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Lan NSR, Watts GF. New perspectives on the high-density lipoprotein system and its role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2024:01266029-990000000-00102. [PMID: 39092802 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The causal role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains debated. Considering recent evidence, the purpose of this review is to a provide a focused update and new perspectives on HDL and CVD. RECENT FINDINGS A Mendelian randomization study demonstrated an increased risk of CVD when HDL-cholesterol was predominantly transported in larger HDL particles and a decreased risk of CVD when HDL-cholesterol was predominantly transported in smaller HDL particles. Moreover, another Mendelian randomization study demonstrated that concentration and content of medium HDL particles is associated with CVD. A Mendelian randomization study that utilized stratified analyses demonstrated that individuals with HDL-cholesterol 50 mg/dl or less were at increased risk of CVD. Lastly, the AEGIS-II trial demonstrated that CSL112, a human apolipoprotein A-I that increases cholesterol efflux, did not significantly reduce cardiovascular events in patients at very high risk. Exploratory analyses showed that patients treated with CSL112 had numerically lower rates of cardiovascular events. SUMMARY Qualitative markers of HDL may be causally related to CVD. There is a need for ongoing research into HDL therapeutics that promote the biological properties of HDL. The optimal cohort or disease state that will benefit from these therapies needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S R Lan
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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2
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Sacher S, Mukherjee A, Ray A. Deciphering structural aspects of reverse cholesterol transport: mapping the knowns and unknowns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1160-1183. [PMID: 36880422 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cholesterol-loaded foam cells play a pivotal role in forming atherosclerotic plaques. Induction of cholesterol efflux from these cells may be a promising approach in treating CVD. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway delivers cholesteryl ester (CE) packaged in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) from non-hepatic cells to the liver, thereby minimising cholesterol load of peripheral cells. RCT takes place via a well-organised interplay amongst apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor-B1 (SR-B1), and the amount of free cholesterol. Unfortunately, modulation of RCT for treating atherosclerosis has failed in clinical trials owing to our lack of understanding of the relationship between HDL function and RCT. The fate of non-hepatic CEs in HDL is dependent on their access to proteins involved in remodelling and can be regulated at the structural level. An inadequate understanding of this inhibits the design of rational strategies for therapeutic interventions. Herein we extensively review the structure-function relationships that are essential for RCT. We also focus on genetic mutations that disturb the structural stability of proteins involved in RCT, rendering them partially or completely non-functional. Further studies are necessary for understanding the structural aspects of RCT pathway completely, and this review highlights alternative theories and unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Sacher
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Dhiti Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, B-107, Okhla Phase I, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Arjun Ray
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110019, India
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3
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Different Pathways of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:471-481. [PMID: 35737216 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux is the first and rate-limiting step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheric cells to the liver. The involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in RCT determines the atheroprotective properties of HDL. Cholesterol efflux from different membrane pools includes both passive and energy-dependent processes. The first type of route consists of cholesterol desorption from the cell membrane into the unstirred layer adjacent to the cell surface and diffusion in the water phase. Moreover, the selective uptake and facilitated diffusion of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester molecules through the hydrophobic tunnel in the scavenger receptor BI molecule does not require energy consumption. The second type of route includes active cholesterol export by the ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1). Several cholesterol acceptors specifically bind cholesterol and phospholipid molecules, and cholesterol binding to the albumin molecule, which acts as a shuttle, significantly increases cholesterol movement between acceptors and red blood cells, thus functioning as a sink for cholesterol. Cholesterol and phospholipid molecules effluxed from macrophages by ABCA1 are accepted exclusively by the lipid-free apolipoprotein apoA-I, which is the major protein moiety of HDL, whereas those effluxed by ABCG1 are accepted by HDL. ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol transport, together with cholesterol diffusion, largely determine cholesterol turnover at the physiological level of intracellular cholesterol. However, at cholesterol overload, ABCA1-mediated efflux prevails over other routes. The exchange of apoA-I between lipid-free and lipid-associated states and the synergism of nascent and mature HDL contribute to cholesterol efflux efficiency. Moreover, extracellular cholesterol deposits and microvesicles may be involved in RCT.
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Apolipoprotein A1-Related Proteins and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Antiatherosclerosis Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:4610834. [PMID: 35087605 PMCID: PMC8763555 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4610834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol in arteries can cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery occlusion, leading to atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. The body prevents atherosclerosis by reverse cholesterol transport to mobilize and excrete cholesterol and other lipids. Apolipoprotein A1, the major component of high-density lipoprotein, plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. Here, we reviewed the role of apolipoprotein A1-targeting molecules in antiatherosclerosis therapy, in particular ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, and scavenger receptor class B type 1.
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He H, Hong K, Liu L, Schwendeman A. Artificial high-density lipoprotein-mimicking nanotherapeutics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1737. [PMID: 34263549 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ability of current efficacious low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-lowering therapies to reduce total cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks, CVD still poses major risks for morbidity and mortality to the general population. Because of the pleiotropic endothelial protective effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), the direct infusion of reconstituted HDL (rHDL) products, including MDCO-216, CER001, and CSL112, have been tested in clinical trials to determine whether direct infusion of rHDL can reduce coronary events in CVD patients. In addition to these rHDL products, in the past two decades, there has been an increased focused on designing artificial HDL-mimicking nanotherapeutics to produce complementary therapeutic strategies for CVD patients beyond lowering of atherogenic lipoproteins. Although recent reviews have comprehensively discussed the developments of artificial HDL-mimicking nanoparticles as therapeutics for CVD, there has been little assessment of "plain" or "drug-free" HDL-mimicking nanoparticles as therapeutics alone. In this review, we will summarize the clinical outcomes of rHDL products, examine recent advances in other types of artificial HDL-mimicking nanotherapeutics, including polymeric nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, micelles, metal nanoparticles, and so on; and potential new approaches for future CVD interventions. Moreover, success stories, lessons, and interpretations of the utility and functionality of these HDL-mimicking nanotherapeutics will be an integral part of this article. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristen Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisha Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for R&D and Evaluation of Intelligent Drugs and Key Functional Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Beyerle A, Greene B, Dietrich B, Kingwell BA, Panjwani P, Wright SD, Herzog E. Co-administration of CSL112 (apolipoprotein A-I [human]) with atorvastatin and alirocumab is not associated with increased hepatotoxic or toxicokinetic effects in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 422:115557. [PMID: 33932462 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CSL112 (apolipoprotein A-I, apo AI [human]) is an investigational drug in Phase 3 development for risk reduction of early recurrent cardiovascular events following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although CSL112 is known to be well tolerated with a regimen of four weekly 6 g intravenous infusions after AMI, high doses of reconstituted apo AI preparations can transiently elevate liver enzymes in rats, raising the possibility of additive liver toxicity and toxicokinetic (TK) effects upon co-administration with cholesterol-lowering drugs, i.e., HMG-CoA reductase and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors. We performed a toxicity and TK study in CD rats assigned to eleven treatment groups, including two dose levels of intravenous (IV) CSL112 (140 mg/kg, low-dose; 600 mg/kg, high-dose) administered as a single dose, alone or with intravenous alirocumab 50 mg/kg/week and/or oral atorvastatin 10 mg/kg/day. In addition, control groups of atorvastatin and alirocumab alone and in combination were investigated. Results showed some liver enzyme elevations (remaining <2-fold of baseline) related to administration of CSL112 alone. There was limited evidence of an additive effect of CSL112 on liver enzymes when combined, at either dose level, with alirocumab and/or atorvastatin, and histology revealed no evidence of an increased incidence or severity of hepatocyte vacuolation compared to the control treatments. Co-administration of the study drugs had minimal effect on their respective exposure levels, and on levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These data support concomitant use of CSL112 with alirocumab and/or atorvastatin with no anticipated negative impact on liver safety and TK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beyerle
- CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Brandon Greene
- CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Dietrich
- CSL Behring GmbH, Walcherstraße 1A/Stiege 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Priya Panjwani
- CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Samuel D Wright
- CSL Behring LLC, 1020 1st Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Eva Herzog
- CSL Behring LLC, 1020 1st Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Cantonero C, Camello PJ, Salido GM, Rosado JA, Redondo PC. TMEM97 facilitates the activation of SOCE by downregulating the association of cholesterol to Orai1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158906. [PMID: 33618021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of TMEM97, a regulator of cholesterol transport, has been reported to be enhanced in some tumour cells. We have recently shown that TMEM97 is involved in the proliferation of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, probably through changes in store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). By using silencing and overexpression of TMEM97 in MDA-MB-231 cells (two manoeuvres that either reduce or increase the calcium influx, respectively), we show enhanced cholesterol uptake in these cells as compared to the non-tumoral breast cell line, MCF10A. The enhanced cholesterol uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited by silencing TMEM97, while overexpression of this protein increased cholesterol uptake in MCF10A cells and, therefore, indicating that this protein plays a role in the enhanced cholesterol uptake in MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. TMEM97 silencing and overexpression resulted in an increase and decrease in the association of cholesterol to the SOCE calcium channel Orai1, respectively. Interestingly, silencing of TMEM97 in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly reduced the co-localization of Orai1 with the SOCE regulatory protein STIM1. Finally, neither silencing nor overexpression of TMEM97 altered SOCE in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with the cholesterol insensible mutant of Orai1(Y80E). Our results reveal a novel regulatory mechanism of SOCE that relies on TMEM97 activity that courses through the reduction of the cholesterol content in the plasma membrane, and subsequently, by impairing its interaction with Orai1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cantonero
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - P J Camello
- Department of Physiology (FIMUL group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - G M Salido
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - J A Rosado
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - P C Redondo
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipoproteins have significant role in both the promotion and prevention of atherosclerosis. This brief review will focus on recent reports on relationship between HDL and HDL subclasses and their composition and function, the role of apoC-III in metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, the impact of Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) on endothelial cells, and the mechanism of uptake of aggregated LDL by macrophages. RECENT FINDINGS The complexity of the protein and lipid content of murine and human HDL and their relationship to its cholesterol efflux capacity have been examined. HDL has also been shown to have both antiatherogenic and proatherogenic properties. The relationship between apoC-III and LPL activity, apoprotein E mediated clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the potential importance of apoC-III in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetics has been investigated. Oxidized phospholipid in Lp(a) promotes endothelial cells inflammatory and glycolytic responses. TLR4 participates in the uptake of aggregated LDL to contribute to foam cell formation. SUMMARY These studies contribute to our mechanistic understanding of how lipoproteins contribute to atherogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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