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Falzone PV, Vazquez-Calvo S, Roca-Luque I. Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Ischemic Heart Disease: What Is Known and New Perspectives. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2024; 21:174-185. [PMID: 38536648 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review aims to evaluate current evidence regarding ventricular tachycardia ablation in patients with ischemic heart disease and explore novel approaches currently developing to improve procedural and long-term outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Recently published trials (PARTITA, PAUSE-SCD, and SURVIVE-VT) have demonstrated the prognostic benefit of prophylactic ventricular tachycardia ablation compared to current clinical practice. Advanced cardiac imaging provides a valuable pre-procedural evaluation of the arrhythmogenic substrate, identifying ablation targets non-invasively. Advanced cardiac mapping techniques allow to better characterize arrhythmogenic substrate during ablation procedure. Emerging technologies like pulsed field ablation and ultra-low temperature cryoablation show promise in ventricular tachycardia ablation. Advancements in mapping techniques, ablation technologies, and pre-procedural cardiac imaging offer promise for improving ventricular tachycardia ablation outcomes in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Valerio Falzone
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Vazquez-Calvo
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Roca-Luque
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
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Guichard JB, Regany-Closa M, Vázquez-Calvo S, Zazu B, Pellicer Sendra B, Serrano-Campaner J, Molero-Pereira S, Borràs R, Ortiz JT, Falzone PV, Eulogio F, Reventos-Presmanes J, Garre P, Arbelo E, Althoff TF, Guasch E, Tolosana JM, Brugada J, Mont L, Porta-Sánchez A, Roca-Luque I. Substrate Mapping for Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Through High-Density Whole-Chamber Double Extra Stimuli: The S3 Protocol. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2024:S2405-500X(24)00349-9. [PMID: 38819348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2024.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A partial delineation of targets for ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) during a stable rhythm is likely responsible for a suboptimal success rate. The abnormal low-voltage near-field functional components may be hidden within the high-amplitude far-field signal. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit and feasibility of functional substrate mapping using a full-ventricle S3 protocol and to assess its colocalization with arrhythmogenic conducting channels (CCs) on late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance. METHODS An S3 mapping protocol with a drive train of S1 followed by S2 (effective refractory period + 30 ms) and S3 (effective refractory period + 50 ms) from the right ventricular apex was performed in 40 consecutive patients undergoing scar-related VT ablation. Deceleration zones (DZs) and areas of late potentials (LPs) were identified for all maps. A preprocedural noninvasive substrate assessment was done using late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance and postprocessing with automated CC identification. RESULTS The S3 protocol was completed in 34 of the 40 procedures (85.0%). The S3 protocol enhanced the identification of VT isthmus on the basis of DZ (89% vs 62%; P < 0.01) and LP (93% vs 78%; P = 0.04) assessment. The percentage of CCs unmasked by DZs and LPs using S3 maps was significantly higher than the ones using S2 and S1 maps (78%, 65%, and 48% [P < 0.001] and 88%, 81%, and 68% [P < 0.01], respectively). The functional substrate identified during S3 activation mapping was significantly more extensive than the one identified using S2 and S1, including a greater number of DZs (2.94, 2.47, and 1.82, respectively; P < 0.001) and a wider area of LPs (44.1, 38.2, and 29.4 cm2, respectively; P < 0.001). After VT ablation, 77.9% of patients have been VT free during a median follow-up period of 13.6 months. CONCLUSIONS The S3 protocol was feasible in 85% of patients, allows a better identification of targets for ablation, and might improve VT ablation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Guichard
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France; Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Mariona Regany-Closa
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Vázquez-Calvo
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Zazu
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Pellicer Sendra
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Serrano-Campaner
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Molero-Pereira
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Borràs
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red e Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomás Ortiz
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Valerio Falzone
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frida Eulogio
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jana Reventos-Presmanes
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ITACA Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paz Garre
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Arbelo
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Till F Althoff
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose María Tolosana
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Porta-Sánchez
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Roca-Luque
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nanthakumar K, Vigmond EJ. Activation signatures for identifying critical isthmi of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024; 35:1005-1006. [PMID: 38454536 DOI: 10.1111/jce.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward J Vigmond
- IHU Institut LIRYC, Fondation University Bordeaux, Talence, France
- Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux, UMR 5251, University Bordeaux, Talence, France
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Santangeli P, Higuchi K, Sroubek J. Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Endpoints: Moving Beyond Noninducibility. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2024; 10:981-999. [PMID: 38385913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In patients with structural heart disease and ventricular tachycardia (VT) undergoing catheter ablation, the response to programmed electrical stimulation (PES) at the end of the procedure has been traditionally used to evaluate the acute success and predict long-term outcomes. Although noninducibility at PES has been extensively investigated and validated in clinical trials and large multicenter registries, its performance in predicting long-term freedom from VT is suboptimal. In addition, PES has inherent limitations related to the influence of background antiarrhythmic drug therapy, periprocedural use of anesthesia, and the heterogeneity in PES protocols. The increased utilization of substrate-based ablation approaches that focus on ablation of abnormal electrograms identified with mapping in sinus or paced rhythm has been paralleled by a need for additional procedural endpoints beyond VT noninducibility at PES. This article critically appraises the relative merits and limitations of different procedural endpoints according to different ablation techniques for catheter ablation of scar-related VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Santangeli
- Section of Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Koji Higuchi
- Section of Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jakub Sroubek
- Section of Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Vázquez-Calvo S, Mas Casanovas J, Garre P, Sánchez-Somonte P, Falzone PV, Uribe L, Guasch E, Tolosana JM, Borras R, Figueras i Ventura RM, Arbelo E, Ortiz-Pérez JT, Prats S, Perea RJ, Brugada J, Mont L, Porta-Sanchez A, Roca-Luque I. Non-invasive detection of slow conduction with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for ventricular tachycardia ablation. Europace 2024; 26:euae025. [PMID: 38262674 PMCID: PMC10872668 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Non-invasive myocardial scar characterization with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been shown to accurately identify conduction channels and can be an important aid for ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. A new mapping method based on targeting deceleration zones (DZs) has become one of the most commonly used strategies for VT ablation procedures. The aim of the study was to analyse the capability of CMR to identify DZs and to find predictors of arrhythmogenicity in CMR channels. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-four consecutive patients with structural heart disease and VT undergoing ablation after CMR at a single centre (October 2018 to July 2021) were included (mean age, 64.8 ± 11.6 years; 95.5% male; 70.5% with ischaemic heart disease; a mean ejection fraction of 32.3 ± 7.8%). The characteristics of CMR channels were analysed, and correlations with DZs detected during isochronal late activation mapping in both baseline maps and remaps were determined. Overall, 109 automatically detected CMR channels were analysed (2.48 ± 1.15 per patient; length, 57.91 ± 63.07 mm; conducting channel mass, 2.06 ± 2.67 g; protectedness, 21.44 ± 25.39 mm). Overall, 76.1% of CMR channels were associated with a DZ. A univariate analysis showed that channels associated with DZs were longer [67.81 ± 68.45 vs. 26.31 ± 21.25 mm, odds ratio (OR) 1.03, P = 0.010], with a higher border zone (BZ) mass (2.41 ± 2.91 vs. 0.87 ± 0.86 g, OR 2.46, P = 0.011) and greater protectedness (24.97 ± 27.72 vs. 10.19 ± 9.52 mm, OR 1.08, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION Non-invasive detection of targets for VT ablation is possible with CMR. Deceleration zones found during electroanatomical mapping accurately correlate with CMR channels, especially those with increased length, BZ mass, and protectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vázquez-Calvo
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Mas Casanovas
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paz Garre
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Somonte
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Valerio Falzone
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Uribe
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Tolosana
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Borras
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red e Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Arbelo
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José T Ortiz-Pérez
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Prats
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario J Perea
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Porta-Sanchez
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Roca-Luque
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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Sultan A, Futyma P, Metzner A, Anic A, Richter S, Roten L, Badertscher P, Conte G, Chun JKR. Management of ventricular tachycardias: insights on centre settings, procedural workflow, endpoints, and implementation of guidelines-results from an EHRA survey. Europace 2024; 26:euae030. [PMID: 38363995 PMCID: PMC10872712 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ventricular tachycardia (VT), and its occurrence, is still one of the main reasons for sudden cardiac death and, therefore, for increased mortality and morbidity foremost in patients with structural heart [Kahle A-K, Jungen C, Alken F-A, Scherschel K, Willems S, Pürerfellner H et al. Management of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: contemporary armamentarium. Europace 2022;24:538-51]. Catheter ablation has become a safe and effective treatment option in patients with recurrent VT [Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, Peichl P, Chen M, Namboodiri N et al. 2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2020;17:e2-154]. Previous and current guidelines provide guidance on indication for VT ablation and risk assessment and evaluation of underlying disease. However, no uniform recommendation is provided regarding procedural strategies, timing of ablation, and centre setting. Therefore, these specifics seem to differ largely, and recent data are sparse. This physician-based European Heart Rhythm Association survey aims to deliver insights on not only infrastructural settings but also procedural specifics, applied technologies, ablation strategies, and procedural endpoints. Therefore, these findings might deliver a real-world scenario of VT management and potentially are of guidance for other centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Sultan
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Centre University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Piotr Futyma
- St. Joseph’s Heart Rhythm Centre, Rzeszów, Poland
- Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andreas Metzner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ante Anic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Split, Spilt, Croatia
| | - Sergio Richter
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Centre Dresden, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laurent Roten
- Inselspital-Bern University Hospital, Department of Electrophysiology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Badertscher
- Inselspital-Bern University Hospital, Department of Electrophysiology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Conte
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino (CCT), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Julian K R Chun
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Nishimura T, Shatz N, Weiss JP, Zawaneh M, Bai R, Beaser AD, Upadhyay GA, Aziz ZA, Nayak HM, Shatz DY, Miyazaki S, Goya M, Sasano T, Su W, Raiman M, Tung R. Identification of Human Ventricular Tachycardia Demarcated by Fixed Lines of Conduction Block in a 3-Dimensional Hyperboloid Circuit. Circulation 2023; 148:1354-1367. [PMID: 37638389 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circuit boundaries for reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) have been historically conceptualized within a 2-dimensional (2D) construct, with their fixed or functional nature unresolved. This study aimed to examine the correlation between localized lines of conduction block (LOB) evident during baseline rhythm with lateral isthmus boundaries that 3-dimensionally constrain the VT isthmus as a hyperboloid structure. METHODS A total of 175 VT activation maps were correlated with isochronal late activation maps during baseline rhythm in 106 patients who underwent catheter ablation for scar-related VT from 3 centers (42% nonischemic cardiomyopathy). An overt LOB was defined by a deceleration zone with split potentials (≥20 ms isoelectric segment) during baseline rhythm. A novel application of pacing within deceleration zone (≥600 ms) was implemented to unmask a concealed LOB not evident during baseline rhythm. LOB identified during baseline rhythm or pacing were correlated with isthmus boundaries during VT. RESULTS Among 202 deceleration zones analyzed during baseline rhythm, an overt LOB was evident in 47%. When differential pacing was performed in 38 deceleration zones without overt LOB, an underlying concealed LOB was exposed in 84%. In 152 VT activation maps (2D=53, 3-dimensional [3D]=99), 69% of lateral boundaries colocalized with an LOB in 2D activation patterns, and the depth boundary during 3D VT colocalized with an LOB in 79%. In VT circuits with isthmus regions that colocalized with a U-shaped LOB (n=28), the boundary invariably served as both lateral boundaries in 2D and 3D. Overall, 74% of isthmus boundaries were identifiable as fixed LOB during baseline rhythm or differential pacing. CONCLUSIONS The majority of VT circuit boundaries can be identified as fixed LOB from intrinsic or paced activation during sinus rhythm. Analysis of activation while pacing within the scar substrate is a novel technique that may unmask concealed LOB, previously interpreted to be functional in nature. An LOB from the perspective of a myocardial surface is frequently associated with intramural conduction, supporting the existence of a 3D hyperboloid VT circuit structure. Catheter ablation may be simplified to targeting both sides around an identified LOB during sinus rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nishimura
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan (T.N., S.M., M.G., T.S.)
| | - Nathan Shatz
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois (N.S., M.R.)
| | - J Peter Weiss
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix (J.P.W., M.Z., R.B., D.Y.S., W.S., R.T.)
| | - Michael Zawaneh
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix (J.P.W., M.Z., R.B., D.Y.S., W.S., R.T.)
| | - Rong Bai
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix (J.P.W., M.Z., R.B., D.Y.S., W.S., R.T.)
| | - Andrew D Beaser
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
| | - Gaurav A Upadhyay
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
| | - Zaid A Aziz
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
| | - Hemal M Nayak
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
| | - Dalise Y Shatz
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix (J.P.W., M.Z., R.B., D.Y.S., W.S., R.T.)
| | - Shinsuke Miyazaki
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan (T.N., S.M., M.G., T.S.)
| | - Masahiko Goya
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan (T.N., S.M., M.G., T.S.)
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan (T.N., S.M., M.G., T.S.)
| | - Wilber Su
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix (J.P.W., M.Z., R.B., D.Y.S., W.S., R.T.)
| | | | - Roderick Tung
- The University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois (T.N., A.D.B., G.A.U., Z.A.A., H.M.N., D.Y.S., R.T.)
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix (J.P.W., M.Z., R.B., D.Y.S., W.S., R.T.)
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Elewa MG, Altoukhy S, Badran HA, El Damanhoury H, Zarif JK. Ablation targets of scar-related ventricular tachycardia identified by dynamic functional substrate mapping. Egypt Heart J 2023; 75:87. [PMID: 37831212 PMCID: PMC10575820 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-023-00414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic functional substrate mapping of scar-related ventricular tachycardia offers better identification of ablation targets with limited ablation lesions. Several functional substrate mapping approaches have been proposed, including decrement-evoked potential (DEEP) mapping. The aim of our study was to compare the short- and long-term efficacy of a DEEP-guided versus a fixed-substrate-guided strategy for the ablation of scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). RESULTS Forty consecutive patients presenting for ablation of scar-related VT were randomized to either DEEP-guided or substrate-guided ablation. Late potentials were tagged and ablated in the non-DEEP group, while those in the DEEP group were subjected to RV extrastimulation after a drive train. Only potentials showing significant delay were ablated. Patients were followed for a median duration of 12 months. Twenty patients were allocated to the DEEP group, while the other 20 were allocated to the non-DEEP group. Twelve patients (60%) in the DEEP group had ischemic cardiomyopathy versus 10 patients (50%) in the non-DEEP group (P-value 0.525). Intraoperatively, the median percentage of points with LPs was 19% in the DEEP group and 20.6% in the non-DEEP group. The procedural time was longer in the DEEP group, approaching but missing statistical significance (P-value 0.059). VT non-inducibility was successfully accomplished in 16 patients (80%) in the DEEP group versus 17 patients (85%) in the non-DEEP group (P value 0.597). After a median follow-up duration of 12 months, the VT recurrence rate was 65% in both groups (P value 0.311), with a dropout rate of 10% in the DEEP group. As for the secondary endpoints, all-cause mortality rates were 20% and 25% in the DEEP and non-DEEP groups, respectively (P-value 0.342). CONCLUSIONS DEEP-assisted ablation of scar-related ventricular tachycardia is a feasible strategy with comparable short- and long-term outcomes to a fixed-substrate-based strategy with more specific ablation targets, albeit relatively longer but non-significant procedural times and higher procedural deaths. The imbalance between the study groups in terms of epicardial versus endocardial mapping, although non-significant, warrants the prudent interpretation of our results. Further large-scale randomized trials are recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, registration number: NCT05086510, registered on 28th September 2021, record https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT05086510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Gamal Elewa
- Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 5B - Swiss Project B, PO 11826, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Altoukhy
- Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 5B - Swiss Project B, PO 11826, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham Abdelfattah Badran
- Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 5B - Swiss Project B, PO 11826, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hayam El Damanhoury
- Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 5B - Swiss Project B, PO 11826, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - John Kamel Zarif
- Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 5B - Swiss Project B, PO 11826, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Salvador Montañés O, Fitzgerald JL, Jackson N, Haldar S, Valli H, Cotton J, Morris GM, Gizurarson S, Cabrera JA, Nanthakumar K, Porta-Sánchez A. Decrement Evoked Potential (DEEP) Mapping of the Atria: Unmasking Atrial Fibrillation Substrate. Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32:1198-1206. [PMID: 37634968 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial myopathy may underlie the progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) from a treatable disease to an irreversible condition with poor ablation outcomes. Electrophysiological methods to unmask areas prone to re-entry initiation could be key to defining latent atrial myopathy. METHODS Consecutive patients referred for AF ablation were prospectively included at four institutions. Decrement evoked potential mapping (DEEP) was performed in eight left atrial sites and five right atrial sites, from two different pacing locations (endocardially from the left atrial appendage, epicardially from the proximal coronary sinus). The electrograms (EGMs) during S1 600 ms drive and after an extra stimulus (S2 at +30 ms above atrial refractoriness) were studied at each location and assessed for decremental properties. Follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were included and 85% had persistent AF. A total of 17,614 EGMs were individually analysed and measured. Nine percent of the EGMs showed DEEP properties (local delay of >10 ms after S2) with a mean decrement of 33±26 ms. DEEPs were more frequent in the left atrium than the right atrium (9.4% vs 8.0%; p<0.001) and more prevalent in persistent AF patients than paroxysmal AF patients (9.8% vs 4.6% p=0.001). Atrial DEEPs were more frequently unmasked in normal bipolar voltage areas and by epicardial pacing than endocardial pacing (9.6% vs 8.4%, respectively; p=0.004). Within the left atrium, the roof had the highest prevalence of DEEP EGMs. CONCLUSIONS DEEP mapping of both atria is useful for highlighting areas with a tendency for unidirectional block and re-entry initiation. Those areas are more easily unmasked by epicardial pacing from the coronary sinus and more prevalent in persistent AF patients than in paroxysmal AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Salvador Montañés
- Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Departamento de Medicina, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicholas Jackson
- John Hunter Hospital and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Haseeb Valli
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Josh Cotton
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Gwilym M Morris
- John Hunter Hospital and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Andreu Porta-Sánchez
- Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Carlos III.
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10
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Marashly Q, Najjar SN, Hahn J, Rector GJ, Khawaja M, Chelu MG. Innovations in ventricular tachycardia ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2023; 66:1499-1518. [PMID: 35879516 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-022-01311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) has evolved significantly over the past decade and is currently a well-established therapeutic option. Technological advances and improved understanding of VA mechanisms have led to tremendous innovations in VA ablation. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of current innovations in VA ablation. Mapping techniques, such as ultra-high density mapping, isochronal late activation mapping, and ripple mapping, have provided improved arrhythmogenic substrate delineation and potential procedural success while limiting duration of ablation procedure and potential hemodynamic compromise. Besides, more advanced mapping and ablation techniques such as epicardial and intramyocardial ablation approaches have allowed operators to more precisely target arrhythmogenic substrate. Moreover, advances in alternate energy sources, such as electroporation, as well as stereotactic radiation therapy have been proposed to be effective and safe. New catheters, such as the lattice and the saline-enhanced radiofrequency catheters, have been designed to provide deeper and more durable tissue ablation lesions compared to conventional catheters. Contact force optimization and baseline impedance modulation are important tools to optimize VT radiofrequency ablation and improve procedural success. Furthermore, advances in cardiac imaging, specifically cardiac MRI, have great potential in identifying arrhythmogenic substrate and evaluating ablation success. Overall, VA ablation has undergone significant advances over the past years. Innovations in VA mapping techniques, alternate energy source, new catheters, and utilization of cardiac imaging have great potential to improve overall procedural safety, hemodynamic stability, and procedural success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qussay Marashly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Salim N Najjar
- Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Suite A6.137, MS: BCM621, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Suite A6.137, MS: BCM621, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Graham J Rector
- Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Suite A6.137, MS: BCM621, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Muzamil Khawaja
- Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Suite A6.137, MS: BCM621, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mihail G Chelu
- Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Suite A6.137, MS: BCM621, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, USA.
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, USA.
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11
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Chrispin J, Tandri H. Association of Sinus Wavefront Activation and Ventricular Extrastimuli Mapping With Ventricular Tachycardia Re-Entrant Circuits. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 9:1697-1705. [PMID: 37480854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substrate-based ablation targets areas of delayed and fractionated electrograms during sinus rhythm, which are sensitive for identifying the ventricular tachycardia (VT) isthmus but is influenced by the activation wavefront direction and decremental pacing. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to correlate the areas of latest activation during varying wavefront activation mapping and decremental pacing mapping with sites critical to the VT isthmus. METHODS Three high-density electroanatomical substrate maps were created in patients presenting for ablation of monomorphic VT: 1) native sinus rhythm; 2) right ventricular (RV) apical pacing; and 3) an RV apical S2 map following the S1 drive train at 20 ms above the ventricular effective refractory period. Areas corresponding to the latest activation were compared with the VT isthmus identified by conventional mapping. RESULTS Twenty patients with structural heart disease with a mean age of 55.6 ± 16.9 years were included. The majority of the cohort consisted of patients with ischemic heart disease (50%) and arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (35%). Epicardial ablation was performed in 45% of patients. The concordance of the site of latest activation in sinus rhythm with the VT isthmus was 75%. The location of the latest activation during RV apical pacing corresponded with the VT isthmus in 85% of cases. However, in 95% of cases, the site of the latest activation following the S2 stimulus colocalized to the VT isthmus. CONCLUSIONS In a mix of underlying myocardial substrates, regions of conduction slowing during decremental pacing colocalize with the VT isthmus more frequently than sinus rhythm activation mapping and may have a role in substrate-based ablation where VT induction is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chrispin
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Harikrishna Tandri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Leenknegt L, Panfilov AV, Dierckx H. Impact of electrode orientation, myocardial wall thickness, and myofiber direction on intracardiac electrograms: numerical modeling and analytical solutions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213218. [PMID: 37492643 PMCID: PMC10364610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracardiac electrograms (iEGMs) are time traces of the electrical potential recorded close to the heart muscle. We calculate unipolar and bipolar iEGMs analytically for a myocardial slab with parallel myofibers and validate them against numerical bidomain simulations. The analytical solution obtained via the method of mirrors is an infinite series of arctangents. It goes beyond the solid angle theory and is in good agreement with the simulations, even though bath loading effects were not accounted for in the analytical calculation. At a large distance from the myocardium, iEGMs decay as 1/R (unipolar), 1/R 2 (bipolar and parallel), and 1/R 3 (bipolar and perpendicular to the endocardium). At the endocardial surface, there is a mathematical branch cut. Here, we show how a thicker myocardium generates iEGMs with larger amplitudes and how anisotropy affects the iEGM width and amplitude. If only the leading-order term of our expansion is retained, it can be determined how the conductivities of the bath, torso, myocardium, and myofiber direction together determine the iEGM amplitude. Our results will be useful in the quantitative interpretation of iEGMs, the selection of thresholds to characterize viable tissues, and for future inferences of tissue parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Leenknegt
- Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven Campus KULAK, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
- iSi Health–KU Leuven Institute of Physics-based Modeling for In Silico Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hans Dierckx
- Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven Campus KULAK, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
- iSi Health–KU Leuven Institute of Physics-based Modeling for In Silico Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Ciaccio EJ, Coromilas J, Wan EY, Yarmohammadi H, Saluja DS, Peters NS, Garan H, Biviano AB. Lateral Boundaries of the Ventricular Tachycardia Circuit Align With Sinus Rhythm Discontinuities. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 9:851-861. [PMID: 37227361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinus rhythm electrical activation mapping can provide information regarding the ischemic re-entrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) circuit. The information gleaned may include the localization of sinus rhythm electrical discontinuities, which can be defined as arcs of disrupted electrical conduction with large activation time differences across the arc. OBJECTIVES This study sought to detect and localize sinus rhythm electrical discontinuities that might be present in activation maps constructed from infarct border zone electrograms. METHODS Monomorphic re-entrant VT with a double-loop circuit and central isthmus was repeatedly inducible by programmed electrical stimulation in the epicardial border zone of 23 postinfarction canine hearts. Sinus rhythm and VT activation maps were constructed from 196 to 312 bipolar electrograms acquired surgically at the epicardial surface and analyzed computationally. A complete re-entrant circuit was mappable from the epicardial electrograms of VT, and isthmus lateral boundary (ILB) locations were ascertained. The difference in sinus rhythm activation time across ILB locations, vs the central isthmus and vs the circuit periphery, was determined. RESULTS Sinus rhythm activation time differences averaged 14.4 milliseconds across the ILB vs 6.5 milliseconds at the central isthmus and 6.4 milliseconds at the periphery (ie, the outer circuit loop) (P ≤ 0.001). Locations with large sinus rhythm activation difference tended to overlap ILB (60.3% ± 23.2%) compared with their overlap with the entire grid (27.5% ± 18.5%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Disrupted electrical conduction is evident as discontinuity in sinus rhythm activation maps, particularly at ILB locations. These areas may represent permanent fixtures relating to spatial differences in border zone electrical properties, caused in part by alterations in underlying infarct depth. The tissue properties producing sinus rhythm discontinuity at ILB may contribute to functional conduction block formation at VT onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Ciaccio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; ElectroCardioMaths Programme, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James Coromilas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elaine Y Wan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hirad Yarmohammadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deepak S Saluja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- ElectroCardioMaths Programme, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Garan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angelo B Biviano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Al-Sheikhli J, Winter J, Luque IR, Lambiase PD, Orini M, Porta-Sánchez A, Dhanjal T. Optimization of decrementing evoked potential mapping for functional substrate identification in ischaemic ventricular tachycardia ablation. Europace 2023; 25:euad092. [PMID: 37032650 PMCID: PMC10228600 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar Al-Sheikhli
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - James Winter
- Electrophysiology Division, Abbott Laboratories, Solihull, UK
| | - Ivo Roca Luque
- Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michele Orini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tarvinder Dhanjal
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
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15
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Baldazzi G, Orrù M, Viola G, Pani D. Computer-aided detection of arrhythmogenic sites in post-ischemic ventricular tachycardia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6906. [PMID: 37106017 PMCID: PMC10140038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, catheter-based ablation in patients with post-ischemic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is performed in arrhythmogenic sites identified by electrophysiologists by visual inspection during electroanatomic mapping. This work aims to present the development of machine learning tools aiming at supporting clinicians in the identification of arrhythmogenic sites by exploiting innovative features that belong to different domains. This study included 1584 bipolar electrograms from nine patients affected by post-ischemic VT. Different features were extracted in the time, time scale, frequency, and spatial domains and used to train different supervised classifiers. Classification results showed high performance, revealing robustness across the different classifiers in terms of accuracy, true positive, and false positive rates. The combination of multi-domain features with the ensemble tree is the most effective solution, exhibiting accuracies above 93% in the 10-time 10-fold cross-validation and 84% in the leave-one-subject-out validation. Results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed features and their potential use in a computer-aided system for the detection of arrhythmogenic sites. This work demonstrates for the first time the usefulness of supervised machine learning for the detection of arrhythmogenic sites in post-ischemic VT patients, thus enabling the development of computer-aided systems to reduce operator dependence and errors, thereby possibly improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baldazzi
- Medical Devices and Signal Processing (MeDSP) Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (DIEE), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marco Orrù
- Medical Devices and Signal Processing (MeDSP) Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (DIEE), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Graziana Viola
- Department of Cardiology, Santissima Annunziata Hospital, Sassari, Italy
| | - Danilo Pani
- Medical Devices and Signal Processing (MeDSP) Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (DIEE), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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16
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Gilge JL, Joshi SA, Nair GV, Clark BA, Prystowsky EN, Patel PJ. Ripple mapping in ventricular tachycardia substrate mapping and ablation of nonischemic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2023; 34:652-661. [PMID: 36640431 DOI: 10.1111/jce.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substrate-based ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) using Ripple map (RM) is an effective treatment strategy for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy but has yet to be evaluated in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICMO). The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of an RM-based ablation for NICMO patients. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a single-center, retrospective study including all NICMO patients undergoing VT ablation at St Vincent Hospital between January 1, 2018 and January 12, 2019. Retrospective RM analysis was performed on those that had a substrate-based ablation to identify the location and number of Ripple channels as well as their proximity to ablation lesions. Thirty-three patients met the inclusion criteria and had a median age of 65 (58, 73.5) with 15.2% of the population being female, and were followed for a median duration of 451 (217.5, 586.5) days. Of these patients, 23 (69.7%) had a substrate-based ablation with a median procedural duration of 196.4 (186.8, 339) min, 1946 (517, 2750) points collected per map, and 277 (141, 554) points were within the scar. Two (8.6%) procedural complications occurred, and 7 (30.4%) patients had VT recurrence during follow-up. RM analysis revealed an average of two Ripple channels and the patients without VT recurrence had ablation performed closer to the Ripple channels: 0 (0, 4.7) versus 14.3 (0, 23.5) cm; p = .02. CONCLUSION An RM-based substrate ablation can be performed in NICMO patients and ablation within Ripple channels is a predictor of VT freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasen L Gilge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Ascension St Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandeep A Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Ascension St Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Girish V Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Ascension St Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Ascension St Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eric N Prystowsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Ascension St Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Parin J Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Ascension St Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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17
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Davies MJ, Bradfield JS. A Virtual Step Toward Precision Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 9:311-313. [PMID: 36990594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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18
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Enriquez A, Korogyi A, Bakker D, Chacko S, Neira V, Simpson C, Abdollah H, Baranchuk A, Redfearn D. Late, Slow, or Decremental: Elucidating the Ideal Surrogate for Ventricular Tachycardia Isthmus. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 9:280-282. [PMID: 36858702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Enriquez
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Adam Korogyi
- Abbott Laboratories, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bakker
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanoj Chacko
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Neira
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hoshiar Abdollah
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damian Redfearn
- Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Vlachos K, Letsas KP, Srinivasan NT, Frontera A, Efremidis M, Dragasis S, Martin CA, Martin R, Nakashima T, Bazoukis G, Kitamura T, Mililis P, Saplaouras A, Georgopoulos S, Sofoulis S, Kariki O, Koskina S, Takigawa M, Sacher F, Jais P, Santangeli P. The value of functional substrate mapping in ventricular tachycardia ablation. Heart Rhythm O2 2023; 4:134-146. [PMID: 36873315 PMCID: PMC9975018 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of structural heart disease, ventricular tachycardia (VT) is typically associated with a re-entrant mechanism. In patients with hemodynamically tolerated VTs, activation and entrainment mapping remain the gold standard for the identification of the critical parts of the circuit. However, this is rarely accomplished, as most VTs are not hemodynamically tolerated to permit mapping during tachycardia. Other limitations include noninducibility of arrhythmia or nonsustained VT. This has led to the development of substrate mapping techniques during sinus rhythm, eliminating the need for prolonged periods of mapping during tachycardia. Recurrence rates following VT ablation are high; therefore, new mapping techniques for substrate characterization are required. Advances in catheter technology and especially multielectrode mapping of abnormal electrograms has increased the ability to identify the mechanism of scar-related VT. Several substrate-guided approaches have been developed to overcome this, including scar homogenization and late potential mapping. Dynamic substrate changes are mainly identified within regions of myocardial scar and can be identified as local abnormal ventricular activities. Furthermore, mapping strategies incorporating ventricular extrastimulation, including from different directions and coupling intervals, have been shown to increase the accuracy of substrate mapping. The implementation of extrastimulus substrate mapping and automated annotation require less extensive ablation and would make VT ablation procedures less cumbersome and accessible to more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Vlachos
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- Electrophysiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Address reprint requests and correspondence: Dr Konstantinos Vlachos, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Electrophysiology Department, Syggrou Avenue 356, PC 176 74, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Neil T. Srinivasan
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon, United Kingdom
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Michael Efremidis
- Electrophysiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Dragasis
- Electrophysiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Claire A. Martin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ruaridh Martin
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Takashi Nakashima
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - George Bazoukis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Cardiology, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Takeshi Kitamura
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Panagiotis Mililis
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, General Hospital of Athens Evangelismos, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stamatios Georgopoulos
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, General Hospital of Athens Evangelismos, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Sofoulis
- Electrophysiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Kariki
- Electrophysiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Koskina
- Electrophysiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Masateru Takigawa
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Sacher
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre Jais
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
- INSERM U1045, Institut hostpialo-universitaire–L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Pasquale Santangeli
- Cardiovascular Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Retrospective Window of Interest Annotation Provides New Insights Into Functional Channels in Ventricular Tachycardia Substrate. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 9:1-16. [PMID: 36697187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate annotation of local activation time is crucial in the functional assessment of ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate. A major limitation of modern mapping systems is the standard prospective window of interest (sWOI) is limited to 490 to 500 milliseconds, preventing annotation of very late potentials (LPs). A novel retrospective window of interest (rWOI), which allows annotation of all diastolic potentials, was used to assess the functional VT substrate. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the utility of a novel rWOI, which allows accurate visualization and annotation of all LPs during VT substrate mapping. METHODS Patients with high-density VT substrate maps and a defined isthmus were included. All electrograms were manually annotated to latest activation using a novel rWOI. Reannotated substrate maps were correlated to critical sites, with areas of late activation examined. Propagation patterns were examined to assess the functional aspects of the VT substrate. RESULTS Forty-eight cases were identified with 1,820 ± 826 points per map. Using the novel rWOI, 31 maps (65%) demonstrated LPs beyond the sWOI limit. Two distinct patterns of channel activation were seen during substrate mapping: 1) functional block with unidirectional conduction into the channel (76%); and 2) wave front collision within the channel (24%). In addition, a novel marker termed the zone of early and late crowding was studied in the rWOI substrate maps and found to have a higher positive predictive value (85%) than traditional deceleration zones (69%) for detecting critical sites of re-entry. CONCLUSIONS The standard WOI of contemporary mapping systems is arbitrarily limited and results in important very late potentials being excluded from annotation. Future versions of electroanatomical mapping systems should provide longer WOIs for accurate local activation time annotation.
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21
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Stoks J, Hermans BJM, Boukens BJD, Holtackers RJ, Gommers S, Kaya YS, Vernooy K, Cluitmans MJM, Volders PGA, Ter Bekke RMA. High-resolution structural-functional substrate-trigger characterization: Future roadmap for catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1112980. [PMID: 36873402 PMCID: PMC9978225 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) are at high risk of sudden cardiac death. When appropriate, catheter ablation is modestly effective, with relatively high VT recurrence and complication rates. Personalized models that incorporate imaging and computational approaches have advanced VT management. However, 3D patient-specific functional electrical information is typically not considered. We hypothesize that incorporating non-invasive 3D electrical and structural characterization in a patient-specific model improves VT-substrate recognition and ablation targeting. Materials and methods In a 53-year-old male with ischemic cardiomyopathy and recurrent monomorphic VT, we built a structural-functional model based on high-resolution 3D late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (3D-LGE CMR), multi-detector computed tomography (CT), and electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI). Invasive data from high-density contact and pace mapping obtained during endocardial VT-substrate modification were also incorporated. The integrated 3D electro-anatomic model was analyzed off-line. Results Merging the invasive voltage maps and 3D-LGE CMR endocardial geometry led to a mean Euclidean node-to-node distance of 5 ± 2 mm. Inferolateral and apical areas of low bipolar voltage (<1.5 mV) were associated with high 3D-LGE CMR signal intensity (>0.4) and with higher transmurality of fibrosis. Areas of functional conduction delay or block (evoked delayed potentials, EDPs) were in close proximity to 3D-LGE CMR-derived heterogeneous tissue corridors. ECGI pinpointed the epicardial VT exit at ∼10 mm from the endocardial site of origin, both juxtaposed to the distal ends of two heterogeneous tissue corridors in the inferobasal left ventricle. Radiofrequency ablation at the entrances of these corridors, eliminating all EDPs, and at the VT site of origin rendered the patient non-inducible and arrhythmia-free until the present day (20 months follow-up). Off-line analysis in our model uncovered dynamic electrical instability of the LV inferolateral heterogeneous scar region which set the stage for an evolving VT circuit. Discussion and conclusion We developed a personalized 3D model that integrates high-resolution structural and electrical information and allows the investigation of their dynamic interaction during arrhythmia formation. This model enhances our mechanistic understanding of scar-related VT and provides an advanced, non-invasive roadmap for catheter ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Stoks
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ben J M Hermans
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bas J D Boukens
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert J Holtackers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Gommers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yesim S Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kevin Vernooy
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J M Cluitmans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Paul G A Volders
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rachel M A Ter Bekke
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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22
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Atreya AR, Yalagudri SD, Subramanian M, Rangaswamy VV, Saggu DK, Narasimhan C. Best Practices for the Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2022; 14:571-607. [PMID: 36396179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for catheter ablation have evolved to effectively treat a range of ventricular arrhythmias. Pre-operative electrocardiographic and cardiac imaging data are very useful in understanding the arrhythmogenic substrate and can guide mapping and ablation. In this review, we focus on best practices for catheter ablation, with emphasis on tailoring ablation strategies, based on the presence or absence of structural heart disease, underlying clinical status, and hemodynamic stability of the ventricular arrhythmia. We discuss steps to make ablation safe and prevent complications, and techniques to improve the efficacy of ablation, including optimal use of electroanatomical mapping algorithms, energy delivery, intracardiac echocardiography, and selective use of mechanical circulatory support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auras R Atreya
- Electrophysiology Section, AIG Hospitals Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Electrophysiology Section, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sachin D Yalagudri
- Electrophysiology Section, AIG Hospitals Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Muthiah Subramanian
- Electrophysiology Section, AIG Hospitals Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Daljeet Kaur Saggu
- Electrophysiology Section, AIG Hospitals Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Calambur Narasimhan
- Electrophysiology Section, AIG Hospitals Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.
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23
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Nayyar S. Intracardiac Electrogram Targets for Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2022; 14:559-570. [PMID: 36396178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in most patients with a prior myocardial scarring is reentry involving compartmentalized muscle fibers protected within the scar. Often the 12-lead ECG morphology of the VT itself is not available when treated with a defibrillator. Consequently, VT ablation takes on an interesting challenge of finding critical targets in sinus rhythm. High-density recordings are essential to evaluate a substrate based on whole electrogram voltage and activation delay, supplemented with substrate perturbation through alternate site pacing or introducing an extra stimulation. In this article, we discuss contemporary intracardiac electrogram targets for VT ablation, with explanation on each of their specific fundamental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Nayyar
- Townsville University Hospital, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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24
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Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA, Charron P, Corrado D, Dagres N, de Chillou C, Eckardt L, Friede T, Haugaa KH, Hocini M, Lambiase PD, Marijon E, Merino JL, Peichl P, Priori SG, Reichlin T, Schulz-Menger J, Sticherling C, Tzeis S, Verstrael A, Volterrani M. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3997-4126. [PMID: 36017572 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 745] [Impact Index Per Article: 372.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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25
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Niri A, Shapira E, Massé S, Bar-Tal M, Bar-on T, Hayam G, Ben-Dor A, Bhaskaran A, Ha A, Anter E, Porta-Sanchez A, Jackson N, Nanthakumar K, Nair K. Automated Identification of Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Targets: Multicenter Validation and Workflow Characterization. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag 2022; 13:5147-5152. [PMID: 36196238 PMCID: PMC9521725 DOI: 10.19102/icrm.2022.130903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Decrement evoked potentials (EPs) (DeEPs) constitute an accepted method to identify physiological ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation targets without inducing VT. The feasibility of automated software (SW) in the detection of arrhythmogenic VT substrate has been documented. However, multicenter validation of automated SW and workflow has yet to be characterized. The objective of this study was to describe the functionality of a novel DeEP SW (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and evaluate the independent performance of the automated algorithm using multicenter data. VT ablation cases were performed in the catheterization laboratory and retrospectively analyzed using the DeEP SW. The algorithm indicated and mapped DeEPs by first identifying capture in surface electrocardiograms (ECGs). Once capture was confirmed, the EPs of S1 paces were detected. The algorithm checked for the stability of S1 EPs by comparing the last 3 of the 8 morphologies and attributing standard deviation values. The extra-stimulus EP was then detected by comparing it to the S1 EP. Once detected, the DeEP value was computed from the extra-stimulus and displayed as a sphere on a voltage map. A total of 5,885 DeEP signals were extracted from 21 substrate mapping cases conducted at 3 different centers (in Spain, Canada, and Australia). A gold standard was established from ECGs manually marked by subject experts. Once the algorithm was deployed, 91.6% of S2 algorithm markings coincided with the gold standard, 1.9% were false-positives, and 0.1% were false-negatives. Also, 6.4% were non-specific DeEP detections. In conclusion, the automated DeEP algorithm identifies and displays DeEP points, revealing VT substrates in a multicenter validation study. The automation of identification and mapping display is expected to improve efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Niri
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Massé
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Abishek Bhaskaran
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ha
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elad Anter
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | | | | | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Address correspondence to: Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar, MD, FRCPC, Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, 150 Gerrard Street West, GW3-526, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4.
| | - Krishnakumar Nair
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Vázquez-Calvo S, Roca-Luque I, Porta-Sánchez A. Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Guided by Functional Substrate Mapping: Practices and Outcomes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090288. [PMID: 36135433 PMCID: PMC9501404 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia has demonstrated its important role in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural cardiomyopathy. Conventional mapping techniques used to define the critical isthmus, such as activation mapping and entrainment, are limited by the non-inducibility of the clinical tachycardia or its poor hemodynamic tolerance. To overcome these limitations, a voltage mapping strategy based on bipolar electrograms peak to peak analysis was developed, but a low specificity (30%) for VT isthmus has been described with this approach. Functional mapping strategy relies on the analysis of the characteristics of the electrograms but also their propagation patterns and their response to extra-stimulus or alternative pacing wavefronts to define the targets for ablation. With this review, we aim to summarize the different functional mapping strategies described to date to identify ventricular arrhythmic substrate in patients with structural heart disease.
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27
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Hawson J, Al-Kaisey A, Anderson RD, Watts T, Morton J, Kumar S, Kistler P, Kalman J, Lee G. Substrate-based approaches in ventricular tachycardia ablation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2022; 22:273-285. [PMID: 36007824 PMCID: PMC9649336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipej.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structural heart disease is now part of standard care. Mapping and ablation of the clinical VT is often limited when the VT is noninducible, nonsustained or not haemodynamically tolerated. Substrate-based ablation strategies have been developed in an aim to treat VT in this setting and, subsequently, have been shown to improve outcomes in VT ablation when compared to focused ablation of mapped VTs. Since the initial description of linear ablation lines targeting ventricular scar, many different approaches to substrate-based VT ablation have been developed. Strategies can broadly be divided into three categories: 1) targeting abnormal electrograms, 2) anatomical targeting of conduction channels between areas of myocardial scar, and 3) targeting areas of slow and/or decremental conduction, identified with “functional” substrate mapping techniques. This review summarises contemporary substrate-based ablation strategies, along with their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hawson
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al-Kaisey
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert D Anderson
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Troy Watts
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Morton
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital and Westmead Applied Research Centre, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Western Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Kistler
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kalman
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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28
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Wiles BM, Li AC, Waight MC, Saba MM. Contemporary Management of Complex Ventricular Arrhythmias. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2022; 11:e04. [PMID: 35734144 PMCID: PMC9194914 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2021.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous catheter ablation is an effective and safe therapy that can eliminate ventricular tachycardia, reducing the risks of both recurrent arrhythmia and shock therapies from a defibrillator. Successful ablation requires accurate identification of arrhythmic substrate and the effective delivery of energy to the targeted tissue. A thorough pre-procedural assessment is needed before considered 3D electroanatomical mapping can be performed. In contemporary practice, this must combine traditional electrophysiological techniques, such as activation and entrainment mapping, with more novel physiological mapping techniques for which there is an ever-increasing evidence base. Novel techniques to maximise energy delivery to the tissue must also be considered and balanced against their associated risks of complication. This review provides a comprehensive appraisal of contemporary practice and the evidence base that supports recent developments in mapping and ablation, while also considering potential future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Wiles
- Advanced Ventricular Arrhythmia Training and Research (AVATAR) Program, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony C Li
- Advanced Ventricular Arrhythmia Training and Research (AVATAR) Program, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael C Waight
- Advanced Ventricular Arrhythmia Training and Research (AVATAR) Program, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Magdi M Saba
- Advanced Ventricular Arrhythmia Training and Research (AVATAR) Program, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
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29
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Anderson RD, Nanthakumar K. Left bundle branch ventricular tachycardia in ischemic cardiomyopathy: A mapping strategy to cover the common and uncommon differential. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:1629-1630. [PMID: 35341996 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.03.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Anderson
- Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital.
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30
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Kao PH, Chung FP, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF, Tuan TC, Chao TF, Liao JN, Lin CY, Chang TY, Kuo L, Wu CI, Liu CM, Liu SH, Cheng WH, Lin L, Ton AKN, Hsu CY, Chhay C, Chen SA. Application of Ensite TM LiveView Function for Identification of Scar-related Ventricular Tachycardia Isthmus. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2022; 33:1223-1233. [PMID: 35304796 DOI: 10.1111/jce.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dynamic display of real-time wavefront activation pattern may facilitate the recognition of reentrant circuits, particularly the diastolic path of ventricular tachycardia (VT). OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of LiveView Dynamic Display for mapping the critical isthmus of scar-related reentrant VT. METHODS Patients with mappable scar-related reentrant VT were selected. The characteristics of the underlying substrates and VT circuits were assessed using HD grid multi-electrode catheter. The VT isthmuses were identified based on the activation map, entrainment, and ablation results. The accuracy of the LiveView findings in detecting potential VT isthmus was assessed. RESULTS We studied 18 scar-related reentrant VTs in 10 patients (median age: 59.5 years, 100% male) including 6 and 4 patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, respectively. The median VT cycle length was 426 ms (interquartile range: 386-466 ms). Among 590 regional mapping displays, 92.0% of the VT isthmus sites were identified by LiveView Dynamic Display. The accuracy of LiveView for isthmus identification was 84%, with positive and negative predictive values of 54.8% and 97.8%, respectively. The area with abnormal electrograms was negatively correlated with the accuracy of LiveView Dynamic Display (r = -0.506, p = 0.027). The median time interval to identify a VT isthmus using LiveView was significantly shorter than that using conventional activation maps (50.5 [29.8-120] vs. 219 [157.5-400.8] s, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility of LiveView Dynamic Display in identifying the critical isthmus of scar-related VT with modest accuracy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Kao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Po Chung
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yenn-Jiang Lin
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lin Chang
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Lo
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Hu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chuan Tuan
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Nan Liao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yung Chang
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling Kuo
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-I Wu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Huei Liu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Han Cheng
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Lin
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An Khanh-Nu Ton
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yu Hsu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chheng Chhay
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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31
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[Update on ablation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:42-48. [PMID: 35157111 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is performed with increasing frequency in clinical practice. Whereas the reported success rates of idiopathic VT are high, catheter ablation of VT in patients with structural heart disease with its scar-related re-entry mechanism may remain a challenge especially if deep intramyocardial or epicardial portions exist. The integration of modern cardiac imaging, new functional mapping strategies and catheter technologies allow optimized identification and characterization of the critical arrhythmogenic substrate and hence a more targeted VT ablation. The extent to which these innovations will have the potential to improve VT ablation success rates will be determined by future studies.
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32
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Ciaccio EJ, Anter E, Coromilas J, Wan EY, Yarmohammadi H, Wit AL, Peters NS, Garan H. Structure and function of the ventricular tachycardia isthmus. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:137-153. [PMID: 34371192 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Catheter ablation of postinfarction reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) has received renewed interest owing to the increased availability of high-resolution electroanatomic mapping systems that can describe the VT circuits in greater detail, and the emergence and need to target noninvasive external beam radioablation. These recent advancements provide optimism for improving the clinical outcome of VT ablation in patients with postinfarction and potentially other scar-related VTs. The combination of analyses gleaned from studies in swine and canine models of postinfarction reentrant VT, and in human studies, suggests the existence of common electroanatomic properties for reentrant VT circuits. Characterizing these properties may be useful for increasing the specificity of substrate mapping techniques and for noninvasive identification to guide ablation. Herein, we describe properties of reentrant VT circuits that may assist in elucidating the mechanisms of onset and maintenance, as well as a means to localize and delineate optimal catheter ablation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Ciaccio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; ElectroCardioMaths Programme, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Elad Anter
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James Coromilas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Elaine Y Wan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Hirad Yarmohammadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Andrew L Wit
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- ElectroCardioMaths Programme, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Garan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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33
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Nezlobinsky T, Okenov A, Panfilov AV. Multiparametric analysis of geometric features of fibrotic textures leading to cardiac arrhythmias. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21111. [PMID: 34702936 PMCID: PMC8548304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important questions in cardiac electrophysiology is to characterise the arrhythmogenic substrate; for example, from the texture of the cardiac fibrosis, which is considered one of the major arrhythmogenic conditions. In this paper, we perform an extensive in silico study of the relationships between various local geometric characteristics of fibrosis on the onset of cardiac arrhythmias. In order to define which texture characteristics have better predictive value, we induce arrhythmias by external stimulation, selecting 4363 textures in which arrhythmia can be induced and also selecting 4363 non-arrhythmogenic textures. For each texture, we determine such characteristics as cluster area, solidity, mean distance, local density and zig-zag propagation path, and compare them in arrhythmogenic and non-arrhythmogenic cases. Our study shows that geometrical characteristics, such as cluster area or solidity, turn out to be the most important for prediction of the arrhythmogenic textures. Overall, we were able to achieve an accuracy of 67% for the arrhythmogenic texture-classification problem. However, the accuracy of predictions depends on the size of the region chosen for the analysis. The optimal size for the local areas of the tissue was of the order of 0.28 of the wavelength of the arrhythmia. We discuss further developments and possible applications of this method for characterising the substrate of arrhythmias in fibrotic textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nezlobinsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium.,Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - A Okenov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - A V Panfilov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium. .,Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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34
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Maximizing detection and optimal characterization of local abnormal ventricular activity in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: LAVA MAX & LAVA FLOW. Heart Rhythm O2 2021; 2:529-536. [PMID: 34667969 PMCID: PMC8505212 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sites of local abnormal ventricular activation (LAVA) are ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation targets. In nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), minute and sparse LAVA potentials are mapped with difficulty with direction-sensitive bipolar electrograms (EGM). A method for its optimal characterization independent of electrode orientation has not been explored. Objective Maximize voltages and calculate overall activation direction at LAVA sites, independent of catheter and wave direction, using omnipolar technology (OT) in NICM. Methods Four diseased isolated human hearts from NICM patients were mapped epicardially using a high-density grid. Bipolar EGMs with at least 2 activation segments separated by at least 25 ms were identified. We used OT to maximize voltages (LAVAMAX) and measured overall wave direction (LAVAFLOW) for both segments. Clinically relevant voltage proportion (CRVP) was used to estimate the proportion of directionally corrected bipoles. Concordance and changes in direction vectors were measured via mean vector length and angular change. Results OT provides maximal LAVA voltages (OT: 0.83 ± 0.09 mV vs Bi: 0.61 ± 0.06 mV, P < .05) compared to bipolar EGMs. OT optimizes LAVA voltages, with 32% (CRVP) of LAVA bipoles directionally corrected by OT. OT direction vectors at LAVA sites demonstrate general concordance, with an average of 62% ± 5%. A total of 72% of direction vectors change by more than 35° at LAVA sites. Conclusion The omnipolar mapping approach allows maximizing voltage and determining the overall direction of wavefront activity at LAVA sites in NICM.
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35
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Sato H, Hori Y, Fukuda R, Nakahara S. Searching DEEP inside the post ablated substrate in ischemic ventricular tachycardia. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2021; 64:545-546. [PMID: 34632561 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-021-01070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 2-1-50 Minami Koshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hori
- Department of Cardiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 2-1-50 Minami Koshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Reiko Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 2-1-50 Minami Koshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakahara
- Department of Cardiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 2-1-50 Minami Koshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
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36
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Limitations and Pitfalls of Substrate Mapping for Ventricular Tachycardia. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7:542-560. [PMID: 33888275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental hypothesis of substrate mapping for scar-mediated ventricular tachycardia is that surrogates of the isthmus can be identified and targeted with ablation during sinus rhythm. These surrogates include electrocardiographic indications for electric discontinuity such as fractionation, split, late, and long potentials, also evident as sites displaying activation slowing. However, ablation strategies targeting these surrogates during sinus rhythm have resulted in unacceptably high rates of clinical failures, promoting the idea that a more widespread ablation may be required. High-resolution mapping technologies provide an opportunity to examine the substrate at greater detail; however, their use has not yet translated into improved clinical outcomes. This may be related to ongoing efforts to examine the same surrogates at higher resolution instead of using high-resolution technologies for discovering new and potentially more specific surrogates. This article reviews common limitations and pitfalls of substrate mapping and discusses new opportunities for high-resolution mapping to increase the accuracy of substrate mapping: 1) multielectrode mapping catheters provide an opportunity to rapidly examine the substrate during electrophysiological conditions that more closely simulate ventricular tachycardia by means of activation from different directions and coupling intervals; 2) electrogram annotation methods based on the maximal negative derivative of the extracellular potential or maximal voltage are often inaccurate in nonuniform anisotropic tissue. The use of multielectrode catheters may improve the accuracy of electrogram annotation by using spatiotemporal dispersion of single-beat acquisitions and a localized indifferent reference; and 3) resetting and entrainment remain important methods for studying re-entry for and guiding ablation.
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37
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Jan M, Žižek D, Prolič Kalinšek T, Kuhelj D, Trunk P, Kolar T, Kšela J, Rauber M, Yazici M. Minimising radiation exposure in catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:306. [PMID: 34134637 PMCID: PMC8210369 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional fluoroscopy guided catheter ablation (CA) is an established treatment option for ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). However, with the complex nature of most procedures, patients and staff bare an increased radiation exposure. Near-zero or zero-fluoroscopy CA is an alternative method which could substantially reduce or even eliminate the radiation dose. Our aim was to analyse procedural outcomes with fluoroscopy minimising approach for treatment of VAs in patients with structurally normal hearts (SNH) and structural heart disease (SHD).
Methods Fifty-two (age 53.4 ± 17.8 years, 38 male, 14 female) consecutive patients who underwent CA of VAs in our institution between May 2018 and December 2019 were included. Procedures were performed primarily with the aid of the three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping system and intra-cardiac echocardiography. Fluoroscopy was considered only in left ventricular (LV) summit mapping for coronary angiography and when epicardial approach was planned. Acute and long-term procedural outcomes were analysed. Results Sixty CA procedures were performed. Twenty-five patients had SHD-related VAs (Group 1) and 27 patients had SNH (Group 2). While Group 1 had significantly higher total procedural time (256.9 ± 71.7 vs 123.6 ± 42.2 min; p < 0.001) compared to Group 2, overall procedural success rate [77.4% (24/31) vs 89.7% (26/29); p = 0.20)] and recurrence rate after the first procedure [8/25, (32%) vs 8/27, (29.6%); p = 0.85] were similar in both groups. Fluoroscopy was used in 3 procedures in Group 1 where epicardial approach was needed and in 4 procedures in Group 2 where LV summit VAs were ablated. Overall procedure-related major complication rate was 5%. Conclusions Fluoroscopy minimising approach for CA of VAs is feasible and safe in patients with SHD and SNH. Fluoroscopy could not be completely abolished in VAs with epicardial and LV summit substrate location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matevž Jan
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - David Žižek
- Cardiology Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Prolič Kalinšek
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitrij Kuhelj
- Clinical Institute for Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Trunk
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Kolar
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juš Kšela
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Rauber
- Cardiology Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mehmet Yazici
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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38
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Papageorgiou N, Srinivasan NT. Dynamic High-density Functional Substrate Mapping Improves Outcomes in Ischaemic Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation: Sense Protocol Functional Substrate Mapping and Other Functional Mapping Techniques. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2021; 10:38-44. [PMID: 33936742 PMCID: PMC8076974 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2020.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-infarct-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs due to reentry over surviving fibres within ventricular scar tissue. The mapping and ablation of patients in VT remains a challenge when VT is poorly tolerated and in cases in which VT is non-sustained or not inducible. Conventional substrate mapping techniques are limited by the ambiguity of substrate characterisation methods and the variety of mapping tools, which may record signals differently based on their bipolar spacing and electrode size. Real world data suggest that outcomes from VT ablation remain poor in terms of freedom from recurrent therapy using conventional techniques. Functional substrate mapping techniques, such as single extrastimulus protocol mapping, identify regions of unmasked delayed potentials, which, by nature of their dynamic and functional components, may play a critical role in sustaining VT. These methods may improve substrate mapping of VT, potentially making ablation safer and more reproducible, and thereby improving the outcomes. Further large-scale studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papageorgiou
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Neil T Srinivasan
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon, UK
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39
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Gaeta S, Bahnson TD, Henriquez C. High-Resolution Measurement of Local Activation Time Differences From Bipolar Electrogram Amplitude. Front Physiol 2021; 12:653645. [PMID: 33967825 PMCID: PMC8100452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.653645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized changes in myocardial conduction velocity (CV) are pro-arrhythmic, but high-resolution mapping of local CV is not yet possible during clinical electrophysiology procedures. This is in part because measurement of local CV at small spatial scales (1 mm) requires accurate annotation of local activation time (LAT) differences with very high temporal resolution (≤1 ms), beyond that of standard clinical methods. We sought to develop a method for high-resolution measurement of LAT differences and validate against existing techniques. First, we use a simplified theoretical model to identify a quantitative relationship between the LAT difference of a pair of electrodes and the peak amplitude of the bipolar EGM measured between them. This allows LAT differences to be calculated from bipolar EGM peak amplitude, by a novel "Determination of EGM Latencies by Transformation of Amplitude" (DELTA) method. Next, we use simulated EGMs from a computational model to validate this method. With 1 kHz sampling, LAT differences less than 4 ms were more accurately measured with DELTA than by standard LAT annotation (mean error 3.8% vs. 22.9%). In a 1-dimensional and a 2-dimension model, CV calculations were more accurate using LAT differences found by the DELTA method than by standard LAT annotation (by unipolar dV/dt timing). DELTA-derived LAT differences were more accurate than standard LAT annotation in simulated complex fractionated EGMs from a model incorporating fibrosis. Finally, we validated the DELTA method in vivo using 18,740 bipolar EGMs recorded from the left atrium of 10 atrial fibrillation patients undergoing catheter ablation. Using clinical EGMs, there was agreement in LAT differences found by DELTA, standard LAT annotation, and unipolar waveform cross-correlation. These results demonstrate an underlying relationship between a bipolar EGM's peak amplitude and the activation time difference between its two electrodes. Our computational modeling and clinical results suggest this relationship can be leveraged clinically to improve measurement accuracy for small LAT differences, which may improve CV measurement at small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gaeta
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tristram D Bahnson
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Craig Henriquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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40
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Zeppenfeld K, Porta-Sánchez A. Automated Functional Substrate Mapping: Further Hurdles to Be Cleared. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 6:1794-1796. [PMID: 33357575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zeppenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Willem Einthoven Center for Cardiac Arrhythmia Research and Management, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Andreu Porta-Sánchez
- Hospital Universitario Quironsalud and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Campbell T, Bennett RG, Kotake Y, Kumar S. Updates in Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation. Korean Circ J 2021; 51:15-42. [PMID: 33377327 PMCID: PMC7779814 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to recurrent ventricular tachycardia is an important clinical sequela in patients with structural heart disease. As a result, ventricular tachycardia (VT) has emerged as a major clinical and public health problem. The mechanism of VT is predominantly mediated by re-entry in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrate (scar), though focal mechanisms are also important. Catheter ablation for VT, when compared to standard medical therapy, has been shown to improve VT-free survival and burden of device therapies. Approaches to VT ablation are dependent on the underlying disease process, broadly classified into idiopathic (no structural heart disease) or structural heart disease (ischemic or non-ischemic heart disease). This update aims to review recent advances made for the treatment of VT ablation, with respect to current clinical trials, peri-procedure risk assessments, pre-procedural cardiac imaging, electro-anatomic mapping and advances in catheter and non-catheter based ablation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Campbell
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard G Bennett
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasuhito Kotake
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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42
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Crinion D, Neira V, Al Hamad N, de Leon A, Bakker D, Korogyi A, Abdollah H, Glover B, Simpson C, Baranchuk A, Chacko S, Enriquez A, Redfearn D. Close-coupled pacing to identify the "functional" substrate of ventricular tachycardia: Long-term outcomes of the paced electrogram feature analysis technique. Heart Rhythm 2020; 18:723-731. [PMID: 33378703 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conduction delay and block that compose the critical isthmus of macroreentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) is partly "functional" in that they only occur at faster cycle lengths. Close-coupled pacing stresses the myocardium's conduction capacity and may reveal late potentials (LPs) and fractionation. Interest has emerged in targeting this functional substrate. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of a functional substrate VT ablation strategy. METHODS Patients with scar-related VT undergoing their first ablation were recruited. A closely coupled extrastimulus (ventricular effective refractory period + 30 ms) was delivered at the right ventricular apex while mapping with a high-density catheter. Sites of functional impaired conduction exhibited increased electrogram duration due to LPs/fractionation. The time to last deflection was annotated on an electroanatomic map, readily identifying ablation targets. RESULTS A total of 40 patients were recruited (34 [85%] ischemic). Median procedure duration was 330 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 300-369), and ablation time was 49.4 minutes (IQR 33.8-48.3). Median functional substrate area was 41.9 cm2 (IQR 22.1-73.9). It was similarly distributed across bipolar voltage zones. Noninducibility was achieved in 34 of 40 patients (85%). Median follow-up was 711 days (IQR 255.5-972.8), during which 35 of 39 patients (89.7%) did not have VT recurrence, and 3 of 39 (7.5%) died. Antiarrhythmic drugs were continued in 53.8% (21/39). CONCLUSION Functional substrate ablation resulted in high rates of noninducibility and freedom from VT. Mapping times were increased considerably. Our findings add to the encouraging trend reported by related techniques. Randomized multicenter trials are warranted to assess this next phase of VT ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Crinion
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Neira
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nasser Al Hamad
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana de Leon
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bakker
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hoshiar Abdollah
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Glover
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Simpson
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanoj Chacko
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andres Enriquez
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damian Redfearn
- Heart Rhythm Service, Queen's University, Kingston Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada.
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43
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Bhaskaran A, Fitzgerald J, Jackson N, Gizurarson S, Nanthakumar K, Porta-Sánchez A. Decrement Evoked Potential Mapping to Guide Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation: Elucidating the Functional Substrate. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2020; 9:211-218. [PMID: 33437489 PMCID: PMC7788395 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2020.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical approaches to targeting the ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate include mapping of late potentials, local abnormal electrogram, pace-mapping and homogenisation of the abnormal signals. These approaches do not try to differentiate between the passive or active role of local signals as the critical components of the VT circuit. By not considering the functional components, these approaches often view the substrate as a fixed anatomical barrier. Strategies to improve the success of VT ablation need to include the identification of critical functional substrate. Decrement-evoked potential (DeEP) mapping has been developed to elucidate this using an extra-stimulus added to a pacing drive train. With knowledge translation in mind, the authors detail the evolution of the DeEP concept by way of a study of simultaneous panoramic endocardial mapping in VT ablation; an in silico modelling study to demonstrate the factors influencing DeEPs; a multicentre VT ablation validation study; a practical approach to DeEP mapping; the potential utility of DeEPs to identify arrhythmogenic atrial substrate; and, finally, other functional mapping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreu Porta-Sánchez
- Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Spain
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Berte B, Zeppenfeld K, Tung R. Impact of Micro-, Mini- and Multi-Electrode Mapping on Ventricular Substrate Characterisation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2020; 9:128-135. [PMID: 33240508 PMCID: PMC7675146 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2020.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate substrate characterisation may improve the evolving understanding and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. During substrate-based ablation techniques, wide practice variations exist with mapping via dedicated multi-electrode catheter or conventional ablation catheters. Recently, newer ablation catheter technology with embedded mapping electrodes have been introduced. This article focuses on the general misconceptions of voltage mapping and more specific differences in unipolar and bipolar signal morphology, field of view, signal-to-noise ratio, mapping capabilities (density and resolution), catheter-specific voltage thresholds and impact of micro-, mini- and multi-electrodes for substrate mapping. Efficiency and cost-effectiveness of different catheter types are discussed. Increasing sampling density with smaller electrodes allows for higher resolution with a greater likelihood to record near-field electrical information. These advances may help to further improve our mechanistic understanding of the correlation between substrate and ventricular tachycardia, as well as macro-reentry arrhythmia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Berte
- Heart Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Katja Zeppenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick Tung
- Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
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Acosta J, Soto-Iglesias D, Jáuregui B, Armenta JF, Penela D, Frutos-López M, Arana-Rueda E, Pedrote A, Mont L, Berruezo A. Long-term outcomes of ventricular tachycardia substrate ablation incorporating hidden slow conduction analysis. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1696-1703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Srinivasan NT, Garcia J, Schilling RJ, Ahsan S, Babu GG, Ang R, Dhinoja MB, Hunter RJ, Lowe M, Chow AW, Lambiase PD. Multicenter Study of Dynamic High-Density Functional Substrate Mapping Improves Identification of Substrate Targets for Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2020; 6:1783-1793. [PMID: 33357574 PMCID: PMC7769061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of dynamic substrate changes in facilitating conduction delay and re-entry in ventricular tachycardia (VT) circuits. BACKGROUND The presence of dynamic substrate changes facilitate functional block and re-entry in VT but are rarely studied as part of clinical VT mapping. METHODS Thirty patients (age 67 ± 9 years; 27 male subjects) underwent ablation. Mapping was performed with the Advisor HD Grid multipolar catheter. A bipolar voltage map was obtained during sinus rhythm (SR) and right ventricular sense protocol (SP) single extra pacing. SR and SP maps of late potentials (LP) and local abnormal ventricular activity (LAVA) were made and compared with critical sites for ablation, defined as sites of best entrainment or pace mapping. Ablation was then performed to critical sites, and LP/LAVA identified by the SP. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 12 months, 90% of patients were free from antitachycardia pacing (ATP) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks. SP pacing resulted in a larger area of LP identified for ablation (19.3 mm2 vs. 6.4 mm2) during SR mapping (p = 0.001), with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 96%, compared with 78% and 65%, respectively, in SR. CONCLUSIONS LP and LAVA observed during the SP were able to identify regions critical for ablation in VT with a greater accuracy than SR mapping. This may improve substrate characterization in VT ablation. The combination of ablation to critical sites and SP-derived LP/LAVA requires further assessment in a randomized comparator study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Srinivasan
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Jason Garcia
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Schilling
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Ahsan
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Girish G Babu
- Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ang
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul B Dhinoja
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross J Hunter
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lowe
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W Chow
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Barts Heart Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Targeting Abnormal Electrograms for Substrate-Based Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2020; 6:812-814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nayyar S, Downar E, Bhaskaran AP, Massé S, Nanthakumar K. Signature signal strategy: Electrogram-based ventricular tachycardia mapping. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:2000-2009. [PMID: 32590152 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple decades of work have recognized complexities of substrates responsible for ventricular tachycardia (VT). There is sufficient evidence that 3 critical components of a re-entrant VT circuit, namely, region of slow conduction, zone of unidirectional block, and exit site, are located in spatial vicinity to each other in the ventricular scar. Each of these components expresses characteristic electrograms in sinus rhythm, at initiation of VT, and during VT, respectively. Despite this, abnormal electrograms are widely targeted without appreciation of these signature electrograms during contemporary VT ablation. Our aim is to stimulate physiology-based VT mapping and a targeted ablation of VT. In this article, we focus on these 3 underappreciated aspects of the physiology of ischemic scar-related VT circuits that have practical applications during a VT ablation procedure. We explore the anatomic and functional elements underlying these distinctive bipolar electrograms, specifically the contribution of tissue branching, conduction restitution, and wave curvature to the substrate, as they pertain to initiation and maintenance of VT. We propose a VT ablation approach based on these 3 electrogram features that can be a potential practical means to recognize critical elements of a VT circuit and target ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Nayyar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Department of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Eugene Downar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek P Bhaskaran
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stéphane Massé
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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de Bakker JM. Electrogram recording and analyzing techniques to optimize selection of target sites for ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2019; 42:1503-1516. [PMID: 31609005 PMCID: PMC6916598 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular electrogram is caused by transmembrane currents that flow into extracellular space during propagation of the electrical impulse. Electrograms are usually recorded in unipolar or bipolar mode that have different characteristics, but provide complementary information. Both recording modes have specific advantages, but also suffer from disadvantages. Techniques to circumvent some of the weaknesses are reviewed. The origin of remote and fractionated deflections and their relation with electrode characteristics are discussed. Epicardial and endocardial sites of origin and breakthrough sites as well as the effect of fatty tissue on extracellular electrograms are presented. Induction of tachycardia to assess the arrhythmogenic area is not always possible because of hemodynamic instability of the patient. Techniques to assess sites with high reentry vulnerability without induction of arrhythmias are outlined such as activation‐repolarization mapping and decremental stimulation. Pitfalls of substrate mapping and techniques to avoid them as omnipolar mapping and characterization of complex electrograms by entropy are presented. Technical aspects that influence electrogram morphology as electrode size, filtering, contact force, and catheter position are delineated. Data from the various publications suggest that a combination of unipolar and bipolar electrogram analysis techniques is helpful to optimize determination of target sites for ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Mt de Bakker
- Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Mapping and Ablation of Unmappable Ventricular Tachycardia, Ventricular Tachycardia Storm, and Those in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2019; 11:675-688. [PMID: 31706474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In stable ventricular tachycardia (VT), activation mapping and entrainment mapping are the most important strategies to describe the reentrant circuit and its critical components. In many patients, however, VT is noninducible or hemodynamically unstable and unmappable. Several technological advances have broadened ablation options in unmappable VTs. Preprocedural imaging and intraprocedural imaging play an important role in location and extent of the substrate. Electroanatomic mapping with several technological improvements allows more precise electrical assessment of the substrate. A combination of imaging and electroanatomic mapping allows substantial modification of arrhythmogenic substrate in sinus rhythm or during device pacing without hemodynamic compromise.
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