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Wu S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Therapeutic Potentials of Medicinal Leech in Chinese Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:1027-1051. [PMID: 38879745 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The use of medicinal leeches in clinical therapy has been employed for a long time, as it was originally recognized for exerting antithrombin effects. These effects were due to the ability of the leech to continuously suck blood while attached to human skin. According to Chinese Pharmacopoei, leeches used in traditional Chinese medicine mainly consist of Whitmania pigra Whitman, Hirudo nipponia Whitman, and Whitmania acranulata, but the latter two species are relatively scarce. The main constituents of leeches are protein and peptide macromolecules. They can be categorized into two categories based on their pharmacological effects. One group consists of active ingredients that directly target the coagulation system, such as hirudin, heparin, and histamine, which are widely known. The other group comprises protease inhibitor components like Decorsin and Hementin. Among these, hirudin secreted by the salivary glands of the leech is the most potent thrombin inhibitor and served as the sole remedy for preventing blood clotting until the discovery of heparin. Additionally, leeches play a significant role in various traditional Chinese medicine formulations. In recent decades, medicinal leeches have been applied in fields including anti-inflammatory treatment, cardiovascular disease management, antitumor treatment, and many other medical conditions. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the historical journey and medicinal applications of leeches in various medical conditions, emphasizing their pharmaceutical significance within traditional Chinese medicine. This review offers valuable insights for exploring additional therapeutic opportunities involving the use of leeches in various diseases and elucidating their underlying mechanisms for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Yaya Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Zuping Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
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Balykina A, Naida L, Kirkgöz K, Nikolaev VO, Fock E, Belyakov M, Whaley A, Whaley A, Shpakova V, Rukoyatkina N, Gambaryan S. Antiplatelet Effects of Flavonoid Aglycones Are Mediated by Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4864. [PMID: 38732081 PMCID: PMC11084604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid aglycones are secondary plant metabolites that exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiplatelet effects. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their inhibitory effect on platelet activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we applied flow cytometry to analyze the effects of six flavonoid aglycones (luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, eriodictyol, kaempferol, and apigenin) on platelet activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, formation of reactive oxygen species, and intracellular esterase activity. We found that these compounds significantly inhibit thrombin-induced platelet activation and decrease formation of reactive oxygen species in activated platelets. The tested aglycones did not affect platelet viability, apoptosis induction, or procoagulant platelet formation. Notably, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, and apigenin increased thrombin-induced thromboxane synthase activity, which was analyzed by a spectrofluorimetric method. Our results obtained from Western blot analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the antiplatelet properties of the studied phytochemicals are mediated by activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, we established by using Förster resonance energy transfer that the molecular mechanisms are, at least partly, associated with the inhibition of phosphodiesterases 2 and/or 5. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of flavonoid aglycones for clinical application as antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balykina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of General Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Lidia Naida
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia;
| | - Kürsat Kirkgöz
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (V.O.N.)
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (V.O.N.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Fock
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Michael Belyakov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg 188663, Russia;
| | - Anastasiia Whaley
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Andrei Whaley
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Valentina Shpakova
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK;
| | - Natalia Rukoyatkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
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Degjoni A, Campolo F, Stefanini L, Venneri MA. The NO/cGMP/PKG pathway in platelets: The therapeutic potential of PDE5 inhibitors in platelet disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2465-2474. [PMID: 35950928 PMCID: PMC9805178 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are the "guardians" of the blood circulatory system. At sites of vessel injury, they ensure hemostasis and promote immunity and vessel repair. However, their uncontrolled activation is one of the main drivers of thrombosis. To keep circulating platelets in a quiescent state, the endothelium releases platelet antagonists including nitric oxide (NO) that acts by stimulating the intracellular receptor guanylyl cyclase (GC). The latter produces the second messenger cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) that inhibits platelet activation by stimulating protein kinase G, which phosphorylates hundreds of intracellular targets. Intracellular cGMP pools are tightly regulated by a fine balance between GC and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that are responsible for the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is a cGMP-specific PDE, broadly expressed in most tissues in humans and rodents. In clinical practice, PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) are used as first-line therapy for erectile dysfunction, pulmonary artery hypertension, and lower urinary tract symptoms. However, several studies have shown that PDE5i may ameliorate the outcome of various other conditions, like heart failure and stroke. Interestingly, NO donors and cGMP analogs increase the capacity of anti-platelet drugs targeting the purinergic receptor type Y, subtype 12 (P2Y12) receptor to block platelet aggregation, and preclinical studies have shown that PDE5i inhibits platelet functions. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of PDE5i on platelet activation and aggregation focusing on the therapeutic potential of PDE5i in platelet disorders, and the outcomes of a combined therapy with PDE5i and NO donors to inhibit platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Degjoni
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Translational and Precision MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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Cao S, Li X, Feng T, Li Y, Ding H, Xie L, Yang Q. Hirudin promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs via activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase-G (PKG) signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 13:6061-6069. [PMID: 34898364 PMCID: PMC8973852 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a public health problem resulting in higher susceptibility to bone fracture. Hirudin is known as a direct thrombin inhibitor, which is isolated from the salivary gland of the medicinal leech. This present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Hirudin on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs). In our study, the effect of Hirudin on the proliferation of HBMSCs was evaluated with the CCK-8 and MTT assays. The capacity of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of HBMSCs were evaluated with ALP and alizarin red staining, respectively. cGMP content was determined by ELISA. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the effect of Hirudin on the expression of osteoblast-specific markers, including Runx2, osterix (OSX), osteocalcin (OCN), collagen1 (Col1). In our study, Hirudin treatment promoted cell viability. Moreover, Hirudin treatment increased ALP activity of HBMSCs and red coloration of alizarin. Interestingly, cGMP inhibitor partly reversed the effect of Hirudin on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of HBMSCs. In conclusion, Hirudin promoted the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of HBMSCs via activation of cGMP signaling pathway. Hence, Hirudin contributed to bone remodeling and might represent as an effective agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of General Studies, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang City (712046), Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Academic Affairs Office, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing City (211899), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hongwei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu province integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospital, Nanjing city (210028), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Quanhong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Zhang H, Pan D, Wu X, Su W, Tang X, Zhao D, Sun L, Song B, Bai X, Li X. Platelet Protease Activated Receptor 1 Is Involved in the Hemostatic Effect of 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol by Regulating Calcium Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:549150. [PMID: 33041793 PMCID: PMC7530267 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.549150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen has long been used to stop bleeding for hundreds of years in China. At present, only dencichine, notoginsenoside Ft1, and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) showed hemostatic effect. However, the molecular mechanism of PPD on the platelet aggragetion needs to be further investigated. The study aims to evaluate the hemostatic effect of PPD and reveal its interacting targets using a series of experiments. In this study, the bleeding time was measured in mouse tail amputation and liver scratch models to evaluate hemostatic effect of PPD. The routine blood and plasma coagulation parameters in NS, HC, and PPD (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) groups were measured using a blood analyzer. Platelet aggregation rate and ATP release were analyzed by a platelet aggregometer. Subsequently, the degranulation marker CD62P and PAC-1, and the concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), cAMP, cGMP, and PAC-1 expressions were also assessed. We found that PPD shorted the bleeding time on the mouse tail amputation and liver scratch models and mainly increased blood platelet count in the rats after subcutaneous injection for 4 h. Meanwhile, PPD decreased APTT, increased FIB content, and directly induced platelet aggregation in vitro. In the absence of Ca2+, PPD induced the increase of [Ca2+]i and slightly increased the levels of CD62P and PAC-1. After the addition of 1 mM Ca2+, PPD treatment markedly promoted platelet activation by promoting ATP level, releasing CD62P and increasing PAC-1 binding in washed platelets. Excitingly, PPD-induced changes including platelet aggregation, decreased cAMP content, and the increases of CD62P and PAC-1 were significantly reversed by protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonist, vorapaxar, which showed similar function as thrombin. In addition, molecular docking analysis and ELISA assay demonstrated that PPD had a promising docking score with -6.6 kcal/mol and increased PAR-1 expression in human platelets, which indicated that PAR-1 is involved in PPD-induced platelet aggregation by regulating calcium signaling. Collectively, our study could provide the new insights of PPD as an essential hemostatic ingredient in Panax notoginseng for the treatment of hemorrhagic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daian Pan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xingquan Wu
- Department of Tuina, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjie Su
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bailin Song
- Department of Tuina, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Koessler J, Klingler P, Niklaus M, Weber K, Koessler A, Boeck M, Kobsar A. The Impact of Cold Storage on Adenosine Diphosphate-Mediated Platelet Responsiveness. TH OPEN 2020; 4:e163-e172. [PMID: 32803122 PMCID: PMC7426185 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Cold storage of platelets is considered to contribute to lower risk of bacterial growth and to more efficient hemostatic capacity. For the optimization of storage strategies, it is required to further elucidate the influence of refrigeration on platelet integrity. This study focused on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-related platelet responsiveness.
Materials and Methods
Platelets were prepared from apheresis-derived platelet concentrates or from peripheral whole blood, stored either at room temperature or at 4°C. ADP-induced aggregation was tested with light transmission. Activation markers, purinergic receptor expression, and P2Y12 receptor function were determined by flow cytometry. P2Y1 and P2X1 function was assessed by fluorescence assays, cyclic nucleotide concentrations by immunoassays, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)-phosphorylation levels by Western blot analysis.
Results
In contrast to room temperature, ADP-induced aggregation was maintained under cold storage for 6 days, associated with elevated activation markers like fibrinogen binding or CD62P expression. Purinergic receptor expression was not essentially different, whereas P2Y1 function deteriorated rapidly at cold storage, but not P2Y12 activity. Inhibitory pathways of cold-stored platelets were characterized by reduced responses to nitric oxide and prostaglandin E1. Refrigeration of citrated whole blood also led to the attenuation of induced inhibition of platelet aggregation, detectable within 24 hours.
Conclusion
ADP responsiveness is preserved under cold storage for 6 days due to stable P2Y12 activity and concomitant disintegration of inhibitory pathways enabling a higher reactivity of stored platelets. The ideal storage time at cold temperature for the highest hemostatic effect of platelets should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Klingler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marius Niklaus
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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Koessler J, Trulley VN, Bosch A, Weber K, Koessler A, Boeck M, Kobsar A. The role of agonist-induced activation and inhibition for the regulation of purinergic receptor expression in human platelets. Thromb Res 2018; 168:40-46. [PMID: 29902630 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as physiological activator of human platelets mediates its effects via three purinergic receptors: P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1. The inhibition of P2Y12 is used pharmacologically to suppress aggregation underlining the physiological significance of this receptor. Since the regulation of purinergic receptor expression has not thoroughly been investigated yet, this study analyzed the content of purinergic receptors on the platelet surface membrane upon activation and inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS The surface expression of purinergic receptors was measured by flow cytometry using two different polyclonal antibodies as basal values and after incubation with thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP-6) or with inhibitors DEA/NO, MAHMA/NO or Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Western blot analysis was used to confirm inhibitory effects. RESULTS Both investigated antibodies revealed a significant increase of purinergic receptor expression upon TRAP-6 stimulation. The NO donors, DEA/NO and MAHMA/NO, did not influence basal or TRAP-6 stimulated values. PGE1 did not affect basal receptor expression, but diminished TRAP-6 stimulated purinergic receptor expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS In summary, TRAP-6 induced platelet activation leads to an elevation of purinergic receptor expression. In contrast to other surface ligands, this effect is not suppressed by cGMP-mediated inhibition, but almost completely abrogated by enhanced cAMP-mediated signaling as induced by PGE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Valerie-Noelle Trulley
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Bosch
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Zhao B, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Yu J, Li Y, Wang Q, Ma Y, Song HY, Yu M, Mo W. A novel hirudin derivative inhibiting thrombin without bleeding for subcutaneous injection. Thromb Haemost 2016; 117:44-56. [PMID: 27904902 DOI: 10.1160/th16-05-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, anticoagulants would be used to prevent thrombosis. Thrombin is an effector enzyme for haemostasis and thrombosis. We designed a direct thrombin inhibitor peptide (DTIP) using molecular simulation and homology modelling and demonstrated that the C-terminus of DTIP interacts with exosite I, and N-terminus with the activity site of thrombin, respectively. DTIP interfered with thrombin-mediated coagulation in human, rat and mouse plasma (n=10 per group) and blocked clotting in human whole blood in vitro. When administered subcutaneously, DTIP showed potent and dose-dependent extension of aPTT, PT, TT and CT in rats (n=10 per group). The antithrombotic dose of DTIP induced significantly less bleeding than bivalirudin determined by transecting distal tail assay in rats. Furthermore, DTIP reached peak blood concentration in 0.5-1 hour and did not cause increased bleeding after five days of dosing compared to dabigatran etexilate. The antithrombotic effect of DTIP was evaluated in mice using lethal pulmonary thromboembolism model and FeCl3-induced mesenteric arteriole thrombus model. DTIP (1.0 mg/kg, sc) prevented deep venous thrombosis and increased the survival rate associated with pulmonary thromboembolism from 30 % to 80 %. Intravital microscopy showed that DTIP (1.0 mg/kg, sc) decelerated mesenteric arteriole thrombosis caused by FeCl3 injury. These data establish that DTIP is a novel antithrombotic agent that could be used to prevent thrombosis without conferring an increased bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Mo
- Wei Mo, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Tel.: +86 21 54237440, Fax: +86 21 64033738, 238# P.O. Box, 138 Yixueyan Rd., Shanghai, 200032 , P. R. China, E-mail:
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Gambaryan S, Tsikas D. A review and discussion of platelet nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase: do blood platelets produce nitric oxide from L-arginine or nitrite? Amino Acids 2015; 47:1779-93. [PMID: 25929585 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG system is one of the most powerful mechanisms responsible for platelet inhibition. In numerous publications, expression of functional NO synthase (NOS) in human and mouse platelets has been reported. Constitutive and inducible NOS isoforms convert L-arginine to NO and L-citrulline. The importance of this pathway in platelets and in endothelial cells for the regulation of platelet function is discussed since decades. However, there are serious doubts in the literature concerning both expression and functionality of NOS in platelets. In this review, we aim to present and critically evaluate recent data concerning NOS expression and function in platelets, and to especially emphasise potential pitfalls of detection of NOS proteins and measurement of NOS activity. Prevailing analytical problems are probably the main sources of contradictory data on occurrence, activity and function of NOS in platelets. In this review we also address issues of how these problems can be resolved. NO donors including organic nitrites (RONO) and organic nitrate (RONO2) are inhibitors of platelet activation. Endogenous inorganic nitrite (NO2 (-)), the product of NO autoxidation, and exogenous inorganic nitrite are increasingly investigated as NO donors in the circulation. The role of platelets in the generation of NO from nitrite is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Prosp, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia,
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Russo I, Viretto M, Barale C, Mattiello L, Doronzo G, Pagliarino A, Cavalot F, Trovati M, Anfossi G. High glucose inhibits the aspirin-induced activation of the nitric oxide/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway and does not affect the aspirin-induced inhibition of thromboxane synthesis in human platelets. Diabetes 2012; 61:2913-21. [PMID: 22837307 PMCID: PMC3478557 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since hyperglycemia is involved in the "aspirin resistance" occurring in diabetes, we aimed at evaluating whether high glucose interferes with the aspirin-induced inhibition of thromboxane synthesis and/or activation of the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway in platelets. For this purpose, in platelets from 60 healthy volunteers incubated for 60 min with 5-25 mmol/L d-glucose or iso-osmolar mannitol, we evaluated the influence of a 30-min incubation with lysine acetylsalicylate (L-ASA; 1-300 μmol/L) on 1) platelet function under shear stress; 2) aggregation induced by sodium arachidonate or ADP; 3) agonist-induced thromboxane production; and 4) NO production, cGMP synthesis, and PKG-induced vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. Experiments were repeated in the presence of the antioxidant agent amifostine. We observed that platelet exposure to 25 mmol/L d-glucose, but not to iso-osmolar mannitol, 1) reduced the ability of L-ASA to inhibit platelet responses to agonists; 2) did not modify the L-ASA-induced inhibition of thromboxane synthesis; and 3) prevented the L-ASA-induced activation of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway. Preincubation with amifostine reversed the high-glucose effects. Thus, high glucose acutely reduces the antiaggregating effect of aspirin, does not modify the aspirin-induced inhibition of thromboxane synthesis, and inhibits the aspirin-induced activation of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway. These results identify a mechanism by which high glucose interferes with the aspirin action.
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