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Gallo LA, Walton SL, Mazzuca MQ, Tare M, Parkington HC, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM. Uteroplacental insufficiency temporally exacerbates salt-induced hypertension associated with a reduced natriuretic response in male rat offspring. J Physiol 2018; 596:5859-5872. [PMID: 29604087 PMCID: PMC6265551 DOI: 10.1113/jp275655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Low weight at birth increases the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood A diet that is high in salt is known to elevate blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases The present study demonstrates that growth restricted male rats have a heightened sensitivity to high dietary salt, in the context of raised systolic blood pressure, reduced urinary sodium excretion and stiffer mesenteric resistance vessels Other salt-induced effects, such as kidney hyperfiltration, albuminuria and glomerular damage, were not exacerbated by being born small The present study demonstrates that male offspring born small have an increased cardiovascular susceptibility to high dietary salt, such that that minimizing salt intake is probably of particular benefit to this at-risk population ABSTRACT: Intrauterine growth restriction increases the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. Lifestyle factors, such as poor dietary choices, may elevate this risk. We determined whether being born small increases the sensitivity to a dietary salt challenge, in the context of hypertension, kidney disease and arterial stiffness. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation or sham surgery (offspring termed Restricted and Control, respectively) was performed on 18-day pregnant Wistar Kyoto rats. Male offspring were allocated to receive a diet high in salt (8% sodium chloride) or remain on standard rat chow (0.52% sodium chloride) from 20 to 26 weeks of age for 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (tail-cuff), renal function (24 h urine excretions) and vascular stiffness (pressure myography) were assessed. Restricted males were born 15% lighter than Controls and remained smaller throughout the study. Salt-induced hypertension was exacerbated in Restricted offspring, reaching a peak systolic pressure of ∼175 mmHg earlier than normal weight counterparts. The natriuretic response to high dietary salt in Restricted animals was less than in Controls and may explain the early rise in arterial pressure. Growth restricted males allocated to a high salt diet also had increased passive arterial stiffness of mesenteric resistance arteries. Other aspects of renal function, including salt-induced hyperfiltration, albuminuria and glomerular damage, were not exacerbated by uteroplacental insufficiency. The present study demonstrates that male offspring exposed to uteroplacental insufficiency and born small have an increased sensitivity to salt-induced hypertension and arterial remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Gallo
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneVICAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
- Mater Research Institute‐The University of QueenslandTranslational Research InstituteQLDAustralia
| | - Sarah L. Walton
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
| | - Marc Q. Mazzuca
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Marianne Tare
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityVICAustralia
- Monash Rural HealthMonash UniversityVICAustralia
| | | | - Mary E. Wlodek
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandQLDAustralia
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Geurts AM, Mattson DL, Liu P, Cabacungan E, Skelton MM, Kurth TM, Yang C, Endres BT, Klotz J, Liang M, Cowley AW. Maternal diet during gestation and lactation modifies the severity of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 2014; 65:447-55. [PMID: 25452472 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure of parents or early in life may affect disease development in adults. We found that hypertension and renal injury induced by a high-salt diet were substantially attenuated in Dahl SS/JrHsdMcwiCrl (SS/Crl) rats that had been maintained for many generations on the grain-based 5L2F diet compared with SS/JrHsdMcwi rats (SS/Mcw) maintained on the casein-based AIN-76A diet (mean arterial pressure, 116±9 versus 154±25 mm Hg; urinary albumin excretion, 23±12 versus 170±80 mg/d). RNAseq analysis of the renal outer medulla identified 129 and 82 genes responding to a high-salt diet uniquely in SS/Mcw and SS/Crl rats, respectively, along with minor genetic differences between the SS substrains. The 129 genes responding to salt in the SS/Mcw strain included numerous genes with homologs associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or renal disease in human. To narrow the critical window of exposure, we performed embryo-transfer experiments in which single-cell embryos from 1 colony (SS/Mcw or SS/Crl) were transferred to surrogate mothers from the other colony, with parents and surrogate mothers maintained on their respective original diet. All offspring were fed the AIN-76A diet after weaning. Salt-induced hypertension and renal injury were substantially exacerbated in rats developed from SS/Crl embryos transferred to SS/Mcw surrogate mothers. Conversely, salt-induced hypertension and renal injury were significantly attenuated in rats developed from SS/Mcw embryos transferred to SS/Crl surrogate mothers. Together, the data suggest that maternal diet during the gestational-lactational period has substantial effects on the development of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in adult SS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron M Geurts
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
| | - David L Mattson
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Erwin Cabacungan
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Meredith M Skelton
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa M Kurth
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Chun Yang
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Bradley T Endres
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Jason Klotz
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Mingyu Liang
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Departments of Physiology (A.M.G., D.L.M., P.L., M.M.S., T.M.K., C.Y., B.T.E., J.K., M.L., A.W.C.), Pediatrics (E.C.), and Cardiovascular Research Center (A.M.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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Zicha J, Dobešová Z, Vokurková M, Rauchová H, Hojná S, Kadlecová M, Behuliak M, Vaněčková I, Kuneš J. Age-dependent salt hypertension in Dahl rats: fifty years of research. Physiol Res 2013; 61:S35-S87. [PMID: 22827876 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Lewis K. Dahl has presented a new model of salt hypertension - salt-sensitive and salt-resistant Dahl rats. Twenty years later, John P. Rapp has published the first and so far the only comprehensive review on this rat model covering numerous aspects of pathophysiology and genetics of salt hypertension. When we summarized 25 years of our own research on Dahl/Rapp rats, we have realized the need to outline principal abnormalities of this model, to show their interactions at different levels of the organism and to highlight the ontogenetic aspects of salt hypertension development. Our attention was focused on some cellular aspects (cell membrane function, ion transport, cell calcium handling), intra- and extrarenal factors affecting renal function and/or renal injury, local and systemic effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial and smooth muscle changes responsible for abnormal vascular contraction or relaxation, altered balance between various vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems in blood pressure maintenance as well as on the central nervous and peripheral mechanisms involved in the regulation of circulatory homeostasis. We also searched for the age-dependent impact of environmental and pharmacological interventions, which modify the development of high blood pressure and/or organ damage, if they influence the salt-sensitive organism in particular critical periods of development (developmental windows). Thus, severe self-sustaining salt hypertension in young Dahl rats is characterized by pronounced dysbalance between augmented sympathetic hyperactivity and relative nitric oxide deficiency, attenuated baroreflex as well as by a major increase of residual blood pressure indicating profound remodeling of resistance vessels. Salt hypertension development in young but not in adult Dahl rats can be attenuated by preventive increase of potassium or calcium intake. On the contrary, moderate salt hypertension in adult Dahl rats is attenuated by superoxide scavenging or endothelin-A receptor blockade which do not affect salt hypertension development in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zicha
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
In this review, we attempt to outline the age-dependent interactions of principal systems controlling the structure and function of the cardiovascular system in immature rats developing hypertension. We focus our attention on the cardiovascular effects of various pharmacological, nutritional, and behavioral interventions applied at different stages of ontogeny. Several distinct critical periods (developmental windows), in which particular stimuli affect the further development of the cardiovascular phenotype, are specified in the rat. It is evident that short-term transient treatment of genetically hypertensive rats with certain antihypertensive drugs in prepuberty and puberty (at the age of 4-10 wk) has long-term beneficial effects on further development of their cardiovascular apparatus. This juvenile critical period coincides with the period of high susceptibility to the hypertensive effects of increased salt intake. If the hypertensive process develops after this critical period (due to early antihypertensive treatment or late administration of certain hypertensive stimuli, e.g., high salt intake), blood pressure elevation, cardiovascular hypertrophy, connective tissue accumulation, and end-organ damage are considerably attenuated compared with rats developing hypertension during the juvenile critical period. As far as the role of various electrolytes in blood pressure modulation is concerned, prohypertensive effects of dietary Na+ and antihypertensive effects of dietary Ca2+ are enhanced in immature animals, whereas vascular protective and antihypertensive effects of dietary K+ are almost independent of age. At a given level of dietary electrolyte intake, the balance between dietary carbohydrate and fat intake can modify blood pressure even in rats with established hypertension, but dietary protein intake affects the blood pressure development in immature animals only. Dietary protein restriction during gestation, as well as altered mother-offspring interactions in the suckling period, might have important long-term hypertensive consequences. The critical periods (developmental windows) should be respected in the future pharmacological or gene therapy of human hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zicha
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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