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Seanoon K, Kitiyanant V, Payongsri P, Sirachainan N, Angchaisuksiri P, Chuansumrit A, Hongeng S, Tanratana P. Site-directed mutagenesis of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-binding exosite D60A on factor VII results in a new factor VII variant with lower coagulant activity. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102309. [PMID: 38318153 PMCID: PMC10840347 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant factor (F)VIIa (rFVIIa) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hemophilia A and B with inhibitors and congenital FVII deficiency. Moreover, the investigational uses of rFVIIa are becoming of interest since it can be used to treat various clinical bleeding conditions. However, there is evidence showing that rFVIIa is a potent procoagulant agent that potentially leads to an increased risk of thrombotic complications. Objectives To design a new rFVII with lower coagulant activity that could potentially be used as an alternative hemostatic agent aiming to minimize the risk of thrombogenicity. Methods D60A was introduced into the F7 sequence by polymerase chain reaction-based mutagenesis. Wild type (WT) and D60A were generated in human embryonic kidney 293T cells by stable transfection. FVII coagulant activities were determined by amidolytic cleavage of the FVIIa-specific substrate, 2-step FXa generation, thrombin generation (TG), and clot-based assays. Results WT and D60A demonstrated similar FVIIa amidolytic activity. However, D60A showed approximately 50% activity on FX activation and significantly longer lag time in the TG assay than that shown by WT. The clotting time produced by D60A spiked in FVII-deficient plasma was significantly prolonged than that of WT. Additionally, the ex vivo plasma half-lives of WT and D60A were comparable. Conclusion D60A demonstrated lower coagulant activities, most likely due to the weakening of FX binding, leading to impaired FX activation and delayed TG and fibrin formation. Considering that a plasma FVII level of 15% to 25% is adequate for normal hemostasis, D60A is a molecule of interest for future development of an rFVII with a lesser extent of thrombogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnsasin Seanoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorawat Kitiyanant
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ramathibodi Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panwajee Payongsri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Sirachainan
- Ramathibodi Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pantep Angchaisuksiri
- Ramathibodi Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ampaiwan Chuansumrit
- Ramathibodi Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Ramathibodi Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pansakorn Tanratana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ramathibodi Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yin Q, Zhang X, Liao S, Huang X, Wan CC, Wang Y. Potential anticoagulant of traditional chinese medicine and novel targets for anticoagulant drugs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154880. [PMID: 37267694 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulants are the main drugs used for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. Currently, anticoagulant drugs are primarily multitarget heparin drugs, single-target FXa inhibitors and FIIa inhibitors. In addition, some traditional Chinese drugs also have anticoagulant effects, but they are not the main direction of treatment at present. But the anticoagulant drugs mentioned above, all have a common side effect is bleeding. Many other anticoagulation targets are under investigation. With further exploration of coagulation mechanism, how to further determine new anticoagulant targets and how to make traditional Chinese medicine play anticoagulant role have become a new field of exploration. PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to summarize the recent research progress on coagulation mechanisms, new anticoagulant targets and traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using four electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang database and ClinicalTrials.gov, from the inception of the study to 28 Feb 2023. Key words used in the literature search were "anticoagulation", "anticoagulant targets", "new targets", "coagulation mechanisms", "potential anticoagulant", "herb medicine", "botanical medicine", "Chinese medicine", "traditional Chinese medicine", "blood coagulation factor", keywords are linked with AND/OR. Recent findings on coagulation mechanisms, potential anticoagulant targets and traditional Chinese medicine were studied. RESULTS The active components extracted from the Chinese medicinal herbs, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Chuanxiong rhizoma, safflower and Panax notoginseng have obvious anticoagulant effects and can be used as potential anticoagulant drugs, but the risk of bleeding is unclear. TF/FVIIa, FVIII, FIX, FXI, FXII, and FXIII have all been evaluated as targets in animal studies or clinical trials. FIX and FXI are the most studied anticoagulant targets, but FXI inhibitors have shown stronger advantages. CONCLUSION This review of potential anticoagulants provides a comprehensive resource. Literature analysis suggests that FXI inhibitors can be used as potential anticoagulant candidates. In addition, we should not ignore the anticoagulant effect of traditional Chinese medicine, and look forward to more research and the emergence of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinan Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR. China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR. China
| | - Suqing Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR. China
| | - Chunpeng Craig Wan
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Post-Harvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Nanchang 330045, PR. China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR. China.
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Immunothrombosis and the molecular control of tissue factor by pyroptosis: prospects for new anticoagulants. Biochem J 2022; 479:731-750. [PMID: 35344028 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between innate immunity and coagulation after infection or injury, termed immunothrombosis, is the primary cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition that occurs in sepsis. Thrombosis associated with DIC is the leading cause of death worldwide. Interest in immunothrombosis has grown because of COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been termed a syndrome of dysregulated immunothrombosis. As the relatively new field of immunothrombosis expands at a rapid pace, the focus of academic and pharmacological research has shifted from generating treatments targeted at the traditional 'waterfall' model of coagulation to therapies better directed towards immune components that drive coagulopathies. Immunothrombosis can be initiated in macrophages by cleavage of the non-canonical inflammasome which contains caspase-11. This leads to release of tissue factor (TF), a membrane glycoprotein receptor that forms a high-affinity complex with coagulation factor VII/VIIa to proteolytically activate factors IX to IXa and X to Xa, generating thrombin and leading to fibrin formation and platelet activation. The mechanism involves the post-translational activation of TF, termed decryption, and release of decrypted TF via caspase-11-mediated pyroptosis. During aberrant immunothrombosis, decryption of TF leads to thromboinflammation, sepsis, and DIC. Therefore, developing therapies to target pyroptosis have emerged as an attractive concept to counteract dysregulated immunothrombosis. In this review, we detail the three mechanisms of TF control: concurrent induction of TF, caspase-11, and NLRP3 (signal 1); TF decryption, which increases its procoagulant activity (signal 2); and accelerated release of TF into the intravascular space via pyroptosis (signal 3). In this way, decryption of TF is analogous to the two signals of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, whereby induction of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 (signal 1) is followed by activation of NLRP3 (signal 2). We describe in detail TF decryption, which involves pathogen-induced alterations in the composition of the plasma membrane and modification of key cysteines on TF, particularly at the location of the critical, allosterically regulated disulfide bond of TF in its 219-residue extracellular domain. In addition, we speculate towards the importance of identifying new therapeutics to block immunothrombotic triggering of TF, which can involve inhibition of pyroptosis to limit TF release, or the direct targeting of TF decryption using cysteine-modifying therapeutics.
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Richter JM, Cheney DL, Bates JA, Wei A, Luettgen JM, Rendina AR, Harper TM, Narayanan R, Wong PC, Seiffert D, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Design and Synthesis of Novel Meta-Linked Phenylglycine Macrocyclic FVIIa Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:67-72. [PMID: 28105277 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel series of meta-linked phenylglycine-based macrocyclic FVIIa inhibitors have been designed to improve the rodent metabolic stability and PK observed with the precursor para-linked phenylglycine macrocycles. Through iterative structure-based design and optimization, the TF/FVIIa Ki was improved to subnanomolar levels with good clotting activity, metabolic stability, and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Richter
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Daniel L. Cheney
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - J. Alex Bates
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Anzhi Wei
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Joseph M. Luettgen
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Alan R. Rendina
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Timothy M. Harper
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Pancras C. Wong
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Dietmar Seiffert
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - E. Scott Priestley
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
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Wurtz NR, Parkhurst BL, Jiang W, DeLucca I, Zhang X, Ladziata V, Cheney DL, Bozarth JR, Rendina AR, Wei A, Luettgen JM, Wu Y, Wong PC, Seiffert DA, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of Phenylglycine Lactams as Potent Neutral Factor VIIa Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1077-1081. [PMID: 27994741 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of Factor VIIa (FVIIa), a serine protease in the clotting cascade, have shown strong antithrombotic efficacy in preclinical thrombosis models with minimal bleeding liabilities. Discovery of potent, orally active FVIIa inhibitors has been largely unsuccessful because known chemotypes have required a highly basic group in the S1 binding pocket for high affinity. A recently reported fragment screening effort resulted in the discovery of a neutral heterocycle, 7-chloro-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, that binds in the S1 pocket of FVIIa and can be incorporated into a phenylglycine FVIIa inhibitor. Optimization of this P1 binding group led to the first series of neutral, permeable FVIIa inhibitors with low nanomolar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Wurtz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Brandon L. Parkhurst
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Indawati DeLucca
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Vladimir Ladziata
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Daniel L. Cheney
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Bozarth
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Alan R. Rendina
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Anzhi Wei
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Joseph M. Luettgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Yiming Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Pancras C. Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Dietmar A. Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E. Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell Township, New Jersey 08540, United States
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Abstract
Thrombosis is a complex process involving multiple pathways. Currently, therapy relies on the combination of two or more antithrombotic drugs, showing that inhibiting more than one target provides benefits in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. This review focuses on structure-activity relationship studies of molecules possessing multiple actions against thrombosis, namely, dual inhibitors of coagulation, dual inhibitors of coagulation and platelet aggregation, and also dual inhibitors of platelet aggregation. EP217609 has just entered clinical trials, which raise the expectations on the multitarget strategy to prevent or treat thrombosis.
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7
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Exactin: A specific inhibitor of Factor X activation by extrinsic tenase complex from the venom of Hemachatus haemachatus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32036. [PMID: 27558950 PMCID: PMC4997346 DOI: 10.1038/srep32036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unwanted clots lead to heart attack and stroke that result in a large number of deaths. Currently available anticoagulants have some drawbacks including their non-specific actions. Therefore novel anticoagulants that target specific steps in the coagulation pathway are being sought. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a novel anticoagulant protein from the venom of Hemachatus haemachatus (African Ringhals cobra) that specifically inhibits factor X (FX) activation by the extrinsic tenase complex (ETC) and thus named as exactin. Exactin belongs to the three-finger toxin (3FTx) family, with high sequence identity to neurotoxins and low identity to the well-characterized 3FTx anticoagulants-hemextin and naniproin. It is a mixed-type inhibitor of ETC with the kinetic constants, Ki’ and Ki determined as 30.62 ± 7.73 nM and 153.75 ± 17.96 nM, respectively. Exactin does not bind to the active site of factor VIIa and factor Xa based on its weak inhibition (IC50 ≫ 300 μM) to the amidolytic activities of these proteases. Exactin shows exquisite macromolecular specificity to FX activation as compared to factor IX activation by ETC. Exactin thus displays a distinct mechanism when compared to other anticoagulants targeting ETC, with its selective preference to ETC-FX [ES] complex.
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8
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Synthesis, evaluation and structure-activity relationship of new 3-carboxamide coumarins as FXIIa inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Steady-state measurements of fluorescence polarization have been widely adopted in the field of high-throughput screening for the study of biomolecular interactions. This chapter reviews the basic theory of fluorescence polarization, the underlying principle for using fluorescence polarization to study interactions between small-molecule fluorophores and macromolecular targets, and representative applications of fluorescence polarization in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Huang
- Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases Discovery and Translational Area Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd, 720 Cai Lun Road, Bldg 5, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ann Aulabaugh
- Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases Discovery and Translational Area Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd, 720 Cai Lun Road, Bldg 5, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
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10
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Design and synthesis of potent, selective phenylimidazole-based FVIIa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The mammalian molybdenum enzymes of mARC. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 20:265-75. [PMID: 25425164 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The "mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component" (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdenum-containing enzyme in mammals. All mammalian genomes studied to date contain two mARC genes: MARC1 and MARC2. The proteins encoded by these genes are mARC-1 and mARC-2 and represent the simplest form of eukaryotic molybdenum enzymes, only binding the molybdenum cofactor. In the presence of NADH, mARC proteins exert N-reductive activity together with the two electron transport proteins cytochrome b5 type B and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. This enzyme system is capable of reducing a great variety of N-hydroxylated substrates. It plays a decisive role in the activation of prodrugs containing an amidoxime structure, and in detoxification pathways, e.g., of N-hydroxylated purine and pyrimidine bases. It belongs to a group of drug metabolism enzymes, in particular as a counterpart of P450 formed N-oxygenated metabolites. Its physiological relevance, on the other hand, is largely unknown. The aim of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of these proteins with a special focus on the mammalian enzymes and their N-reductive activity.
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Eriksson O, Ramström M, Hörnaeus K, Bergquist J, Mokhtari D, Siegbahn A. The Eph tyrosine kinase receptors EphB2 and EphA2 are novel proteolytic substrates of tissue factor/coagulation factor VIIa. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32379-91. [PMID: 25281742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) binds the serine protease factor VIIa (FVIIa) to form a proteolytically active complex that can trigger coagulation or activate cell signaling. Here we addressed the involvement of tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) in TF/FVIIa signaling by antibody array analysis and subsequently found that EphB2 and EphA2 of the Eph RTK family were cleaved in their ectodomains by TF/FVIIa. We used N-terminal Edman sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis to characterize the cleaved Eph isoforms and identified a key arginine residue at the cleavage site, in agreement with the tryptic serine protease activity of FVIIa. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling and downstream coagulation activity was non-essential in this context, in further support of a direct cleavage by TF/FVIIa. EphB2 was cleaved by FVIIa concentrations in the subnanomolar range in a number of TF expressing cell types, indicating that the active cellular pool of TF was involved. FVIIa caused potentiation of cell repulsion by the EphB2 ligand ephrin-B1, demonstrating a novel proteolytical event to control Eph-mediated cell segregation. These results define Eph RTKs as novel proteolytical targets of TF/FVIIa and provide new insights into how TF/FVIIa regulates cellular functions independently of PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Margareta Ramström
- the Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hörnaeus
- the Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- the Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Dariush Mokhtari
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- From the Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Priestley ES. Tissue factor-fVIIa inhibition: update on an unfinished quest for a novel oral antithrombotic. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1440-4. [PMID: 24881783 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tissue factor-coagulation factor VIIa complex (TF-fVIIa) is a well-validated biological target and has been the focus of extensive research directed toward the discovery of novel oral antithrombotics. This review briefly summarizes the key antithrombotic target validation data and provides an update on recent advances in small molecule TF-fVIIa inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, 311 Pennington-Rocky-Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
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14
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Glunz PW, Zhang X, Zou Y, Delucca I, Nirschl AH, Cheng X, Weigelt CA, Cheney DL, Wei A, Anumula R, Luettgen JM, Rendina AR, Harpel M, Luo G, Knabb R, Wong PC, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Nonbenzamidine acylsulfonamide tissue factor–factor VIIa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5244-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Denas G, Pengo V. Investigational anticoagulants for hematological conditions: a new generation of therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1281-94. [PMID: 23876036 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.821463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of novel anticoagulants has had contrasting effects on the agents in the pipeline, fueling the development of some and sinking the others. The complexity of the coagulation cascade offers interesting inhibition choices that might become valid treatment options. AREAS COVERED This review will highlight some of the anticoagulants in the pipeline. Following the success of the direct thrombin and FXa inhibitors already in the market, new agents are being tested. These include AZD0837, betrixaban, letaxaban, darexaban, and LY517717. Targeting other components of the hemostatic pathway might lead to better safety profiles without influencing efficacy. Inhibitors to FVIIa-tissue factor (FVIIa/TF) complex, FIX, FXI, and FXII are being assessed. New inspiring inhibitors are antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and aptamers. These are highly specific agents with readily reversible effect and might be engineered to inhibit any coagulation factor. Currently tested ASOs and aptamers are inhibitors of FXI, FXII, thrombin, FIXa, and platelet GPIV. EXPERT OPINION Some of the agents in the pipeline offer valid treatment option for long-term therapy, overcoming some of the drawbacks of the novel anticoagulants. Research is being driven by an expanding market in the anticoagulation field that has been unexploited for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Denas
- Padua University Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences , Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova , Italy +390498215658 ; +390498215658 ;
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Ilić M, Dunkel P, Ilaš J, Chabielska E, Zakrzeska A, Mátyus P, Kikelj D. Towards dual antithrombotic compounds – Balancing thrombin inhibitory and fibrinogen GPIIb/IIIa binding inhibitory activities of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine derivatives through regio- and stereoisomerism. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:329-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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ten Cate H. Tissue factor-driven thrombin generation and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Thromb Res 2012; 129 Suppl 2:S38-40. [PMID: 22398011 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane receptor tissue factor is a prominent protein expressed at macrophages and smooth muscle cells within human atherosclerotic lesions. While many coagulation proteins are detectable in atherosclerosis, a locally active thrombin and fibrin generating molecular machinery may be instrumental in manipulating cellular functions involved in atherogenesis. These include inflammation, angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Indeed, many experimental studies in mice show a correlation between hypercoagulability and increased atherosclerosis. In mice, the amount of atherosclerosis and/or the plaque phenotype, appear to be modifiable by specific anticoagulant interventions. While attempts to vary tissue factor level in the vasculature does not directly reduce plaque burden, the overexpression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor attenuates thrombogenicity and neo intima formation in mice. Moreover, inhibition of factor Xa or thrombin with novel selective agents, including rivaroxaban and dabigatran, inhibits inflammation associated with atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice. The potential to modify a complex chronic disease like atherosclerosis with novel selective anticoagulants merits further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo ten Cate
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Havemeyer A, Lang J, Clement B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC: current state of research. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:524-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.608682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Singh M, Adigopula S, Patel P, Kiran K, Khosla S. Recent advances in oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 4:395-407. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944710386844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained rhythm disturbance. Thromboembolic events related to atrial fibrillation result in significant morbidity, mortality and increases in the cost of healthcare. Anticoagulants are pivotal agents for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. The latest American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend antithrombotic therapy to prevent thromboembolism for all patients with atrial fibrillation, except those with lone atrial fibrillation or contraindications. Vitamin K antagonists were first synthesized in 1948 and for the past six decades they have been the only agents used for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Although these drugs are effective, they have numerous limitations, which have led to the development of newer anticoagulant therapies. The emerging oral anticoagulant agents are target selective. They have predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and do not require routine monitoring. They are not associated with significant food and drug interactions, and can be administered in simple fixed daily or twice daily doses. This article reviews the current literature on various targets for anticoagulant therapy and newer oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1500 California Avenue, Chicago, IL 60608, USA,
| | | | - Pawan Patel
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kranti Kiran
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandeep Khosla
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Goldman PSN, Ezekowitz MD. Principles of Anticoagulation and New Therapeutic Agents in Atrial Fibrillation. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2010; 2:479-492. [PMID: 28770805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulation is required in cardiac arrhythmias, specifically atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter, to reduce the risk of thromboembolism. Principles of anticoagulation of both AF and atrial flutter are similar because the location and nature of the arrhythmias are similar. Approximately 2 million people in the United States are affected by AF, and the prevalence is expected to exceed 10 million by the year 2050. Warfarin is known to reduce stroke risk by 68% in patients with AF and is the most effective agent for this indication, although it is not without risk. Antithrombotic therapy with antiplatelets or anticoagulants is recommended for most patients with AF. This review discusses the principles of anticoagulation and the mechanism of action, pharmacologic profile, and phase of development of the therapeutic agents used as anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S N Goldman
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Clinical Research Center, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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21
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Shi Y, Li C, O’Connor SP, Zhang J, Shi M, Bisaha SN, Wang Y, Sitkoff D, Pudzianowski AT, Huang C, Klei HE, Kish K, Yanchunas J, Liu ECK, Hartl KS, Seiler SM, Steinbacher TE, Schumacher WA, Atwal KS, Stein PD. Aroylguanidine-based factor Xa inhibitors: The discovery of BMS-344577. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6882-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Jiao JA, Kelly AB, Marzec UM, Nieves E, Acevedo J, Burkhardt M, Edwards A, Zhu XY, Chavaillaz PA, Wong A, Wong JL, Egan JO, Taylor D, Rhode PR, Wong HC. Inhibition of acute vascular thrombosis in chimpanzees by an anti-human tissue factor antibody targeting the factor X binding site. Thromb Haemost 2009; 103:224-33. [PMID: 20062929 DOI: 10.1160/th09-06-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) antagonists targeting the factor VII (FVII) binding domain have been shown to interrupt acute vascular thrombus formation without impairing haemostasis in non-human primates. In this study, we evaluate whether a human/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (ALT-836, formerly known as Sunol-cH36) blocking the factor X/factor IX (FX/FIX) binding site of tissue factor could achieve similar clinical benefits in an arterial thrombosis model induced by surgical endarterectomy in chimpanzees. In this model, sequential surgical endarterectomies on right and left superficial femoral arteries were performed 30 days apart in five chimpanzees. A bolus (1 mg/kg) of ALT-836 was injected intravenously immediately preceding the restoration of flow in the endarterectomised femoral artery. Pre-surgical labelling of autologous platelets using (111)In-Oxine and post-surgical gamma camera imaging of (111)In-platelet deposition at endarterectomy sites was performed. The manipulated arterial segments were harvested for patency analysis 30 days following surgery. The results indicate that ALT-836 was highly effective at reducing acute vascular thrombosis, with no significant variations in surgical blood loss and template-bleeding time in the treated group compared to the control animals. These data suggest that ALT-836 is an effective and safe antithrombotic agent in preventing TF-initiated vascular thrombogenesis without compromising haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-an Jiao
- Sunol Molecular Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
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23
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,5-benzothiazepine-4-one derivatives targeting factor VIIa/tissue factor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1386-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Steady-state measurements of fluorescence polarization have been widely adopted in the field of high-throughput screening for the study of biomolecular interactions. This chapter reviews the basic theory of fluorescence polarization, the underlying principle for using fluorescence polarization to study interactions between small-molecule fluorophores and macromolecular targets, and representative applications of fluorescence polarization in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Huang
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
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25
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Usman MHU, Notaro LA, Patel H, Ezekowitz MD. New developments in anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2008; 10:388-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-008-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Umer Usman MH, Raza S, Raza S, Ezekowitz M. Advancement in antithrombotics for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2008; 22:129-37. [PMID: 18425569 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-008-9210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolving field of antithrombotic drug therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The current standard of therapy includes warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon which have proven efficacy by reducing stroke by 68% against placebo. However, a narrow therapeutic index, wide variation in metabolism, and numerous food and drug interactions have limited their clinical application to only 50% of the indicated population. Newer agents such as direct thrombin inhibitors, factor Xa inhibitors, factor IX inhibitors, tissue factor inhibitors and a novel vitamin K antagonist are being developed to overcome the limitations of current agents. The direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran is farthest along in development. Further clinical trial testing, and eventual incorporation into clinical practice will depend on safety, efficacy and cost. Development of a novel vitamin K antagonist with better INR control will challenge the newer mechanistic agents in their quest to replace the existing vitamin K antagonists. Till then, the large unfilled gap to replace conventional agents remains open. This review will assess all these agents, and compare their mechanism of action, stage of development and pharmacologic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mackman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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