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Alvino VV, Mohammed KAK, Gu Y, Madeddu P. Approaches for the isolation and long-term expansion of pericytes from human and animal tissues. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1095141. [PMID: 36704463 PMCID: PMC9873410 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes surround capillaries in every organ of the human body. They are also present around the vasa vasorum, the small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins. The clinical interest in pericytes is rapidly growing, with the recognition of their crucial roles in controlling vascular function and possible therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Nonetheless, discrepancies in methods used to define, isolate, and expand pericytes are common and may affect reproducibility. Separating pure pericyte preparations from the continuum of perivascular mesenchymal cells is challenging. Moreover, variations in functional behavior and antigenic phenotype in response to environmental stimuli make it difficult to formulate an unequivocal definition of bona fide pericytes. Very few attempts were made to develop pericytes as a clinical-grade product. Therefore, this review is devoted to appraising current methodologies' pros and cons and proposing standardization and harmonization improvements. We highlight the importance of developing upgraded protocols to create therapeutic pericyte products according to the regulatory guidelines for clinical manufacturing. Finally, we describe how integrating RNA-seq techniques with single-cell spatial analysis, and functional assays may help realize the full potential of pericytes in health, disease, and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Abdelsattar Kassem Mohammed
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Yue Gu
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Avolio E, Mangialardi G, Slater SC, Alvino VV, Gu Y, Cathery W, Beltrami AP, Katare R, Heesom K, Caputo M, Madeddu P. Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich Matricellular Protein is Enriched in the Bioactive Fraction of the Human Vascular Pericyte Secretome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1151-1164. [PMID: 33226850 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To ascertain if human pericytes produce SPARC (acronym for Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich), a matricellular protein implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and cell-matrix interactions; clarify if SPARC expression in cardiac pericytes is modulated by hypoxia; and determine the functional consequences of SPARC silencing. Results: Starting from the recognition that the conditioned media (CM) of human pericytes promote proliferation and migration of cardiac stromal cells, we screened candidate mediators by mass-spectrometry analysis. Of the 14 high-confidence proteins (<1% FDR) identified in the bioactive fractions of the pericyte CM, SPARC emerged as the top-scored matricellular protein. SPARC expression was validated using ELISA and found to be upregulated by hypoxia/starvation in pericytes that express platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). This subfraction is acknowledged to play a key role in extracellular matrix remodeling. Studies in patients with acute myocardial infarction showed that peripheral blood SPARC correlates with the levels of creatine kinase Mb, a marker of cardiac damage. Immunohistochemistry analyses of infarcted hearts revealed that SPARC is expressed in vascular and interstitial cells. Silencing of SPARC reduced the pericyte ability to secrete collagen1a1, without inhibiting the effects of CM on cardiac and endothelial cells. These data indicate that SPARC is enriched in the bioactive fraction of the pericyte CM, is induced by hypoxia and ischemia, and is essential for pericyte ability to produce collagen. Innovation: This study newly indicates that pericytes are a source of the matricellular protein SPARC. Conclusion: Modulation of SPARC production by pericytes may have potential implications for postinfarct healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mangialardi
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sadie C Slater
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria V Alvino
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Gu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - William Cathery
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio P Beltrami
- Dipartimento Area Medica, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Universitaria, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate Heesom
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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3
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Gu Y, Rampin A, Alvino VV, Spinetti G, Madeddu P. Cell Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia: Advantages, Limitations, and New Perspectives for Treatment of Patients with Critical Diabetic Vasculopathy. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:11. [PMID: 33651185 PMCID: PMC7925447 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a highlight of the current state of cell therapy for the treatment of critical limb ischemia in patients with diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The global incidence of diabetes is constantly growing with consequent challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. In the UK only, NHS costs attributed to diabetic complications, such as peripheral vascular disease, amputation, blindness, renal failure, and stroke, average £10 billion each year, with cost pressure being estimated to get worse. Although giant leaps forward have been registered in the scope of early diagnosis and optimal glycaemic control, an effective treatment for critical limb ischemia is still lacking. The present review aims to provide an update of the ongoing work in the field of regenerative medicine. Recent advancements but also limitations imposed by diabetes on the potential of the approach are addressed. In particular, the review focuses on the perturbation of non-coding RNA networks in progenitor cells and the possibility of using emerging knowledge on molecular mechanisms to design refined protocols for personalized therapy. The field of cell therapy showed rapid progress but has limitations. Significant advances are foreseen in the upcoming years thanks to a better understanding of molecular bottlenecks associated with the metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - A Rampin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - V V Alvino
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G Spinetti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - P Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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4
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Jover E, Fagnano M, Cathery W, Slater S, Pisanu E, Gu Y, Avolio E, Bruno D, Baz-Lopez D, Faulkner A, Carrabba M, Angelini G, Madeddu P. Human adventitial pericytes provide a unique source of anti-calcific cells for cardiac valve engineering: Role of microRNA-132-3p. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:137-151. [PMID: 33497799 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tissue engineering aims to improve the longevity of prosthetic heart valves. However, the optimal cell source has yet to be determined. This study aimed to establish a mechanistic rationale supporting the suitability of human adventitial pericytes (APCs). METHODS AND RESULTS APCs were immunomagnetically sorted from saphenous vein leftovers of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and antigenically characterized for purity. Unlike bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs), APCs were resistant to calcification and delayed osteochondrogenic differentiation upon high phosphate (HP) induction, as assessed by cytochemistry and expression of osteogenic markers. Moreover, glycolysis was activated during osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs, whereas APCs showed no increase in glycolysis upon HP challenge. The microRNA-132-3p (miR-132), a known inhibitor of osteogenesis, was found constitutively expressed by APCs and upregulated following HP stimulation. The anti-calcific role of miR-132 was further corroborated by in silico analysis, luciferase assays in HEK293 cells, and transfecting APCs with miR-132 agomir and antagomir, followed by assessment of osteochondrogenic markers. Interestingly, treatment of swine cardiac valves with APC-derived conditioned medium conferred them with resistance to HP-induced osteogenesis, with this effect being negated when using the medium of miR-132-silenced APCs. Additionally, as an initial bioengineering step, APCs were successfully engrafted onto pericardium sheets, where they proliferated and promoted aortic endothelial cells attraction, a process mimicking valve endothelialization. CONCLUSIONS Human APCs are resistant to calcification compared with BM-MSCs and convey the anti-calcific phenotype to heart valves through miR-132. These findings may open new important avenues for prosthetic valve cellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jover
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Marco Fagnano
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - William Cathery
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sadie Slater
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuela Pisanu
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Gu
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Bruno
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Baz-Lopez
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ashton Faulkner
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Michele Carrabba
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Angelini
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School (Translational Health Sciences), Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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5
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Adventitial Progenitor Cells of Human Great Saphenous Vein Enhance the Resolution of Venous Thrombosis via Neovascularization. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8816763. [PMID: 33679991 PMCID: PMC7926266 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8816763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular adventitia contains progenitor cells and is shown to participate in vascular remolding. Progenitor cells are recruited into the venous thrombi in mice to promote neovascularization. We hypothesized that the adventitial progenitor cells of human great saphenous vein (HGSV-AdPC) enhance the resolution of venous thrombosis via neovascularization. Methods Human great saphenous vein (HGSV) was harvested from the patients with great saphenous vein varicose and sectioned for immunohistochemistry, or minced for progenitor cell primary culture, or placed in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution for decellularization. Human venous thrombi were collected from patients with great saphenous vein varicose and superficial thrombophlebitis. Infrarenal abdominal aorta of New Zealand white rabbits was replaced with interposing decellularized vessel, and the patency of the grafts was confirmed by ultrasonic examination. Animal venous thrombi in the left infrarenal vena cava of mice were produced with Prolene suture ligation and ophthalmic force clipping of this portion. After HGSVs were digested by collagenase, the CD34+CD117+ HGSV-AdPC were isolated on FACS system, labelled with CM-Dil, and transplanted into the adventitia of infrarenal vena cava of nude mice. The percentage of thrombus organization area to the thrombus area was calculated as the organization rate. The thrombus cell, endothelial cells, and macrophages in the thrombi were counted in sections. Cell smears and frozen sections of human saphenous veins and venous thrombi were labeled with Sca1, CD34, CD117, Flk1, CD31, and F4/80 antibodies. The CD34+CD117+ HGSV-AdPC were cultured in endothelial growth medium with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to induce endothelial cell differentiation and analyzed with real time-PCR, Western blotting, and tube formation assays. Results Immunohistochemical staining showed that the CD34+CD117+ cells were located within the adventitia of HGSVs, and many CD34+ and CD117+ cells have emerged in the human venous thrombi. The number of progenitor cells within the marginal area of 7 days mice thrombi was shown to be Sca1+ ≈21%, CD34+ ≈12%, CD117+ ≈9%, and Flk1+ ≈5%. Many CD34+adventitial progenitor cells have migrated into the decellularized vessels. FACS showed that the number of CD34+CD117+ HGSV-AdPC in primary cultured cells as 1.2 ± 0.07%. After CD34+CD117+HGSV-AdPC were transplanted into the adventitia of nude mice vena cava with venous thrombi, the organization rate, nucleate cell count, endothelial cells, and macrophage cells of thrombi were shown to be significantly increased. The transplanted CD34+CD117+ HGSV-AdPC at the adventitia have crossed the vein wall, entered the venous thrombi, and differentiated into endothelial cells. The CD34+CD117+ HGSV-AdPC in the culture medium in the presence of VEGF-promoted gene and protein expression of endothelial cell markers in vitro and induced tube formation. Conclusions HGSV-AdPC could cross the vein wall and migrate from the adventitia into the venous thrombi. Increased HGSV-AdPC in the adventitia has enhanced the resolution of venous thrombi via differentiating into endothelial cells of neovascularization.
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Madeddu P. Cell therapy for the treatment of heart disease: Renovation work on the broken heart is still in progress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:206-222. [PMID: 33421587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the number one killer in the aging population. Heart failure (HF) is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Novel therapeutic approaches that could restore stable heart function are much needed in both paediatric and adult patients. Regenerative medicine holds promises to provide definitive solutions for correction of congenital and acquired cardiac defects. In this review article, we recap some important aspects of cardiovascular cell therapy. First, we report quantifiable data regarding the scientific advancements in the field and how this has been translated into tangible outcomes according clinical studies and related meta-analyses. We then comment on emerging trends and technologies, such as the use of second-generation cell products, including pericyte-like vascular progenitors, and reprogramming of cells by different approaches including modulation of oxidative stress. The more affordable and feasible strategy of repurposing clinically available drugs to awaken the intrinsic healing potential of the heart will be discussed in the light of current social, financial, and ethical context. Cell therapy remains a work in progress field. Uncertainty in the ability of the experts and policy makers to solve urgent medical problems is growing in a world that is significantly influenced by them. This is particularly true in the field of regenerative medicine, due to great public expectations, polarization of leadership and funding, and insufficient translational vision. Cardiovascular regenerative medicine should be contextualized in a holistic program with defined priorities to allow a complete realization. Reshaping the notion of medical expertise is fundamental to fill the current gap in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, BS28HW, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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7
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Carrabba M, Jover E, Fagnano M, Thomas AC, Avolio E, Richardson T, Carter B, Vozzi G, Perriman AW, Madeddu P. Fabrication of New Hybrid Scaffolds for in vivo Perivascular Application to Treat Limb Ischemia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:598890. [PMID: 33330660 PMCID: PMC7711071 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.598890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies are emerging as a new therapeutic frontier for the treatment of ischemic disease. However, femoral occlusions can be challenging environments for effective therapeutic cell delivery. In this study, cell-engineered hybrid scaffolds are implanted around the occluded femoral artery and the therapeutic benefit through the formation of new collateral arteries is investigated. First, it is reported the fabrication of different hybrid “hard-soft” 3D channel-shaped scaffolds comprising either poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) or polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and electro-spun of gelatin (GL) nanofibers. Both PCL-GL and PLGA-GL scaffolds show anisotropic characteristics in mechanical tests and PLGA displays a greater rigidity and faster degradability in wet conditions. The resulting constructs are engineered using human adventitial pericytes (APCs) and both exhibit excellent biocompatibility. The 3D environment also induces expressional changes in APCs, conferring a more pronounced proangiogenic secretory profile. Bioprinting of alginate-pluronic gel (AG/PL), containing APCs and endothelial cells, completes the hybrid scaffold providing accurate spatial organization of the delivered cells. The scaffolds implantation around the mice occluded femoral artery shows that bioengineered PLGA hybrid scaffold outperforms the PCL counterpart accelerating limb blood flow recovery through the formation arterioles with diameters >50 μm, demonstrating the therapeutic potential in stimulating reparative angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carrabba
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jover
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fagnano
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anita C Thomas
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Richardson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Carter
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Vozzi
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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8
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Naduthottathil MR, Avolio E, Carrabba M, Davis S, Caputo M, Madeddu P, Su B. The Effect of Matrix Stiffness of Biomimetic Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffolds on Human Cardiac Pericyte Behavior. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4385-4396. [PMID: 35021398 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common and deadly congenital anomaly, accounting for up to 7.5% of all infant deaths. Survival in children born with CHD has improved dramatically over the past several decades (this positive trend being counterbalanced by the fact that more patients develop heart failure). Seminal data indicate an alteration of the extracellular matrix occurs with time in these hearts due to diffuse and abundant interstitial fibrosis. This results in an escalation in the stiffness of the local myocardial microenvironment. However, the influence of matrix stiffness in regulating the function of resident human stromal cells has not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of scaffold stiffness on the antigenic and functional profile of cardiac pericytes (CPs) isolated from patients with CHD. To this end, we have first manufactured gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds with varying degrees of stiffness using an in situ cross-linking electrospinning technique in a pure water solvent system. We assessed Young's modulus and performed a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the scaffolds employing scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We next evaluated the changes induced by a different scaffold stiffness on CP morphology, antigenic profile, viability, proliferation, angiocrine activity, and induced differentiation. Results indicate that soft matrixes with a fiber diameter of ∼400 nm increase CP proliferation, secretion of angiopoietin 2, and F-actin stress fiber formation, without affecting the antigenic profile, viability, or differentiation. These data indicate for the first time that human CPs can be functionally influenced by slight changes in matrix stiffness. The study elucidates the importance of mechanical/morphological cues in modulating the behavior of stromal cells isolated from patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincy Raj Naduthottathil
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials (BCFN), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Carrabba
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Su
- Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
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Fadini GP, Spinetti G, Santopaolo M, Madeddu P. Impaired Regeneration Contributes to Poor Outcomes in Diabetic Peripheral Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:34-44. [PMID: 31510789 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk and accelerates the course of peripheral artery disease, making patients more susceptible to ischemic events and infections and delaying tissue healing. Current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms is mainly based on the negative influence of diabetes mellitus on atherosclerotic disease and inflammation. In recent years, the novel concept that diabetes mellitus can impinge on endogenous regenerative processes has been introduced. Diabetes mellitus affects regeneration at the local level, disturbing proper angiogenesis, collateral artery formation, and muscle repair. Recent evidence indicates that an impairment in vascular mural cells, alias pericytes, may participate in diabetic peripheral vasculopathy. Moreover, the bone marrow undergoes a global remodeling, consisting of microvessels and sensory neurons rarefaction and fat accumulation, which creates a hostile microenvironment for resident stem cells. Bone marrow remodeling is also responsible for detrimental systemic effects. In particular, the aid of reparative cells from the bone marrow is compromised: these elements are released in an improper manner and become harmful vectors of inflammatory and antiangiogenic molecules and noncoding RNAs. This new understanding of impaired regeneration is inspiring new therapeutic options for the treatment of ischemic complications in people with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy (G.P.F.).,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy (G.P.F.)
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy (G.S.)
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (M.S., P.M.)
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (M.S., P.M.)
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10
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Hong X, Gu W. Plasticity of vascular resident mesenchymal stromal cells during vascular remodeling. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:H67-H73. [PMID: 32923956 PMCID: PMC7439836 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a complex and dynamic pathological process engaging many different cell types that reside within the vasculature. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) refer to a heterogeneous cell population with the plasticity to differentiate toward multiple mesodermal lineages. Various types of MSC have been identified within the vascular wall that actively contribute to the vascular remodeling process such as atherosclerosis. With the advances of genetic mouse models, recent findings demonstrated the crucial roles of MSCs in the progression of vascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview on the current knowledge of the characteristics and behavior of vascular resident MSCs under quiescence and remodeling conditions, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenduo Gu
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Role of TPBG (Trophoblast Glycoprotein) Antigen in Human Pericyte Migratory and Angiogenic Activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1113-1124. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
To determine the role of the oncofetal protein TPBG (trophoblast glycoprotein) in normal vascular function and reparative vascularization.
Approach and Results—
Immunohistochemistry of human veins was used to show TPBG expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial pericyte-like cells (APCs). ELISA, Western blot, immunocytochemistry, and proximity ligation assays evidenced a hypoxia-dependent upregulation of TPBG in APCs not found in vascular smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells. This involves the transcriptional modulator CITED2 (Atypical chemokine receptor 3 CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid (E)/aspartic acid (D)-rich tail) and downstream activation of CXCL12 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand-12) signaling through the CXCR7 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7) receptor and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2). TPBG silencing by siRNA transfection downregulated CXCL12, CXCR7, and pERK (phospho Thr202/Tyr204 ERK1/2) and reduced the APC migratory and proangiogenic capacities. TPBG forced expression induced opposite effects, which were associated with the formation of CXCR7/CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) heterodimers and could be contrasted by CXCL12 and CXCR7 neutralization. In vivo Matrigel plug assays using APCs with or without TPBG silencing evidenced TPBG is essential for angiogenesis. Finally, in immunosuppressed mice with limb ischemia, intramuscular injection of TPBG-overexpressing APCs surpassed naïve APCs in enhancing perfusion recovery and reducing the rate of toe necrosis.
Conclusions—
TPBG orchestrates the migratory and angiogenic activities of pericytes through the activation of the CXCL12/CXCR7/pERK axis. This novel mechanism could be a relevant target for therapeutic improvement of reparative angiogenesis.
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13
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Vasculogenic properties of adventitial Sca-1 +CD45 + progenitor cells in mice: a potential source of vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7286. [PMID: 31086203 PMCID: PMC6513996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular origins of vasa vasorum are ill-defined and may involve circulating or local progenitor cells. We previously discovered that murine aortic adventitia contains Sca-1+CD45+ progenitors that produce macrophages. Here we investigated whether they are also vasculogenic. In aortas of C57BL/6 mice, Sca-1+CD45+ cells were localised to adventitia and lacked surface expression of endothelial markers (<1% for CD31, CD144, TIE-2). In contrast, they did show expression of CD31, CD144, TIE-2 and VEGFR2 in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- aortas. Although Sca-1+CD45+ cells from C57BL/6 aorta did not express CD31, they formed CD31+ colonies in endothelial differentiation media and produced interconnecting vascular-like cords in Matrigel that contained both endothelial cells and a small population of macrophages, which were located at branch points. Transfer of aortic Sca-1+CD45+ cells generated endothelial cells and neovessels de novo in a hindlimb model of ischaemia and resulted in a 50% increase in perfusion compared to cell-free control. Similarly, their injection into the carotid adventitia of ApoE-/- mice produced donor-derived adventitial and peri-adventitial microvessels after atherogenic diet, suggestive of newly formed vasa vasorum. These findings show that beyond its content of macrophage progenitors, adventitial Sca-1+CD45+ cells are also vasculogenic and may be a source of vasa vasorum during atherogenesis.
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Majesky MW. Vascular Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e17-e24. [PMID: 29467221 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system forms as a branching network of endothelial cells that acquire identity as arterial, venous, hemogenic, or lymphatic. Endothelial specification depends on gene targets transcribed by Ets domain-containing factors, including Ets variant gene 2 (Etv2), together with the activity of chromatin-remodeling complexes containing Brahma-related gene-1 (Brg1). Once specified and assembled into vessels, mechanisms regulating lumen diameter and axial growth ensure that the structure of the branching vascular network matches the need for perfusion of target tissues. In addition, blood vessels provide important morphogenic cues that guide or direct the development of organs forming around them. As the embryo grows and lumen diameters increase, smooth muscle cells wrap around the nascent vessel walls to provide mechanical strength and vasomotor control of the circulation. Increasing mechanical stretch and wall strain promote smooth muscle cell differentiation via coupling of actin cytoskeletal remodeling to myocardin and serum response factor-dependent transcription. Remodeling of artery walls by developmental signaling pathways reappears in postnatal blood vessels during physiological and pathological adaptation to vessel wall injury, inflammation, or chronic hypoxia. Recent reports providing insights into major steps in vascular development are reviewed here with a particular emphasis on studies that have been recently published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majesky
- From the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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15
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Lee LL, Chintalgattu V. Pericytes in the Heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:187-210. [PMID: 30937870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells known as pericytes envelop the endothelial layer of microvessels throughout the body and have been described to have tissue-specific functions. Cardiac pericytes are abundantly found in the heart, but they are relatively understudied. Currently, their importance is emerging in cardiovascular homeostasis and dysfunction due to their pleiotropism. They are known to play key roles in vascular tone and vascular integrity as well as angiogenesis. However, their dysfunctional presence and/or absence is critical in the mechanisms that lead to cardiac pathologies such as myocardial infarction, fibrosis, and thrombosis. Moreover, they are targeted as a therapeutic potential due to their mesenchymal properties that could allow them to repair and regenerate a damaged heart. They are also sought after as a cell-based therapy based on their healing potential in preclinical studies of animal models of myocardial infarction. Therefore, recognizing the importance of cardiac pericytes and understanding their biology will lead to new therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Lee
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu Chintalgattu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Vono R, Jover Garcia E, Spinetti G, Madeddu P. Oxidative Stress in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Senescence: Regulation by Coding and Noncoding RNAs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:864-879. [PMID: 28762752 PMCID: PMC6080119 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adult stem cells with the potential of differentiation into mesodermal lineages, play an important role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In different organs, a subpopulation of MSCs is located near the vasculature and possibly represents the original source of lineage-committed mesenchymal progenitors. Recent Advances: The plasticity and immune characteristics of MSCs render them a preferential tool for regenerative cell therapy. CRITICAL ISSUES The culture expansion needed before MSC transplantation is associated with cellular senescence. Moreover, accelerated senescence of the total and perivascular MSC pool has been observed in humans and mouse models of premature aging disorders. MSC dysfunction is acknowledged as a culprit for the aging-associated degeneration of mesodermal tissues, but the underlying epigenetic pathways remain elusive. This article reviews current understanding of mechanisms impinging on MSC health, including oxidative stress, Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element activity, sirtuins, noncoding RNAs, and PKCs. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We provide evidence that epigenetic profiling of MSCs is utilitarian to the prediction of therapeutic outcomes. In addition, strategies that target oxidative stress-associated mechanisms represent promising approaches to counteract the detrimental effect of age and senescence in MSCs.-Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 864-879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vono
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research , IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Jover Garcia
- 2 School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research , IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- 2 School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol , United Kingdom
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17
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Slater SC, Jover E, Martello A, Mitić T, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Vono R, Alvino VV, Satchell SC, Spinetti G, Caporali A, Madeddu P. MicroRNA-532-5p Regulates Pericyte Function by Targeting the Transcription Regulator BACH1 and Angiopoietin-1. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2823-2837. [PMID: 30274787 PMCID: PMC6277430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate endothelial function and angiogenesis, but their implication in pericyte biology remains undetermined. A PCR array, covering a panel of 379 human microRNAs, showed microRNA-532-5p to be one of the most differentially modulated by hypoxia, which was confirmed by qPCR in both skeletal muscle and adventitial pericytes. Furthermore, microRNA-532-5p was upregulated in murine muscular pericytes early after experimentally induced ischemia, decreasing below baseline after reperfusion. Transfection of human pericytes with anti-microRNA, microRNA-mimic, or controls indicates microRNA-532-5p modulates pro-angiogenic activity via transcriptional regulation of angiopoietin-1. Tie-2 blockade abrogated the ability of microRNA-532-5p-overexpressing pericytes to promote endothelial network formation in vitro. However, angiopoietin-1 is not a direct target of microRNA-532-5p. In silico analysis of microRNA-532-5p inhibitory targets associated with angiopoietin-1 transcription indicated three potential candidates, BACH1, HIF1AN, and EGLN1. Binding of microRNA-532-5p to the BACH1 3' UTR was confirmed by luciferase assay. MicroRNA-532-5p silencing increased BACH1, while a microRNA-532-5p mimic decreased expression. Silencing of BACH1 modulated angiopoietin-1 gene and protein expression. ChIP confirmed BACH1 transcriptional regulation of angiopoietin-1 promoter. Finally, microRNA-532-5p overexpression increased pericyte coverage in an in vivo Matrigel assay, suggesting its role in vascular maturation. This study provides a new mechanistic understanding of the transcriptional program orchestrating angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signaling in human pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie C Slater
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Eva Jover
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrea Martello
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tijana Mitić
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Iker Rodriguez-Arabaolaza
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Rosa Vono
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Valeria V Alvino
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Andrea Caporali
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xie
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.)
| | - Ye Fan
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.).
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CD90 Identifies Adventitial Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells in Adult Human Medium- and Large-Sized Arteries. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:242-257. [PMID: 30008326 PMCID: PMC6067150 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reportedly exist in a vascular niche occupying the outer adventitial layer. However, these cells have not been well characterized in vivo in medium- and large-sized arteries in humans, and their potential pathological role is unknown. To address this, healthy and diseased arterial tissues were obtained as surplus surgical specimens and freshly processed. We identified that CD90 marks a rare adventitial population that co-expresses MSC markers including PDGFRα, CD44, CD73, and CD105. However, unlike CD90, these additional markers were widely expressed by other cells. Human adventitial CD90+ cells fulfilled standard MSC criteria, including plastic adherence, spindle morphology, passage ability, colony formation, and differentiation into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Phenotypic and transcriptomic profiling, as well as adoptive transfer experiments, revealed a potential role in vascular disease pathogenesis, with the transcriptomic disease signature of these cells being represented in an aortic regulatory gene network that is operative in atherosclerosis. We identify, in situ and in vivo, adventitial CD90+ MSCs in human arteries Human adventitial CD90+ cells fulfill all criteria for an MSC population Other markers, such as CD44 and PDGFRα, were non-specific for adventitial MSCs The CD90+ MSC transcriptomic signature suggests a major role in vascular disease
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20
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Cathery W, Faulkner A, Maselli D, Madeddu P. Concise Review: The Regenerative Journey of Pericytes Toward Clinical Translation. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1295-1310. [PMID: 29732653 PMCID: PMC6175115 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the single leading cause of death worldwide. Advances in treatment and management have significantly improved patient outcomes. On the other hand, although mortality rates have decreased, more people are left with sequelae that require additional treatment and hospitalization. Moreover, patients with severe nonrevascularizable CAD remain with only the option of heart transplantation, which is limited by the shortage of suitable donors. In recent years, cell-based regenerative therapy has emerged as a possible alternative treatment, with several regenerative medicinal products already in the clinical phase of development and others emerging as competitive preclinical solutions. Recent evidence indicates that pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, represent a promising therapeutic candidate. Pericytes are abundant in the human body, play an active role in angiogenesis, vessel stabilization and blood flow regulation, and possess the capacity to differentiate into multiple cells of the mesenchymal lineage. Moreover, early studies suggest a robustness to hypoxic insult, making them uniquely equipped to withstand the ischemic microenvironment. This review summarizes the rationale behind pericyte-based cell therapy and the progress that has been made toward its clinical application. We present the different sources of pericytes and the case for harvesting them from tissue leftovers of cardiovascular surgery. We also discuss the healing potential of pericytes in preclinical animal models of myocardial ischemia (MI) and current practices to upgrade the production protocol for translation to the clinic. Standardization of these procedures is of utmost importance, as lack of uniformity in cell manufacturing may influence clinical outcome. Stem Cells 2018;36:1295-1310.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cathery
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ashton Faulkner
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Maselli
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom & IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
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21
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Ruiter MS, Pesce M. Mechanotransduction in Coronary Vein Graft Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:20. [PMID: 29594150 PMCID: PMC5861212 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous saphenous veins are the most commonly used conduits in revascularization of the ischemic heart by coronary artery bypass graft surgery, but are subject to vein graft failure. The current mini review aims to provide an overview of the role of mechanotransduction signalling underlying vein graft failure to further our understanding of the disease progression and to improve future clinical treatment. Firstly, limitation of damage during vein harvest and engraftment can improve outcome. In addition, cell cycle inhibition, stimulation of Nur77 and external grafting could form interesting therapeutic options. Moreover, the Hippo pathway, with the YAP/TAZ complex as the main effector, is emerging as an important node controlling conversion of mechanical signals into cellular responses. This includes endothelial cell inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation/migration, and monocyte attachment/infiltration. The combined effects of expression levels and nuclear/cytoplasmic translocation make YAP/TAZ interesting novel targets in the prevention and treatment of vein graft disease. Pharmacological, molecular and/or mechanical conditioning of saphenous vein segments between harvest and grafting may potentiate targeted and specific treatment to improve long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Steven Ruiter
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
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22
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Alvino VV, Fernández-Jiménez R, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Slater S, Mangialardi G, Avolio E, Spencer H, Culliford L, Hassan S, Sueiro Ballesteros L, Herman A, Ayaon-Albarrán A, Galán-Arriola C, Sánchez-González J, Hennessey H, Delmege C, Ascione R, Emanueli C, Angelini GD, Ibanez B, Madeddu P. Transplantation of Allogeneic Pericytes Improves Myocardial Vascularization and Reduces Interstitial Fibrosis in a Swine Model of Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.006727. [PMID: 29358198 PMCID: PMC5850145 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of adventitial pericytes (APCs) promotes cardiac repair in murine models of myocardial infarction. The aim of present study was to confirm the benefit of APC therapy in a large animal model. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a blind, randomized, placebo-controlled APC therapy trial in a swine model of reperfused myocardial infarction. A first study used human APCs (hAPCs) from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A second study used allogeneic swine APCs (sAPCs). Primary end points were (1) ejection fraction as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and (2) myocardial vascularization and fibrosis as determined by immunohistochemistry. Transplantation of hAPCs reduced fibrosis but failed to improve the other efficacy end points. Incompatibility of the xenogeneic model was suggested by the occurrence of a cytotoxic response following in vitro challenge of hAPCs with swine spleen lymphocytes and the failure to retrieve hAPCs in transplanted hearts. We next considered sAPCs as an alternative. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and functional/cytotoxic assays indicate that sAPCs are a surrogate of hAPCs. Transplantation of allogeneic sAPCs benefited capillary density and fibrosis but did not improve cardiac magnetic resonance imaging indices of contractility. Transplanted cells were detected in the border zone. CONCLUSIONS Immunologic barriers limit the applicability of a xenogeneic swine model to assess hAPC efficacy. On the other hand, we newly show that transplantation of allogeneic sAPCs is feasible, safe, and immunologically acceptable. The approach induces proangiogenic and antifibrotic benefits, though these effects were not enough to result in functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Sadie Slater
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mangialardi
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Spencer
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Culliford
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sakinah Hassan
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ayaon-Albarrán
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Galán-Arriola
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helena Hennessey
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Delmege
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raimondo Ascione
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Davide Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain .,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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23
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Hayes KL, Messina LM, Schwartz LM, Yan J, Burnside AS, Witkowski S. Type 2 diabetes impairs the ability of skeletal muscle pericytes to augment postischemic neovascularization in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C534-C544. [PMID: 29351404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00158.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease is an atherosclerotic occlusive disease that causes limb ischemia and has few effective noninterventional treatments. Stem cell therapy is promising, but concomitant diabetes may limit its effectiveness. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of skeletal muscle pericytes to augment postischemic neovascularization in wild-type and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mice. Wild-type C57BL/6J and leptin receptor spontaneous mutation db/db T2DM mice underwent unilateral femoral artery excision to induce limb ischemia. Twenty-four hours after ischemia induction, CD45-CD34-CD146+ skeletal muscle pericytes or vehicle controls were transplanted into ischemic hindlimb muscles. At postoperative day 28, pericyte transplantation augmented blood flow recovery in wild-type mice (79.3 ± 5% vs. 61.9 ± 5%; P = 0.04), but not in T2DM mice (48.6% vs. 46.3 ± 5%; P = 0.51). Pericyte transplantation augmented collateral artery enlargement in wild-type (26.7 ± 2 μm vs. 22.3 ± 1 μm, P = 0.03), but not T2DM mice (20.4 ± 1.4 μm vs. 18.5 ± 1.2 μm, P = 0.14). Pericyte incorporation into collateral arteries was higher in wild-type than in T2DM mice ( P = 0.002). Unexpectedly, pericytes differentiated into Schwann cells in vivo. In vitro, Insulin increased Nox2 expression and decreased tubular formation capacity in human pericytes. These insulin-induced effects were reversed by N-acetylcysteine antioxidant treatment. In conclusion, T2DM impairs the ability of pericytes to augment neovascularization via decreased collateral artery enlargement and impaired engraftment into collateral arteries, potentially via hyperinsulinemia-induced oxidant stress. While pericytes show promise as a unique form of stem cell therapy to increase postischemic neovascularization, characterizing the molecular mechanisms by which T2DM impairs their function is essential to achieve their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Hayes
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Louis M Messina
- Diabetes Center of Excellence and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence M Schwartz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jinglian Yan
- Diabetes Center of Excellence and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Amy S Burnside
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts
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24
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Wang D, Li LK, Dai T, Wang A, Li S. Adult Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:815-829. [PMID: 29344309 PMCID: PMC5771096 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of vascular cells to blood vessel remodeling is critical for the development of new therapeutic approaches to cure cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and regenerate blood vessels. Recent findings suggest that neointimal formation and atherosclerotic lesions involve not only inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, but also several types of stem cells or progenitors in arterial walls and the circulation. Some of these stem cells also participate in the remodeling of vascular grafts, microvessel regeneration, and formation of fibrotic tissue around biomaterial implants. Here we review the recent findings on how adult stem cells participate in CVD development and regeneration as well as the current state of clinical trials in the field, which may lead to new approaches for cardiovascular therapies and tissue engineering.
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25
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Riu F, Slater SC, Garcia EJ, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Alvino V, Avolio E, Mangialardi G, Cordaro A, Satchell S, Zebele C, Caporali A, Angelini G, Madeddu P. The adipokine leptin modulates adventitial pericyte functions by autocrine and paracrine signalling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5443. [PMID: 28710369 PMCID: PMC5511138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of adventitial pericytes (APCs) improves recovery from tissue ischemia in preclinical animal models by still unknown mechanisms. This study investigates the role of the adipokine leptin (LEP) in the regulation of human APC biological functions. Transcriptomic analysis of APCs showed components of the LEP signalling pathway are modulated by hypoxia. Kinetic studies indicate cultured APCs release high amounts of immunoreactive LEP following exposure to hypoxia, continuing upon return to normoxia. Secreted LEP activates an autocrine/paracrine loop through binding to the LEP receptor (LEPR) and induction of STAT3 phosphorylation. Titration studies using recombinant LEP and siRNA knockdown of LEP or LEPR demonstrate the adipokine exerts important regulatory roles in APC growth, survival, migration and promotion of endothelial network formation. Heterogeneity in LEP expression and secretion may influence the reparative proficiency of APC therapy. Accordingly, the levels of LEP secretion predict the microvascular outcome of APCs transplantation in a mouse limb ischemia model. Moreover, we found that the expression of the Lepr gene is upregulated on resident vascular cells from murine ischemic muscles, thus providing a permissive milieu to transplanted LEP-expressing APCs. Results highlight a new mechanism responsible for APC adaptation to hypoxia and instrumental to vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riu
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
- University of Nottingham, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sadie C Slater
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jover Garcia
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Iker Rodriguez-Arabaolaza
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Alvino
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mangialardi
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cordaro
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Satchell
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Zebele
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Caporali
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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Ellison-Hughes GM, Madeddu P. Exploring pericyte and cardiac stem cell secretome unveils new tactics for drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 171:1-12. [PMID: 27916652 PMCID: PMC5636619 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite continuous advancements in medical and interventional treatments. Moreover, available drugs reduce symptoms associated with tissue ischaemia, without providing a definitive repair. Cardiovascular regenerative medicine is an expanding field of research that aims to improve the treatment of ischaemic disorders through restorative methods, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and tissue engineering. Stem cell transplantation has salutary effects through direct and indirect actions, the latter being attributable to growth factors and cytokines released by stem cells and influencing the endogenous mechanisms of repair. Autologous stem cell therapies offer less scope for intellectual property coverage and have limited scalability. On the other hand, off-the-shelf cell products and derivatives from the stem cell secretome have a greater potential for large-scale distribution, thus enticing commercial investors and reciprocally producing more significant medical and social benefits. This review focuses on the paracrine properties of cardiac stem cells and pericytes, two stem cell populations that are increasingly attracting the attention of regenerative medicine operators. It is likely that new cardiovascular drugs are introduced in the next future by applying different approaches based on the refinement of the stem cell secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Ellison-Hughes
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Chair Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences University of Bristol Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Pericytes are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the blood vessel wall. They were first identified in the 19th century by Rouget, however their biological role and potential for drug targeting have taken time to be recognised. Isolation of pericytes from several different tissues has allowed a better phenotypic and functional characterization. These findings revealed a tissue-specific, multi-functional group of cells with multilineage potential. Given this emerging evidence, pericytes have acquired specific roles in pathobiological events in vascular diseases. In this review article, we will provide a compelling overview of the main diseases in which pericytes are involved, from well-established mechanisms to the latest findings. Pericyte involvement in diabetes and cancer will be discussed extensively. In the last part of the article we will review therapeutic approaches for these diseases in light of the recently acquired knowledge. To unravel pericyte-related vascular pathobiological events is pivotal not only for more tailored treatments of disease but also to establish pericytes as a therapeutic tool.
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28
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Vono R, Fuoco C, Testa S, Pirrò S, Maselli D, Ferland McCollough D, Sangalli E, Pintus G, Giordo R, Finzi G, Sessa F, Cardani R, Gotti A, Losa S, Cesareni G, Rizzi R, Bearzi C, Cannata S, Spinetti G, Gargioli C, Madeddu P. Activation of the Pro-Oxidant PKCβII-p66Shc Signaling Pathway Contributes to Pericyte Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscles of Patients With Diabetes With Critical Limb Ischemia. Diabetes 2016; 65:3691-3704. [PMID: 27600065 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI), foot ulcers, former amputation, and impaired regeneration are independent risk factors for limb amputation in subjects with diabetes. The present work investigates whether and by which mechanism diabetes negatively impacts on functional properties of muscular pericytes (MPs), which are resident stem cells committed to reparative angiomyogenesis. We obtained muscle biopsy samples from patients with diabetes who were undergoing major limb amputation and control subjects. Diabetic muscles collected at the rim of normal tissue surrounding the plane of dissection showed myofiber degeneration, fat deposition, and reduction of MP vascular coverage. Diabetic MPs (D-MPs) display ultrastructural alterations, a differentiation bias toward adipogenesis at the detriment of myogenesis and an inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Furthermore, they have an imbalanced redox state, with downregulation of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase, and activation of the pro-oxidant protein kinase C isoform β-II (PKCβII)-dependent p66Shc signaling pathway. A reactive oxygen species scavenger or, even more effectively, clinically approved PKCβII inhibitors restore D-MP angiomyogenic activity. Inhibition of the PKCβII-dependent p66Shc signaling pathway could represent a novel therapeutic approach for the promotion of muscle repair in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vono
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Fuoco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Testa
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pirrò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Maselli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Elena Sangalli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roberta Giordo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Insubria/Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Department of Pathology, University of Insubria/Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Rosanna Cardani
- Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Gotti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Losa
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Rizzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bearzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Abstract
The concept of pericyte has been changing over years. This cell type was believed to possess only a function of trophic support to endothelial cells and to maintain vasculature stabilization. In the last years, the discovery of multipotent ability of perivascular populations led to the concept of vessel/wall niche. Likewise, several perivascular populations have been identified in animal and human bone marrow. In this review, we provide an overview on bone marrow perivascular population, their cross-talk with other niche components, relationship with bone marrow stromal stem cells, and similarities and differences with the perivascular population of the vessel/wall niche. Finally, we focus on the regenerative potential of these cells and the forthcoming challenges related to their use as cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mangialardi
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Andrea Cordaro
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK
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Avolio E, Alvino VV, Ghorbel MT, Campagnolo P. Perivascular cells and tissue engineering: Current applications and untapped potential. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 171:83-92. [PMID: 27889329 PMCID: PMC5345698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of tissue engineering provides exciting new perspectives for the replacement of failing organs and the repair of damaged tissues. Perivascular cells, including vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes and other tissue specific populations residing around blood vessels, have been isolated from many organs and are known to participate to the in situ repair process and angiogenesis. Their potential has been harnessed for cell therapy of numerous pathologies; however, in this Review we will discuss the potential of perivascular cells in the development of tissue engineering solutions for healthcare. We will examine their application in the engineering of vascular grafts, cardiac patches and bone substitutes as well as other tissue engineering applications and we will focus on their extensive use in the vascularization of engineered constructs. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging potential of human pericytes for the development of efficient, vascularized and non-immunogenic engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Avolio
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria V Alvino
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed T Ghorbel
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Campagnolo
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
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Avolio E, Madeddu P. Discovering cardiac pericyte biology: From physiopathological mechanisms to potential therapeutic applications in ischemic heart disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:53-63. [PMID: 27268036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular pericytes and the more recently discovered adventitial pericyte-like progenitor cells are a subpopulation of vascular stem cells closely associated with small and large blood vessels respectively. These populations of perivascular cells are remarkably abundant in the heart. Pericytes control important physiological processes such as angiogenesis, blood flow and vascular permeability. In the heart, this pleiotropic activity makes pericytes extremely interesting for applications in regenerative medicine. On the other hand, dysfunction of pericytes could participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, such as arterial hypertension, fibro-calcific cardiovascular remodeling, myocardial edema and post-ischemic coronary no-reflow. On a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical studies in small animal models of myocardial infarction have demonstrated the healing potential of pericytes transplantation, which has been ascribed to direct vascular incorporation and paracrine pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic activities. These promising findings open the door to the clinical use of pericytes for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Avolio
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7 Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, BS2 8HW Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7 Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, BS2 8HW Bristol, United Kingdom.
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32
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Slater SC, Carrabba M, Madeddu P. Vascular stem cells-potential for clinical application. Br Med Bull 2016; 118:127-37. [PMID: 27298231 PMCID: PMC5127425 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell therapy is a growing area of research as an alternative to pharmaceuticals or surgery for the treatment of ischaemic disease. Studies are focusing on delivering tissue-derived cells into damaged organs to promote vascular regeneration or gain of function. SOURCES OF DATA Pubmed, clinicaltrials.gov, BHF website. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Stem cells have the potential to become a viable treatment for many diseases, as indicated by the numerous pre-clinical studies demonstrating therapeutic benefit. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The mechanisms of action for transplanted stem cells are still open to debate. Proposed mechanism includes direct cell incorporation and paracrine action. Additionally, the secretome produced by transplanted cells remains largely unknown. GROWING POINTS Initial studies focused on delivering stem cells by injection; however, current research is utilizing biomaterials to target cell delivery to specific areas. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Whilst stem cell research in the laboratory is expanding rapidly, transition into clinical studies is hindered by the availability of equivalent clinical grade reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie C Slater
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Michele Carrabba
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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33
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Carrabba M, De Maria C, Oikawa A, Reni C, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Spencer H, Slater S, Avolio E, Dang Z, Spinetti G, Madeddu P, Vozzi G. Design, fabrication and perivascular implantation of bioactive scaffolds engineered with human adventitial progenitor cells for stimulation of arteriogenesis in peripheral ischemia. Biofabrication 2016; 8:015020. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/015020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majesky
- From the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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35
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Abstract
The vasculature plays an indispensible role in organ development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis, such that disturbances to it impact greatly on developmental and postnatal health. Although cell turnover in healthy blood vessels is low, it increases considerably under pathological conditions. The principle sources for this phenomenon have long been considered to be the recruitment of cells from the peripheral circulation and the re-entry of mature cells in the vessel wall back into cell cycle. However, recent discoveries have also uncovered the presence of a range of multipotent and lineage-restricted progenitor cells in the mural layers of postnatal blood vessels, possessing high proliferative capacity and potential to generate endothelial, smooth muscle, hematopoietic or mesenchymal cell progeny. In particular, the tunica adventitia has emerged as a progenitor-rich compartment with niche-like characteristics that support and regulate vascular wall progenitor cells. Preliminary data indicate the involvement of some of these vascular wall progenitor cells in vascular disease states, adding weight to the notion that the adventitia is integral to vascular wall pathogenesis, and raising potential implications for clinical therapies. This review discusses the current body of evidence for the existence of vascular wall progenitor cell subpopulations from development to adulthood and addresses the gains made and significant challenges that lie ahead in trying to accurately delineate their identities, origins, regulatory pathways, and relevance to normal vascular structure and function, as well as disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Psaltis
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide and Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (P.J.P.); Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (P.J.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine (R.D.S.)
| | - Robert D Simari
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide and Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (P.J.P.); Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (P.J.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine (R.D.S.).
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