Association of Blood Group Antigen CD59 with Disease

CD59 gene: 143 haplotypes of 22,718 nucleotides length by computational phasing in 113 individuals from different ethnicities

BACKGROUND

CD59 deficiency due to rare germline variants in the CD59 gene causes disabilities, ischemic strokes, neuropathy, and hemolysis. CD59 deficiency due to common somatic variants in the PIG-A gene in hematopoietic stem cells causes paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The ISBT database lists one nonsense and three missense germline variants that are associated with the CD59-null phenotype. To analyze the genetic diversity of the CD59 gene, we determined long-range CD59 haplotypes among individuals from different ethnicities.

METHODS

We determined a 22.7 kb genomic fragment of the CD59 gene in 113 individuals using next-generation sequencing (NGS), which covered the whole NM_203330.2 mRNA transcript of 7796 base pairs. Samples came from an FDA reference repository and our Ethiopia study cohorts. The raw genotype data were computationally phased into individual haplotype sequences.

RESULTS

Nucleotide sequencing of the CD59 gene of 226 chromosomes identified 216 positions with single nucleotide variants. Only three haplotypes were observed in homozygous form, which allowed us to assign them unambiguously as experimentally verified CD59 haplotypes. They were also the most frequent haplotypes among both cohorts. An additional 140 haplotypes were imputed computationally.

DISCUSSION

We provided a large set of haplotypes and proposed three verified long-range CD59 reference sequences, based on a population approach, using a generalizable rationale for our choice. Correct long-range haplotypes are useful as template sequences for allele calling in high-throughput NGS and precision medicine approaches, thus enhancing the reliability of clinical diagnostics. Long-range haplotypes can also be used to evaluate the influence of genetic variation on the risk of transfusion reactions or diseases.

Thrombotic microangiopathy - the importance of a multidisciplinary approach

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) Team. This goal will be accomplished through review of the complement system, discuss various causes of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA), and aspects of their diagnosis and management. In so doing, readers will gain an appreciation for the complexity of this family of disorders and realize the benefit of a dedicated multidisciplinary TMA Team.

RECENT FINDINGS

TMA causes derive from multiple specialty areas, are difficult to timely recognize, pose complex challenges, and require multidisciplinary management. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated TMA (TA-TMA) and TA-TMA related multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (TA-TMA MODS) are areas of burgeoning research; use of complement testing and eculizumab precision-dosing has been found to better suppress complement activity in TA-TMA than standard eculizumab dosing. Newer tests are available to risk-stratify obstetric patients at risk for severe pre-eclampsia, whose features resemble those of TA-TMA MODS. Numerous disorders may produce TMA-like findings, and a systematic approach aids in their identification. TMA Teams elevate institutional awareness of increasingly recognized TMAs, will help expedite diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and create pathways to future TMA-related research and facilitate access to clinical trials.

SUMMARY

Establishment of a TMA-Team is valuable in developing the necessary institutional expertise needed to promptly recognize and appropriately manage patients with TMA.

Multiple CD59 Polymorphisms in Chinese Patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Background and Objective. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health, especially in developing countries. Its susceptibility and progression depend on interactions between mycobacterium tuberculosis, host immune system, and genetic and environmental factors. Up to now, many studies have presented the association between TB susceptibility and host genetic polymorphisms, but never regarding CD59 gene, which is an essential complement regulator. This study investigated the relationship between multiple CD59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to TB among Chinese patients. Methods. A case–control study was conducted to investigate the SNPs at CD59 rs1047581, rs7046, rs2231460, rs184251026, rs41275164, rs831633, rs704700, rs41275166, and rs10768024 by sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) in 900 tuberculosis patients and 1,534 controls. Results. The minor allele frequencies at rs2231460, rs184251026, rs41275164, and rs41275166 were extremely low both in the Cases (0.00%–0.61%) and in the Controls (0.07%–0.43%), comparatively at rs1047581, rs7046, rs831633, rs704700, and rs10768024 were notably higher both in the Cases (8.23%–48.39%) and in the Controls (8.57%–47.16%). Among the nine SNPs, only homozygous CC genotype at rs10768024 showed a significant protective effect against TB than homozygous TT genotype (OR(95% CI) = 0.59(0.38, 0.91), χ2 = 5.779, $P=0.016$ ), and homozygous TT and heterozygous CT genotypes showed a significant risk of TB infection in the recessive model (OR(95% CI) = 1.68(1.10, 2.56), χ2 = 5.769, $P=0.016$ ). Further analysis verified that rs10768024 CC genotype independently related to TB susceptibility (OR(95% CI) = 0.60(0.39, 0.91), Wald χ2 = 5.664, $P=0.017$ ) in multivariate logistic regression analysis, and its genetic mutation was independent of the other SNPs (r2 = 0.00–0.20) in haplotype analysis. Conclusions. The first investigation of the CD59 gene and susceptibility to TB suggests a significant risk with homozygous TT and heterozygous CT genotypes at rs10768024 loci. The homozygous CC mutation at rs10768024 loci showed a significant protection against TB susceptibility.

SLP-2 regulates the generation of reactive oxygen species and the ERK pathway to promote papillary thyroid carcinoma motility and angiogenesis

Although papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has a generally decent prognosis, approximately 10% of patients experience recurrence, which is frequently associated with distant metastasis. Stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2), a protein located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, is thought to be a possible cancer promoter. This study aimed to discover the involvement of SLP-2 in PTC motility and angiogenesis, and to initially explore its mechanism. According to the CCLE database, SLP-2 was universally increased in various cancers. Then SLP-2 expression in PTC cell lines was evaluated. Thereafter the influences of SLP-2 knockdown on cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis were assessed, respectively. The mediated roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPKs in the SLP-2 regulation were likewise determined. SLP-2 was discovered to be upregulated in PTC cells, and its knockdown could suppress cell migration, invasion, EMT, and angiogenesis. Declined SLP-2 expression also facilitated ROS generation and inhibited phosphorylation of MAPKs. Moreover, ERK agonist and ROS scavenger treatment partially reversed the impacts of SLP-2 knockdown on cells, indicating SLP-2 regulated generation of ROS and ERK pathway to promote PTC motility and angiogenesis. Generally, SLP-2 appears to be one of the major genes in the pathogenesis of PTC. Silencing its expression may have an impact on the onset and evolution of PTC. The fact that SLP-2 has a considerable influence on ROS levels implies that PTC can be treated by boosting ROS levels.

The bioinformatics analysis of CD59 in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Cell surface molecules play important roles in cell signal transduction pathways during microbial infection.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, the expression and the functions of CD59 was investigated in H. pylori infected gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS AND RESULTS

The differential expression of CD59 and the influence of H. pylori on the expression of CD59 were analyzed via bioinformatics through Gene Set Enrichment in GC. In addition, the expression of CD59 in GES-1, AGS cells and GC tissues infected with H. pylori was confirmed by Western blot. Bioinformatics results and H. pylori infection experiments showed CD59 decreased obviously in H. pylori infected GC cells and tissues. The expression of CD59 was linked to the survival rate of GC patients, and influenced various immune cells in the immune microenvironment of GC. CD59 interacts with other genes to form a network in H. pylori infected GC. Certainly, CD59 decreased significantly in H. pylori infected GC tissues, GES-1 and AGS cells in vitro.

CONCLUSION

H. pylori infection could influence the expression of CD59 in GC indicating that CD59 may be a promising treatment target.