1
|
Yang X, Ong HW, Dickmander RJ, Smith JL, Brown JW, Tao W, Chang E, Moorman NJ, Axtman AD, Willson TM. Optimization of 3-Cyano-7-cyclopropylamino-pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines toward the Development of an In Vivo Chemical Probe for CSNK2A. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39546-39561. [PMID: 37901516 PMCID: PMC10600890 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
3-Cyano-7-cyclopropylamino-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, including the chemical probe SGC-CK2-1, are potent and selective inhibitors of CSNK2A in cells but have limited utility in animal models due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties. While developing analogues with reduced intrinsic clearance and the potential for sustained exposure in mice, we discovered that phase II conjugation by GST enzymes was a major metabolic transformation in hepatocytes. A protocol for codosing with ethacrynic acid, a covalent reversible GST inhibitor, was developed to improve the exposure of analogue 2h in mice. A double codosing protocol, using a combination of ethacrynic acid and irreversible P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole, increased the blood level of 2h by 40-fold at a 5 h time point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly
Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly
Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J. Dickmander
- Rapidly
Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffery L. Smith
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason W. Brown
- Takeda Development
Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - William Tao
- Takeda Development
Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda Development
Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Rapidly
Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly
Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly
Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Ong HW, Dickmander RJ, Smith JL, Brown JW, Tao W, Chang E, Moorman NJ, Axtman AD, Willson TM. Optimization of 3-Cyano-7-cyclopropylamino-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines Toward the Development of an In Vivo Chemical Probe for CSNK2A. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540828. [PMID: 37292607 PMCID: PMC10245575 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
3-cyano-7-cyclopropylamino-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, including the chemical probe SGC-CK2-1, are potent and selective inhibitors of CSNK2A in cells but have limited utility in animal models due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties. While developing analogs with reduced intrinsic clearance and the potential for sustained exposure in mice, we discovered that Phase II conjugation by GST enzymes was a major metabolic transformation in hepatocytes. A protocol for co-dosing with ethacrynic acid, a covalent reversible GST inhibitor, was developed to improve the exposure of analog 2h in mice. A double co-dosing protocol, using a combination of ethacrynic acid and irreversible P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole increased the blood level of 2h by 40-fold at a 5 h time point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J. Dickmander
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jeffery L. Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | | - William Tao
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) is a loop diuretic that produces a prompt and profound diuresis. The primary action of ethacrynic acid is the inhibition of the activity of the Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The onset of action is usually within 30 minutes after an oral dose and within 5 minutes after an intravenous injection. After oral administration, peak diuretic effect occurs in about 2 hours and the effect lasts about 6-8 hours. After intravenous administration, peak diuretic effect occurs within 30 minutes and the diuretic effect is virtually completed in 2-4 hours. The bioavailability of ethacrynic acid approximates 100%, with maximal blood level between 40 and 92 minutes. The elimination half-life has been reported to be less than 1 hour, but highly variable (average 30 minutes with a range of 12-160 minutes). Intravenous ethacrynic acid has a prompt venous dilatory effect and immediately relieves symptoms of pulmonary congestion, before a diuresis can occur. Ethacrynic acid is effective in all types of edema whether there is clinical acidosis, alkalosis, or electrolyte imbalance. Most side effects of ethacrynic acid can be attributed to its effectiveness (volume depletion); however, it may cause metabolic alkalosis that is preventable by KCl replacement. Ethacrynic acid has ototoxic effect that occasionally results in temporally or permanent deafness. Despite limitations, ethacrynic acid has been employed in the treatment of congestive heart failure and other edematous states, especially in patients allergic to sulfa-containing drugs because all the other loop diuretics have a sulfa moiety.
Collapse
|
4
|
Goldring RM, Cannon PJ, Heinemann HO, Fishman AP. Respiratory adjustment to chronic metabolic alkalosis in man. J Clin Invest 2010; 47:188-202. [PMID: 16695940 PMCID: PMC297159 DOI: 10.1172/jci105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the ventilatory adjustment to chronic metabolic alkalosis induced under controlled conditions in normal human volunteers. Metabolic alkalosis induced by buffers (sodium bicarbonate, trishydroxymethylamine methane) or ethacrynic acid was associated with alveolar hypoventilation, as evidenced by a rise in arterial Pco(2), a fall in arterial Po(2), a reduced resting tidal volume, and a diminished ventilatory response to CO(2) inhalation. Alveolar hypoventilation did not occur when metabolic alkalosis was induced in the same subjects by thiazide diuretics or aldosterone despite comparable elevations of the arterial blood pH and bicarbonate concentration.The different ventilatory responses of the two groups could not be ascribed to differences among individuals comprising each group, pharmacological effects of the alkalinizing agents, differences in the composition of the lumber spinal fluid, changes in extracellular fluid volume, or sodium and chloride balance.The differences in ventilatory adjustments were associated with differences in the patterns of hydrogen and potassium ion balance during the induction of alkalosis. Alveolar hypoventilation occurred when hydrogen ions were buffered (sodium bicarbonate, trishydroxymethylamine methane) or when renal hydrogen ion excretion was increased (ethacrynic acid). Alveolar hypoventilation did not occur when induction of similar degrees of extracellular alkalosis was accompanied by marked potassium loss and no demonstrable increase in external hydrogen loss (thiazides and aldosterone).These observations suggest that respiratory depression does not necessarily accompany extracellular alkalosis but depends on the effect of the mode of induction of the alkalosis on the tissues involved in the control of ventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Goldring
- Department of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
|
7
|
Puschett JB, Winaver J. Effects of Diuretics on Renal Function. Compr Physiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp080250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
A number of pharmacological agents can induce hyperuricaemia, and sometimes gout, usually by interfering with the renal tubular excretion of urate but also in some instances by increasing the formation of uric acid. Alcohol is well known to have this property and in recent years diuretic-induced hyperuricaemia has become a global phenomenon. Other drugs which can cause hyperuricaemia are salicylates, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, nicotinic acid, cyclosporin, 2-ethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole, fructose and cytotoxic agents. A special type of 'drug-induced gout' can follow the rapid lowering of serum uric acid by allopurinol or uricosuric drugs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Selzer
- Division of Cardiology, Pacific Presbyterian Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94120
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
The subacute oral toxicity of tienilic acid in male and female Sprague--Dawley rats has been studied. Animals were given tienilic acid 0, 30, 120 and 480 mg/kg body weight as a 3% gum arabic suspension for 28 days. At 30 mg tienilic acid blood pressure and serum uric acid decreased. At the two higher dose-levels a slight decrease in hemoglobin and an increase in S-GPT was noticed and there was a significant increase in the liver weight and serum magnesium concentration of male rats, while the liver weight of female rats increased only slightly. On microscopic examination, unicellular necrosis of small groups of liver cells was noted, together with focal round-cell infiltration and some stasis of the two higher dose-levels in some animals. Tienilic acid had no noticeable effects on other organs or parameters.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Levine D, Ramsay L, Auty R, Branch R, Tidd M. Antagonism of endogenous mineralocorticoids in normal subjects by prorenoate potassium and spironolactone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 09:381-6. [PMID: 786663 DOI: 10.1007/bf00606552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of single oral doses of a new aldosterone antagonist, prorenoate potassium, has been compared with spironolactone and placebo in a balanced double-blind crossover study in six healthy subject. Endogenous mineralocorticoids were stimulated by administration of frusemide followed by dietary sodium restriction, and the urinary excretion of electrolytes in response to prorenoate potassium, spironolactone and placebo was measured over a 24 hour period. Significant activity of prorenoate potassium and spironolactone was observed between 2 - 24 hours after medication, with peak activity at 6 - 8 hours. The active drugs significantly increased sodium excretion and the sodium : potassium (Na/K) ratio, but changes in potassium excretion were not significant. The total urine Na/K response to prorenoate potassium 45 mg was significantly greater than to spironolactone 100 mg.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Bühler FR, Laragh JH, Vaughan ED, Brunner HR, Gavras H, Baer L. Antihypertensive action of propranolol. Specific antirenin responses in high and normal renin forms of essential, renal, renovascular and malignant hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1973; 32:511-22. [PMID: 4729721 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(73)80043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- W. J. Dempster
- (Department of Surgery, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Ducane Road, London W12 OHS)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Diamond HS, Lazarus R, Kaplan D, Halberstam D. Effect of urine flow rate on uric acid excretion in man. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1972; 15:338-46. [PMID: 5046465 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780150403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
18
|
Seldin DW, Rector FC. Symposium on acid-base homeostasis. The generation and maintenance of metabolic alkalosis. Kidney Int 1972; 1:306-21. [PMID: 4600132 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1972.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
19
|
Gazes PC. Treatment of heart failure. 2. Postgrad Med 1972; 51:209-12. [PMID: 5019716 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1972.11698142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
20
|
Abstract
A controlled clinical trial of a new diuretic-mefruside-is reported, in which it was compared with frusemide in 15 normal subjects and 15 patients with fluid retention. It was found to be an effective diuretic which, in the patients, produced a significantly greater excretion of water and electrolytes than an equal dose of frusemide. Its smooth prolonged action, maximal in the first 12 hours, made it of particular value for maintenance therapy. In a short-term trial on a further 15 hypertensive patients mefruside was shown to have a useful hypotensive action. The drug was well tolerated with minimal side effects.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bigger JT, Heissenbuttel RH, Lovejoy WP. Management of cardiac problems in the intensive care unit. Med Clin North Am 1971; 55:1183-205. [PMID: 5125827 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Abstract
Twelve infants with heart failure and one with perinatal oedema were treated with intramuscular frusemide (1·0-1·25 mg/kg). Frusemide was found to be a safe effective diuretic in infants with heart failure, resulting in clinical improvement, marked excretion of water, sodium, and chloride, with a lesser and more variable effect on potassium excretion. Complications were uncommon with this dose. The drug is most effective in acute pulmonary oedema or acute worsening of heart failure, but day-to-day control of persistent heart failure is more easily obtained by using repeated doses of oral or intramuscular frusemide plus, if needed, aldactone A or triamterene.
Collapse
|
23
|
Christlieb AR, Espiner EA, Amsterdam EA, Jagger PI, Dobrzinsky SJ, Lauler DP, Hickler RB. The pattern of electrolyte excretion in normal and hypertensive subjects before and after saline infusions. A simple electrolyte formula for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Am J Cardiol 1971; 27:595-601. [PMID: 5088765 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(71)90222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
24
|
Krecke HJ, Klein H, Uhse HG, Krück F. [Renal hemodynamics, electrolyte excretion and acid-base equilibrium in an acute human experiment with ethacrynic acid]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1971; 49:397-405. [PMID: 5550635 DOI: 10.1007/bf01484995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
25
|
Kim KE, Onesti G, Moyer JH, Swartz C. Ethacrynic acid and furosemide. Diuretic and hemodynamic effects and clinical uses. Am J Cardiol 1971; 27:407-15. [PMID: 4929423 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(71)90438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Scheinman M, Brown M, Rapaport E. Hemodynamic effect of ethacrynic acid in patients with refractory acute left ventricular failure. Am J Med 1971; 50:291-6. [PMID: 5553948 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(71)90216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
27
|
DeRubertis FR, Michelis MF, Beck N, Davis BB. Complications of diuretic therapy: severe alkalosis and syndrome resembling inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Metabolism 1970; 19:709-19. [PMID: 5460000 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(70)90068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
28
|
|
29
|
|
30
|
Olesen KH. A comparison of the diuretic action of mercaptomerin, ethacrynic acid and furosemide in congestive heart failure. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1970; 187:391-9. [PMID: 5526957 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb02961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
31
|
Quellhorst E, Scheler F. [The effectivness of ethacrynic acid, amiloride HCl and aldadiene K in kidney insufficiency]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1970; 48:471-80. [PMID: 5519400 DOI: 10.1007/bf01485097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Newell AC. ETHACRYNIC ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF THE AMBULATORY PATIENT. Med J Aust 1970. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1970.tb77889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Pillay VK, Schwartz FD, Aimi K, Kark RM. Transient and permanent deafness following treatment with ethacrynic acid in renal failure. Lancet 1969; 1:77-9. [PMID: 4178003 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
38
|
Siegel W, Gifford RW. Efficacy of ethacrynic acid in patients with refractory congestive heart failure resistant to meralluride. Am J Cardiol 1968; 22:260-5. [PMID: 5665857 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(68)90232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
39
|
Lesch M, Caranasos GJ, Mulholland JH. Controlled study comparing ethacrynic acid to mercaptomerin in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:115-22. [PMID: 5655196 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196807182790301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
Abstract
Amiloride, a new, well-tolerated oral natriuretic and mild diuretic agent, has been evaluated alone and in combination with other diuretics. Its remarkable ability to promote retention rather than loss of potassium makes it a useful adjunct in the management of even the most severe edematous states. It also retards the alkalosis produced by certain of the stronger diuretics by blocking hydrogen secretion and promoting bicarbonate loss. In addition to being a valuable adjunctive agent, the compound may be useful alone because of the advantages inherent in steady, sustained natriuretic therapy with a mild diuresis as opposed to incurring precipitous alterations in fluid and electrolyte balance with the intermittent use of more potent agents. In certain patients it was mildly antihypertensive.
Amiloride produced marked increases in aldosterone secretion with lesser rises in plasma renin. The adrenal stimulation therefore appeared to result from both potassium retention and renin activation consequent to natriuresis.
The compound appears to act primarily in the distal nephron, blocking both sodium-hydrogen exchange and sodium-potassium exchange. Like triamterene, but unlike spirolactone, amiloride has the characteristics of a noncompetitive inhibitor of aldosteronedirected sodium and potassium transport. Because of this, it may be expected to produce more predictable effects than spirolactone and at least in certain instances to be more powerful. It may also be preferable to spirolactone for the acute control of derangements in potassium balance because of its more rapid onset and disappearance of action.
No significant toxicity was encountered; however, serum potassium values should be carefully monitored, especially in situations involving impaired renal function.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Birtch AG, Zakheim RM, Jones LG, Barger AC. Redistribution of renal blood flow produced by furosemide and ethacrynic acid. Circ Res 1967; 21:869-78. [PMID: 6078147 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.21.6.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Outer medullary blood flow (
85
Kr method) is markedly reduced by furose-mide and ethacrynic acid injected into the renal artery of unanesthetized dogs; juxtamedullary cortical flow is also decreased. Anatomic localization of the redistribution was verified by autoradiography and by silastic injection studies. The injected specimens demonstrated a relative increase in the resistance of the peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary cortex and outer medulla, the blood supply of the juxtamedullary tubules, Henle's loops and collecting ducts; the vasa recta were dilated. Total renal blood flow (Doppler Flowmeter) decreased 10% 1 min after injection, and then gradually began to increase at 2 to 3 min, reaching levels 25 to 30% above control as cortical blood flow increased. The vasodilatation in the cortex is probably localized in the pars radiata. The onset of the diuresis coincided with the decrease in renal blood flow, and persisted after total renal blood flow returned to control value. Thus, the time course of the dicresis correlated more closely with the sustained decrease in juxtameduiary and outer medullary blood flow.
Collapse
|
45
|
Espiner EA, Tucci JR, Jagger PI, Lauler DP. Effect of saline infusions on aldosterone secretion and electrolyte excretion in normal subjects and patients with primary aldosteronism. N Engl J Med 1967; 277:1-7. [PMID: 6027294 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196707062770101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
46
|
Edwards KD, Sinnett PF, Stewart JH. Ethacrynic acid: assessment of saluretic and diuretic potency in patients with severe chronic renal failure. Med J Aust 1967; 1:375-81. [PMID: 6021236 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
47
|
Dirks JH, Cirksena WJ, Berliner RW. Micropuncture study of the effect of various diuretics on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubules of the dog. J Clin Invest 1966; 45:1875-85. [PMID: 5926633 PMCID: PMC292873 DOI: 10.1172/jci105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
48
|
Steigmann F, Oz R, Dubin A. Newer diuretics in the treatment of cardiac or hepatic disease in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1966; 14:1232-8. [PMID: 5954532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1966.tb02924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
49
|
Laragh JH, Cannon PJ, Stason WB, Heinemann HO. Physiologic and clincical observations on furosemide and ethacrynic acid. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966; 139:453-65. [PMID: 5339515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb41219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
50
|
|