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Ravindran D, Karimi Galougahi K, Tan JTM, Kavurma MM, Bursill CA. The multiple roles of chemokines in the mechanisms of stent biocompatibility. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2299-2308. [PMID: 32196069 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While the advent of drug-eluting stents has been clinically effective in substantially reducing the rates of major stent-related adverse events compared with bare metal stents, vascular biological problems such as neointimal hyperplasia, delayed re-endothelialization, late stent thrombosis are not eliminated and, increasingly, neoatherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism for very late stent failure. Further understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying the biological responses to stent deployment is therefore required so that new and improved therapies can be developed. This review will discuss the accumulating evidence that the chemokines, small inflammatory proteins, play a role in each key biological process of stent biocompatibility. It will address the chemokine system in its specialized roles in regulating the multiple facets of vascular biocompatibility including neointimal hyperplasia, endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization and re-endothelialization after vascular injury, platelet activation and thrombosis, as well as neoatherosclerosis. The evidence in this review suggests that chemokine-targeting strategies may be effective in controlling the pathobiological processes that lead to stent failure. Preclinical studies provide evidence that inhibition of specific chemokines and/or broad-spectrum inhibition of the CC-chemokine class prevents neointimal hyperplasia, reduces thrombosis and suppresses the development of neoatherosclerosis. In contrast, however, to these apparent deleterious effects of chemokines on stent biocompatibility, the CXC chemokine, CXCL12, is essential for the mobilization and recruitment of EPCs that make important contributions to re-endothelialization post-stent deployment. This suggests that future chemokine inhibition strategies would need to be correctly targeted so that all key stent biocompatibility areas could be addressed, without compromising important adaptive biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Ravindran
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joanne T M Tan
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Vascular Research Centre, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Mary M Kavurma
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Christina A Bursill
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Vascular Research Centre, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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2
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Marcano AL, Lugo LM, Besteiro A, Gomez-Lara J, Roura G, Fuentes L, Gracida M, Teruel L, Romaguera R, Sosa SG, Cequier Á, Gómez-Hospital JA, Comin-Colet J, Ferreiro JL. Association of fractalkine with functional severity of heart failure and impact on clopidogrel efficacy in patients with ischemic heart disease. Thromb Res 2020; 196:215-221. [PMID: 32916563 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with heart failure (HF) display elevated levels of soluble fractalkine, a chemokine involved in inflammation processes, atherosclerosis and platelet activation. Further, fractalkine has been associated with reduced pharmacodynamic (PD) responsiveness to clopidogrel. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of fractalkine with the severity of HF and its impact on platelet activation and clopidogrel response in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with and without HF. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective PD study included 116 stable CAD patients on DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel. Subjects were classified in two groups: patients with HF and reduced (<40%) left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF group, n = 56) and patients without HF (no HF group, n = 60). Clinical severity of HF was graded according to NYHA classification. Platelet function assays included vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein assay, multiple electrode aggregometry and light transmittance aggregometry. Fractalkine and P-selectin concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Fractalkine levels progressively increased with the severity of the disease in the HFrEF group (NYHA I: 471.2 ± 52.4 pg/ml, NYHA II: 500.5 ± 38.4 pg/ml, NYHA III: 638.9 ± 54.3 pg/ml, p for linear trend 0.023). Numerically higher concentrations of fractalkine were observed in the HFrEF group compared to the no HF group with borderline significance (p = 0.052). No significant differences in clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition according to fractalkine values were observed in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Fractalkine levels were increased in patients with HFrEF and positively associated with the functional severity of the disease. No evident impact of fractalkine on clopidogrel PD efficacy was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucrecia Marcano
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leslie Marisol Lugo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Adrián Besteiro
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gomez-Lara
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Roura
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Fuentes
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gracida
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Teruel
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Romaguera
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Gabriela Sosa
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Cequier
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, CIBER-CV, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A Gómez-Hospital
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, CIBER-CV, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Comin-Colet
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferreiro
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, CIBER-CV, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Xu B, Qian Y, Zhao Y, Fang Z, Tang K, Zhou N, Li D, Wang J. Prognostic value of fractalkine/CX3CL1 concentration in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Cytokine 2018; 113:365-370. [PMID: 30352758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies demonstrated that fractalkine (FKN) is critically involved in the regulation of inflammation and cardiac function. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of circulating FKN in patients with ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary PCI. METHODS We enrolled ninety consecutive STEMI patients and investigated the association of circulating FKN with myocardial salvage and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after PCI. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 387 days, total 15 MACE (16.67%) were registered in the study population. Patients with MACE were more likely to be occurred in elderly patients with 3-vessel disease. Correlation analysis demonstrated the level of FKN at day 1 after PCI (FKN@day-1) not only significantly correlated with the levels of hs-TnT at day 7 after PCI (R2 = 0.06; p = 0.02) but inversely correlated with the measurements of LVEF at 1-month observation (R2 = 0.10; p = 0.00). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses further revealed that patients with the level of FKN@day-1 above the median had a higher incidence of MACE compared with those whose FKN@day-1 levels below the median (log-rank test x2 = 13.29, p < 0.001). In addition, multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that FKN@day-1 was an independent predictor of MACE (hazard ratio: 4.63; 95% confidence interval: 1.53-14.01; p = 0.00), together with WBC count and 3-vessel disease for STEMI patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that FKN@day-1 is negative correlated with myocardial salvage after acute myocardial infarction and might be a valuable prognostic marker of MACE in patients with STEMI undergone PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kangting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningtian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dianfu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
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Zhou JJ, Wang YM, Lee VWS, Zhang GY, Medbury H, Williams H, Wang Y, Tan TK, Harris DCH, Alexander SI, Durkan AM. DEC205-DC targeted DNA vaccine against CX3CR1 protects against atherogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195657. [PMID: 29641559 PMCID: PMC5895033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies disrupting the chemokine pathway CX3CL1 (fractalkine)/ CX3CR1 have shown decreased atherosclerosis in animal models but the techniques used to interrupt the pathway have not been easily translatable into human trials. DNA vaccination potentially overcomes the translational difficulties. We evaluated the effect of a DNA vaccine, targeted to CX3CR1, on atherosclerosis in a murine model and examined possible mechanisms of action. DNA vaccination against CX3CR1, enhanced by dendritic cell targeting using DEC-205 single chain variable region fragment (scFv), was performed in 8 week old ApoE-/- mice, fed a normal chow diet. High levels of anti-CX3CR1 antibodies were induced in vaccinated mice. There were no apparent adverse reactions to the vaccine. Arterial vessels of 34 week old mice were examined histologically for atherosclerotic plaque size, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell infiltration and lipid deposition. Vaccinated mice had significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque in the brachiocephalic artery. There was less macrophage infiltration but no significant change to the macrophage phenotype in the plaques. There was less lipid deposition in the lesions, but there was no effect on smooth muscle cell migration. Targeted DNA vaccination to CX3CR1 was well tolerated, induced a strong immune response and resulted in attenuated atherosclerotic lesions with reduced macrophage infiltration. DNA vaccination against chemokine pathways potentially offers a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Jianheng Zhou
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent W. S. Lee
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Yu Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Medbury
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Williams
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Thian Kui Tan
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David C. H. Harris
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I. Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M. Durkan
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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5
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Koganti S, Eleftheriou D, Brogan PA, Kotecha T, Hong Y, Rakhit RD. Microparticles and their role in coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2017; 230:339-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Legler DF, Matti C, Laufer JM, Jakobs BD, Purvanov V, Uetz-von Allmen E, Thelen M. Modulation of Chemokine Receptor Function by Cholesterol: New Prospects for Pharmacological Intervention. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:331-338. [PMID: 28082305 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are seven transmembrane-domain receptors belonging to class A of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The receptors together with their chemokine ligands constitute the chemokine system, which is essential for directing cell migration and plays a crucial role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Given the importance of orchestrating cell migration, it is vital that chemokine receptor signaling is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate responses. Recent studies highlight a key role for cholesterol in modulating chemokine receptor activities. The steroid influences the spatial organization of GPCRs within the membrane bilayer, and consequently can tune chemokine receptor signaling. The effects of cholesterol on the organization and function of chemokine receptors and GPCRs in general include direct and indirect effects (Fig. 1). Here, we review how cholesterol and some key metabolites modulate functions of the chemokine system in multiple ways. We emphasize the role of cholesterol in chemokine receptor oligomerization, thereby promoting the formation of a signaling hub enabling integration of distinct signaling pathways at the receptor-membrane interface. Moreover, we discuss the role of cholesterol in stabilizing particular receptor conformations and its consequence for chemokine binding. Finally, we highlight how cholesterol accumulation, its deprivation, or cholesterol metabolites contribute to modulating cell orchestration during inflammation, induction of an adaptive immune response, as well as to dampening an anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Barbara D Jakobs
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Vladimir Purvanov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Edith Uetz-von Allmen
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
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7
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Hoogendijk AJ, Wiewel MA, van Vught LA, Scicluna BP, Belkasim-Bohoudi H, Horn J, Zwinderman AH, Klein Klouwenberg PMC, Cremer OL, Bonten MJ, Schultz MJ, van der Poll T. Plasma fractalkine is a sustained marker of disease severity and outcome in sepsis patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:412. [PMID: 26603530 PMCID: PMC4658804 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Fractalkine is a chemokine implicated as a mediator in a variety of inflammatory conditions. Knowledge of fractalkine release in patients presenting with infection to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is highly limited. The primary objective of this study was to establish whether plasma fractalkine levels are elevated in sepsis and associate with outcome. The secondary objective was to determine whether fractalkine can assist in the diagnosis of infection upon ICU admission. Methods Fractalkine was measured in 1103 consecutive sepsis patients (including 271 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)) upon ICU admission and at days 2 and 4 thereafter; in 73 ICU patients treated for suspected CAP in whom this diagnosis was refuted in retrospect; and in 5 healthy humans intravenously injected with endotoxin. Results Compared to healthy volunteers, sepsis patients had strongly elevated fractalkine levels. Fractalkine levels increased with the number of organs failing, were higher in patients presenting with shock, but did not vary by site of infection. Non-survivors had sustained elevated fractalkine levels when compared to survivors. Fractalkine was equally elevated in CAP patients and patients treated for CAP but in whom the diagnosis was retrospectively refuted. Fractalkine release induced by intravenous endotoxin followed highly similar kinetics as the endothelial cell marker E-selectin. Conclusions Plasma fractalkine is an endothelial cell derived biomarker that, while not specific for infection, correlates with disease severity in sepsis patients admitted to the ICU. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1125-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie J Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maryse A Wiewel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hakima Belkasim-Bohoudi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter M C Klein Klouwenberg
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf L Cremer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc J Bonten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Increase of serum fractalkine and fractalkine gene expression levels in sickle cell disease patients. Int J Hematol 2014; 101:114-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Guo Y, Apostalakis S, Blann AD, Lip GYH. Plasma CX3CL1 levels and long term outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation: the West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 38:204-11. [PMID: 25301077 DOI: 10.1159/000365841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that chemokines are potentially important mediators of the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease. Major atherothrombotic complications, such as stroke and myocardial infarction, are common among atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. This increase in risk of adverse events may be predicted by a score based on the presence of certain clinical features of chronic heart failure, hypertension, age 75 years or greater, diabetes and stroke (the CHADS2 score). Our objective was to assess the prognostic value of plasma chemokines CCL2, CXCL4 and CX3CL1, and their relationship with the CHADS2 score, in AF patients. METHODS Plasma CCL2, CXCL4 and CX3CL1 were measured in 441 patients (59% male, mean age 75 years, 12% paroxysmal, 99% on warfarin) with AF. Baseline clinical and demographic factors were used to define each subject's CHADS2 score. Patients were followed up for a mean 2.1 years, and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were sought, being the combination of cardiovascular death, acute coronary events, stroke and systemic embolism. RESULTS Fifty-five of the AF patients suffered a MACCE (6% per year). Those in the lowest CX3CL1 quartile (≤ 0.24 ng/ml) had fewest MACCE (p = 0.02). In the Cox regression analysis, CX3CL1 levels >0.24 ng/ml (Hazard ratio 2.8, 95% CI 1.02-8.2, p = 0.045) and age (p = 0.042) were independently linked with adverse outcomes. The CX3CL1 levels rose directly with the CHADS2 risk score (p = 0.009). The addition of CX3CL1 did not significantly increased the discriminatory ability of the CHADS2 clinical factor-based risk stratification (c-index 0.60 for CHADS2 alone versus 0.67 for CHADS2 plus CX3CL1 >0.24 ng/ml, p = 0.1). Aspirin use was associated with lower levels of CX3CL1 (p = 0.0002) and diabetes with higher levels (p = 0.031). There was no association between CXCL4 and CCL2 plasma levels and outcomes. CONCLUSION There is an independent association between low plasma CX3CL1 levels and low risk of major cardiovascular events in AF patients, as well as a linear association between CX3CL1 plasma levels and CHADS2-defined cardiovascular risk. The potential for CX3CL1 in refining risk stratification in AF patients merits consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Guo
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Hoerl G, Ledinski G, Kager G, Thalhammer M, Koestenberger M, Juergens G, Gary T, Cvirn G. Virtually same oxidizability of LDL but higher Lp(a) levels in arterial compared to venous plasma. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 184:38-41. [PMID: 25240239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plaque formation is confined to the arterial trunk. We assumed that due to the higher aeration of arterial compared to venous blood, higher levels of the atherogenic agent oxidized LDL might be present in arteries, contributing to plaque formation. We aimed to compare (i) the basal oxidative status of LDL in arterial and venous blood and (ii) the susceptibility of arterial and venous LDL to oxidation. The basal oxidative status of LDL was determined by measuring lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) concentrations, plasma levels of auto-antibodies against oxidized LDL, and by measuring oxidation-specific epitopes on LDL particles. The oxidizability of arterial vs. venous LDL (catalyzed by copper) was estimated by monitoring the time-course of conjugated dienes formation. Interestingly, we found the same basal oxidative status of LDL in arterial and venous plasma. LPO concentrations and levels of auto-antibodies against oxidized LDL were similar in arterial and venous plasma and amounts of oxidation-specific epitopes were similar on the respective LDL particles. Moreover, we found similar susceptibilities of arterial and venous LDL to (copper-mediated) oxidation. Lag-times until the onset of conjugated diene formation were slightly shorter in arterial compared to venous LDL in the presence of 5 μM, but not in the presence of 1 μM CuCl2. Additionally, we found significantly higher levels of the atherogenic lipoprotein(a) in arterial plasma. We conclude that not higher oxidizability of arterial LDL but higher arterial lipoprotein(a) levels might help to explain why sclerosis is confined to the arterial trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Hoerl
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ledinski
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Gerd Kager
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | | | | | - Guenther Juergens
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Thomas Gary
- Department of Angiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Cvirn
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, Graz A-8010, Austria.
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11
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Zheng L, Cao Y, Liu S, Peng Z, Zhang S. Neferine inhibits angiotensin II-induced rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation predominantly by downregulating fractalkine gene expression. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1545-1550. [PMID: 25289057 PMCID: PMC4186444 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neferine inhibits the angiotensin II (AngII)-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying the effect of neferine on the proliferation of vascular SMCs. Rat aortic SMCs (RASMCs) were used and fractalkine (Fkn) gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The proliferation of RASMCs was analyzed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. It was revealed that AngII induced Fkn expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Fkn-knockdown with small interfering RNA attenuated the AngII-induced RASMC proliferation. Furthermore, neferine inhibited Fkn expression and attenuated the AngII-induced RASMC proliferation. These findings suggest that the Fkn gene may play an important role in AngII-induced RASMC proliferation and that neferine acts to attenuate AngII-induced RASMC proliferation by inhibiting Fkn expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongwen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Saidan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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12
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Pietraforte D, Vona R, Marchesi A, de Jacobis IT, Villani A, Del Principe D, Straface E. Redox control of platelet functions in physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:177-93. [PMID: 24597688 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An imbalance between the production and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) can be implicated in many pathological processes. Platelets are best known as primary mediators of hemostasis and can be either targets of ROS/RNS or generate radicals during cell activation. These conditions can dramatically affect platelet physiology, leading even, as an ultimate event, to the cell number modification. In this case, pathological conditions such as thrombocytosis (promoted by increased cell number) or thrombocytopenia and myelodysplasia (promoted by cell decrease mediated by accelerated apoptosis) can occur. RECENT ADVANCES Usually, in peripheral blood, ROS/RNS production is balanced by the rate of oxidant elimination. Under this condition, platelets are in a nonadherent "resting" state. During endothelial dysfunction or under pathological conditions, ROS/RNS production increases and the platelets respond with specific biochemical and morphologic changes. Mitochondria are at the center of these processes, being able to both generate ROS/RNS, that drive redox-sensitive events, and respond to ROS/RNS-mediated changes of the cellular redox state. Irregular function of platelets and enhanced interaction with leukocytes and endothelial cells can contribute to pathogenesis of atherosclerotic and thrombotic events. CRITICAL ISSUES The relationship between oxidative stress, platelet death, and the activation-dependent pathways that drive platelet pro-coagulant activity is unclear and deserves to be explored. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Expanding knowledge about how platelets can mediate hemostasis and modulate inflammation may lead to novel and effective therapeutic strategies for the long and growing list of pathological conditions that involve both thrombosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Pietraforte
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Cell Aging and Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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13
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Atorvastatin improves plaque stability in ApoE-knockout mice by regulating chemokines and chemokine receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97009. [PMID: 24816562 PMCID: PMC4016207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that statins protect atherosclerotic patients from inflammatory changes and plaque instability in coronary arteries. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Using a previously established mouse model for vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, we investigated the effect of atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) on plaque morphology. Atorvastatin did not lower plasma total cholesterol levels or affect plaque progression at this dosage; however, vulnerable plaque numbers were significantly reduced in the atorvastatin-treated group compared to control. Detailed examinations revealed that atorvastatin significantly decreased macrophage infiltration and subendothelial lipid deposition, reduced intimal collagen content, and elevated collagenase activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because vascular inflammation is largely driven by changes in monocyte/macrophage numbers in the vessel wall, we speculated that the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin may partially result from decreased monocyte recruitment to the endothelium. Further experiments showed that atorvastatin downregulated expression of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and their receptors CCR2 and, CX3CR1, which are mainly responsible for monocyte recruitment. In addition, levels of the plasma inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also significantly decrease in atorvastatin-treated mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that atorvastatin can improve plaque stability in mice independent of plasma cholesterol levels. Given the profound inhibition of macrophage infiltration into atherosclerotic plaques, we propose that statins may partly exert protective effects by modulating levels of chemokines and their receptors. These findings elucidate yet another atheroprotective mechanism of statins.
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14
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Koenen RR. CX3CL1, a special deputy at the intersection of platelets and the vessel wall. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:567. [PMID: 24633475 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory R Koenen
- Rory Koenen, PhD, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 3881674, Fax: +31 43 3884159, E-mail:
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15
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Pirvulescu MM, Gan AM, Stan D, Simion V, Calin M, Butoi E, Manduteanu I. Subendothelial resistin enhances monocyte transmigration in a co-culture of human endothelial and smooth muscle cells by mechanisms involving fractalkine, MCP-1 and activation of TLR4 and Gi/o proteins signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 50:29-37. [PMID: 24508784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine resistin and the chemokine fractalkine (FKN) were found at increased levels in human atherosclerotic plaque, in the subendothelium, but their role in this location still needs to be characterized. Recently, high local resistin in the arterial vessel wall was shown to contribute to an enhanced accumulation of macrophages by mechanisms that need to be clarified. Our recent data showed that resistin activated smooth muscle cells (SMC) by up-regulating FKN and MCP-1 expression and monocyte chemotaxis by activating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Gi/o proteins. Since in the vessel wall both endothelial cells (EC) and SMC respond to cytokines and promote atherosclerosis, we questioned whether subendothelial resistin (sR) has a role in vascular cells cross-talk leading to enhanced monocyte transmigration and we investigated the mechanisms involved. To this purpose we used an in vitro system of co-cultured SMC and EC activated by sR and we analyzed monocyte transmigration. Our results indicated that: (1) sR enhanced monocyte transmigration in EC/SMC system compared to EC cultured alone; (2) sR activated TLR4 and Gi/o signaling in EC/SMC system and induced the secretion of more FKN and MCP-1 compared to EC cultured alone and used both chemokines to specifically recruit monocytes by CX3CR1 and CCR2 receptors. Moreover, FKN produced by resistin in EC/SMC system, by acting on CX3CR1 on EC/SMC specifically contributes to MCP-1 secretion in the system and to the enhanced monocyte transmigration. Our study indicates new possible targets for therapy to reduce resistin-dependent enhanced macrophage infiltration in the atherosclerotic arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Gan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Daniela Stan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Viorel Simion
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Elena Butoi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
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16
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Babakurban ST, Erbek SS, Terzi YK, Arslan F, Sahin FI. Fractalkine receptor polymorphism and chronic tonsillitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271:2045-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-2908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Fractalkine is a chemokine, which has been shown to play important roles in metabolic disease in both animal models and humans. Fractalkine is a key player in the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques, and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) mutations have been implicated in obesity. Serum fractalkine levels have been found to be elevated in type 2 diabetic patients, but the role of fractalkine signaling on the pancreatic β cell was unclear. Recently published findings in April 2013 issue of the journal Cell by Lee and Olefsky et al. have implicated fractalkine in β-cell insulin secretion. They demonstrate that Cx3cr1 knockout mice have impaired glucose tolerance resulting from decreased insulin secretion. In addition, fractalkine administration improved glucose tolerance and induced insulin secretion. This modulation of insulin secretion was proposed to result from an increase in intracellular calcium and potentiation of insulin secretion, which occurs in a Gαi and MEK-dependent manner. They also found that Cx3cr1 knockout animals had transcriptional repression of genes important for β-cell function, specifically NeuroD, via induction of ICER-1. One important issue that remains unresolved is how CX3CR1 signaling regulates the potentiation of calcium influx and the distal events in insulin exocytosis. Finally, testing the effects of fractalkine treatment on proliferation and survival in vivo during regenerative conditions would be critical to determine the potential use of this chemokine in diabetes. While these exciting results open the possibility for new therapeutics, there are some concerns about a potential risk for exacerbation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes; University of Michigan; Brehm Center for Diabetes Research; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Correspondence to: Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi,
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18
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Hildemann SK, Schulz C, Fraccarollo D, Schöpp C, Flierl U, Wissel K, Pelisek J, Massberg S, Bauersachs J, Schäfer A. Fractalkine promotes platelet activation and vascular dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:725-35. [PMID: 24336891 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endothelial dysfunction and enhanced platelet reactivity in congestive heart failure (CHF) contribute to poor prognosis. CHF patients display an impaired responsiveness to clopidogrel. Fractalkine activates platelets and elevated plasma levels of this chemokine are a feature of CHF. We here addressed the interrelation of fractalkine, platelet reactivity and clopidogrel efficacy in humans and rats with CHF. Fractalkine serum levels determined by ELISA were increased in CHF patients (CHF: 1548 ± 650 pg/ml; CONTROL 968 ± 575 pg/ml, p<0.01) and following CHF induction in rats (CHF: 1509 ± 753 pg/ml; Sham: 1181 ± 275 pg/ml, p<0.05). Expression of fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 was enhanced in aortas of CHF rats as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and molecular analysis. Fractalkine significantly aggravated endothelial dysfunction and augmented P-selectin expression on platelets from CHF rats. Platelet surface expression of CX3CR1 was increased in CHF rats, who displayed an impaired response to clopidogrel (platelet reactivity to ADP: CHF 30 ± 22%; Sham: 8 ± 5%, p<0.05). Similarly in humans with CHF, elevated fractalkine levels were accompanied by reduced clopidogrel responsiveness. Patients with high on-clopidogrel treatment platelet P2Y12 reactivity displayed higher fractalkine levels (1525 ± 487 pg/ml) than those with sufficient clopidogrel response (684 ± 315 pg/ml, p<0.01). In conclusion, in CHF fractalkine was increased on the endothelium and in blood serum, and platelet surface-expression of CX3CR1 was enhanced. Fractalkine diminished endothelial function beyond the impairment already observed in CHF and was associated with a reduced responsiveness to the platelet inhibitor clopidogrel. These findings may indicate a novel pathophysiological mechanism contributing to impaired clopidogrel responsiveness in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Schäfer
- Prof. Dr. Andreas Schäfer, Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, Tel.: +49 511 532 5240, Fax: +49 511 532 8244, E-mail:
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19
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Rosa GM, Bauckneht M, Masoero G, Mach F, Quercioli A, Seitun S, Balbi M, Brunelli C, Parodi A, Nencioni A, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. The vulnerable coronary plaque: update on imaging technologies. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:706-22. [PMID: 23803753 DOI: 10.1160/th13-02-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have been carried out on vulnerable plaque as the main culprit for ischaemic cardiac events. Historically, the most important diagnostic technique for studying coronary atherosclerotic disease was to determine the residual luminal diameter by angiographic measurement of the stenosis. However, it has become clear that vulnerable plaque rupture as well as thrombosis, rather than stenosis, triggers most acute ischaemic events and that the quantification of risk based merely on severity of the arterial stenosis is not sufficient. In the last decades, substantial progresses have been made on optimisation of techniques detecting the arterial wall morphology, plaque composition and inflammation. To date, the use of a single technique is not recommended to precisely identify the progression of the atherosclerotic process in human beings. In contrast, the integration of data that can be derived from multiple methods might improve our knowledge about plaque destabilisation. The aim of this narrative review is to update evidence on the accuracy of the currently available non-invasive and invasive imaging techniques in identifying components and morphologic characteristics associated with coronary plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Rosa
- Fabrizio Montecucco, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 372 71 92, Fax: +41 22 382 72 45, E-mail:
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20
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Guzik TJ, Dulak J. Vessel wall--where coagulation meets cell biology and immunology. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:416-8. [PMID: 22898929 DOI: 10.1160/th12-08-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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