygous HNF1B-associated dysplastic kidney malformations. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:859-876. [PMID: 38788724 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1B (HNF1B) encodes a transcription factor expressed in developing human kidney epithelia. Heterozygous HNF1B mutations are the commonest monogenic cause of dysplastic kidney malformations (DKMs). To understand their pathobiology, we generated heterozygous HNF1B mutant kidney organoids from CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from a family with HNF1B-associated DKMs. Mutant organoids contained enlarged malformed tubules displaying deregulated cell turnover. Numerous genes implicated in Mendelian kidney tubulopathies were downregulated, and mutant tubules resisted the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated dilatation seen in controls. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses indicated abnormal Wingless/Integrated (WNT), calcium, and glutamatergic pathways, the latter hitherto unstudied in developing kidneys. Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 3 (GRIK3) was upregulated in malformed mutant nephron tubules and prominent in HNF1B mutant fetal human dysplastic kidney epithelia. These results reveal morphological, molecular, and physiological roles for HNF1B in human kidney tubule differentiation and morphogenesis illuminating the developmental origin of mutant-HNF1B-causing kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bantounas
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirsty M Rooney
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Faris Tengku
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Woods
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Leo A H Zeef
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I-Hsuan Lin
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shweta Y Kuba
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicola Bates
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Hummelgaard
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Katherine A Hillman
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratorial de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Muntean C, Chirtes C, Baczoni B, Banescu C. PAX2 Gene Mutation in Pediatric Renal Disorders-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12737. [PMID: 37628926 PMCID: PMC10454596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The PAX2 gene is a transcription factor that is essential for the development of the urinary system among other transcription factors. The role of PAX2 is highlighted from the seventh week of gestation, when it is involved in development processes and the emergence of nephrons and collecting tubes. Being an important factor in renal development, mutations of this gene can produce severe alterations in the development of the urinary tract, namely congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. The first reported cases described with the PAX2 mutation included both renal anomalies and the involvement of other organs, such as the eyes, producing renal coloboma syndrome. Over the years, numerous cases have been reported, including those with only renal and urinary tract anomalies. The aim of this review is to present a summary of pediatric patients described to have mutations in the PAX2 gene to contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanism causing anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. In this review, we have included only pediatric cases with renal and urinary tract disorders, without the involvement of other organs. From what we know so far from the literature, this is the first review gathering pediatric patients presenting the PAX2 mutation who have been diagnosed exclusively with renal and urinary tract disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Muntean
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Camelia Chirtes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Emergency County Hospital, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (C.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Balazs Baczoni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Emergency County Hospital, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (C.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Claudia Banescu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Emergency County Hospital, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (C.C.); (B.B.)
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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Woolf AS. Building human renal tracts. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:172-177. [PMID: 34838308 PMCID: PMC8837266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe kidney failure affects several million people worldwide. Among these are children born with abnormal renal tracts, and some carry mutations of genes active in renal tract development. Kidney transplants are in short supply, and long term dialysis does not obviate uraemia and its associated harmful effects. It has been envisaged that a combination of stem cell technology, developmental biology, and genetics will revolutionise our understanding of kidney disease and provide novel therapies for kidney failure. Here, we review progress towards making functional kidney tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Organoids rich in immature glomeruli and tubules can be created in culture from pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, differentiation can be increased by implanting these cells into immunodeficient mice. Challenges remain to be overcome, however, before these tissues can be used for regenerative medicine therapies. Current limitations include the small size of an organoid, the lack of large blood vessels feeding it, and the lack of a urinary tract to plumb the kidney organoid. Pluripotent stem cell technology is also being used to create 'diseases in a dish' to understand the pathobiology underlying human renal tract malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, Northern Ireland M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Morais MRPT, Tian P, Lawless C, Murtuza-Baker S, Hopkinson L, Woods S, Mironov A, Long DA, Gale DP, Zorn TMT, Kimber SJ, Zent R, Lennon R. Kidney organoids recapitulate human basement membrane assembly in health and disease. eLife 2022; 11:73486. [PMID: 35076391 PMCID: PMC8849328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are complex macromolecular networks underlying all continuous layers of cells. Essential components include collagen IV and laminins, which are affected by human genetic variants leading to a range of debilitating conditions including kidney, muscle, and cerebrovascular phenotypes. We investigated the dynamics of BM assembly in human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids. We resolved their global BM composition and discovered a conserved temporal sequence in BM assembly that paralleled mammalian fetal kidneys. We identified the emergence of key BM isoforms, which were altered by a pathogenic variant in COL4A5. Integrating organoid, fetal, and adult kidney proteomes, we found dynamic regulation of BM composition through development to adulthood, and with single-cell transcriptomic analysis we mapped the cellular origins of BM components. Overall, we define the complex and dynamic nature of kidney organoid BM assembly and provide a platform for understanding its wider relevance in human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychel RPT Morais
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Pinyuan Tian
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Syed Murtuza-Baker
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Louise Hopkinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven Woods
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Gale
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Telma MT Zorn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUnited Kingdom
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Williams S, Charest J, Pollak M, Subramanian BK. Bioengineering Strategies To Develop Podocyte Culture Systems. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:938-948. [PMID: 34541902 PMCID: PMC9419930 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the complex behavior of healthy and disease podocytes by analyzing the changes in their unique arrangement of foot processes, slit diaphragm and the 3D morphology is a long-standing goal in kidney-glomerular research. The complexities surrounding the podocytes' accessibility in animal models and growing evidence of differences between humans and animal systems have compelled researchers to look for alternate approaches to study podocyte behaviors. With the advent of bioengineered models, an increasingly powerful and diverse set of tools is available to develop novel podocyte culture systems. This review discusses the pertinence of various culture models of podocytes to study podocyte mechanisms in both normal physiology and disease conditions. While no one in vitro system comprehensively recapitulates podocytes' in vivo architecture, we emphasize how the existing systems can be exploited to answer targeted questions on podocyte structure and function. We highlight the distinct advantages and limitations of using these models to study podocyte behaviors and screen therapeutics. Finally, we discuss various considerations and potential engineering strategies for developing next-generation complex 3D culture models for studying podocyte behaviors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Williams
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1859, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Joseph Charest
- Draper Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 02139;
| | - Martin Pollak
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1859, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
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