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Shehadeh M, Wan EY, Biviano A, Mollazadeh R, Garan H, Yarmohammadi H. Esophageal injury, perforation, and fistula formation following atrial fibrillation ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2024; 67:409-424. [PMID: 38038816 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-023-01708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal perforation and fistula formation are rare but serious complications following atrial fibrillation ablation. In this review article, we outline the incidence, pathophysiology, predictors, and preventative strategies of this dreaded complication. METHODS We conducted an electronic search in 10 databases/electronic search engines to access relevant publications. All articles reporting complications following atrial fibrillation ablation, including esophageal injury and fistula formation, were included for systematic review. RESULTS A total of 130 manuscripts were identified for the final review process. The overall incidence of esophageal injury following atrial fibrillation ablation was significantly higher with thermal ablation modalities (radiofrequency 5-40%, cryoballoon 3-25%, high-intensity focused ultrasound < 10%) as opposed to non-thermal ablation modalities (no cases reported to date). The incidence of esophageal perforation and fistula formation with the use of thermal ablation modalities is estimated to occur in less than 0.25% of all atrial fibrillation ablation procedures. The use of luminal esophageal temperature monitoring probe and mechanical esophageal deviation showed protective effect toward reducing the incidence of this complication. The prognosis is very poor for patients who develop atrioesophageal fistula, and the condition is rapidly fatal without surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal perforation and fistula formation following atrial fibrillation ablation are rare complications with poor prognosis. Various strategies have been proposed to protect the esophagus and reduce the incidence of this fearful complication. Pulsed field ablation is a promising new ablation technology that may be the future answer toward reducing the incidence of esophageal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Shehadeh
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Columbia University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elaine Y Wan
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelo Biviano
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reza Mollazadeh
- Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Garan
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hirad Yarmohammadi
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Grosse Meininghaus D, Freund R, Koerber B, Kleemann T, Matthes H, Geller JC. Pulsed-field ablation does not induce esophageal and periesophageal injury-A new esophageal safety paradigm in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024; 35:86-93. [PMID: 37975544 DOI: 10.1111/jce.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal injury is one of the most serious complications of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with thermic energy sources. Better tissue selectivity of primarily non-thermic pulsed field ablation (PFA) may eliminate collateral injury, particularly the risk of atrio-esophageal fistula (AEF). OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of any (peri)-esophageal injury following PVI using PFA to thermic energy sources. METHODS Using endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and electrogastrography before and after PVI, esophageal and periesophageal injury (mucosal lesions, food retention, periesophageal edema, or vagal nerve injury) were assessed following PFA and radiofrequency (RF)- or cryoballoon (CB)-PVI. RESULTS Between December 2022 and February 2023, 20 patients (67 ± 10 years, 53% male) undergoing PFA (Farapulse, Boston Scientific) for atrial fibrillation (AF) were studied and compared with a previous cohort of 57 patients who underwent thermic PVI (CB: n = 33; RF: n = 24). Following PFA-PVI, none of the patients had mucosal lesions, food retention, or ablation-induced vagal nerve injury; four patients showed periesophageal edema. Following thermic ablation, 33/57 patients (58%) showed esophageal and/or periesophageal injury (CB: 21/33 [64%], RF: 12/24 [50%]), in detail 4/57 mucosal lesions, 18/57 food retention, 17/57 vagal nerve injury, and 20/52 edema. Midterm success rates were similar for all energy sources. CONCLUSION In contrast to thermic ablation tools, PFA is not associated with relevant esophageal and periesophageal injury, and might, therefore, reduce or eliminate the risk of potentially lethal AEF in interventional treatment of AF. The etiology of ablation-induced periesophageal edema is unknown but has not been shown to be related to lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Freund
- Thiem Research, Carl-Thiem-Hospital Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Britta Koerber
- Division of Cardiology, Carl-Thiem-Hospital Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Tobias Kleemann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Carl-Thiem-Hospital Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Harald Matthes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Community-Hospital Havelhoehe Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Christoph Geller
- Arrhythmia Section, Division of Cardiology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University School of Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Grosse Meininghaus D, Freund R, Kleemann T, Geller JC, Matthes H. Pulmonary vein isolation-induced vagal nerve injury and gastric motility disorders detected by electrogastrography: The side effects of pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation (SEPIA) study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2023; 34:583-592. [PMID: 36640436 DOI: 10.1111/jce.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Safety of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been established in clinical studies. However, despite prevention efforts the incidence of damage to (peri)-esophageal tissue has not decreased, and the pathophysiology is incompletely understood. Damage to vagal nerve branches may be involved in lesion progression to atrio-esophageal fistula. Using electrogastrography, we assessed the incidence of periesophageal vagal nerve injury (VNI) following atrial fibrillation ablation and its association with procedural parameters and endoscopic results. METHODS Patients were studied using electrogastrography, endoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasound before and after cryoballoon (CB) or radiofrequency (RF) PVI. The incidence of ablation-induced neuropathic pattern (indicating VNI) in pre- and postprocedural electrogastrography was assessed and correlated with endoscopic results and ablation data. RESULTS Between February 2021 und January 2022, 85 patients (67 ± 10 years, 53% male) were included, 33 were treated with CB and 52 with RF (38 with moderate power moderate duration [25-30 W] and 14 with high power short duration [50 W]). Ablation-induced VNI was detected in 27/85 patients independent of the energy form. Patients with VNI more frequently had postprocedural endoscopically detected pathology (8% mucosal esophageal lesions, 36% periesophageal edema, 33% food retention) but there was incomplete overlap. Pre-existing esophagitis increased the likelihood of VNI. Ablation data and esophageal temperature data did not predict VNI. CONCLUSION PVI-induced VNI is quite common and independent of ablation energy source. VNI is part of (peri)-esophageal damage and only partially overlaps with endoscopic findings. VNI-associated acidic reflux may be involved in the complex pathophysiology of esophageal lesion progression to fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Freund
- Carl-Thiem-Hospital Cottbus, Thiem Research, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Tobias Kleemann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carl-Thiem-Hospital Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Johann Christoph Geller
- Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Division of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Section, Bad Berka, Germany.,Otto-von-Guericke University School of Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Harald Matthes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Community-Hospital Havelhoehe Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cryoballoon atrial fibrillation ablation experience in Japan. Curr Opin Cardiol 2022; 37:68-73. [PMID: 34857716 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In Japan, cryoballoon ablation has been widely accepted and more than 70 000 patients have undergone pulmonary vein isolation using this novel technology since the introduction. This review focused on the current status of cryoballoon ablation in Japan and clarified the characteristics as compared to Europe and the United States. RECENT FINDINGS The number of atrial fibrillation patients undergoing cryoballon ablation has rapidly increased over the last 6 years. Most of the Japanese physicians consider the indication of cryoballoon ablation based on the anatomy of the pulmonary veins and left atrium evaluated on preprocedural computed tomography, and often perform adjunctive radiofrequency ablation after the pulmonary vein isolation. The reported overall efficacy and safety were similar to that in Europe and the United States; however, there are some distinctive complications of the cryoballoon procedure in Japan, such as air embolisms, gastric hypomotility and coronary artery spasms. SUMMARY Currently, the cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation is widely accepted in Japan owing to the low incidence of lethal complications, shorter procedure time and acceptable single procedure atrial fibrillation freedom.
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Shigeta T, Yamauchi Y, Oda A, Tachibana S, Hirao T, Nakamura R, Yoshida H, Okishige K, Goya M, Sasano T. Prevalence of gastric hypomotility after additional cryoballoon ablation of the left atrial roof. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2021; 45:5-13. [PMID: 34679229 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric hypomotility (GH) is a major complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. We aimed to clarify whether additional cryoballoon ablation (CBA) of the left atrial (LA) roof is associated with GH. METHODS AND RESULTS This study included 54 patients with non-paroxysmal AF who underwent CBA for pulmonary vein isolation and of the LA roof line. GH was defined according to the results of esophagogastroscopy performed 2 days after ablation. GH was observed in 10 patients. There were significant differences in LA diameter (LAD), right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) diameter, and the height of the LA roof from the point where the LA posterior wall and esophagus make contact between patients with (GH+) and without GH (GH-) (LAD: 41.0 [36.3-41.8] mm vs. 46.5 [42.8-50.0] mm, p < .01; RIPV diameter: 19.7 [19.0-20.5] mm vs. 23.2 [21.2-24.9] mm, p < .01; height of LA roof: 5.7 [5.1-6.1] mm vs. 8.8 [7.1-11.2] mm for, p < .01, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that LA roof height was a predictor of GH. Moreover, Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM) scores increased significantly 1 week after ablation (from 1.0 [0.0-2.8] to 5.0 [3.0-11.0], p = .03) in patients with GH. CONCLUSION The height of the LA roof may be a predictor of GH after CBA of the LA roof line. Additionally, GH-related symptoms may still appear 1 week after ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Shigeta
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Yamauchi
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Oda
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tachibana
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Hirao
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rena Nakamura
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okishige
- Heart Center, Japan Red Cross Yokohama City Bay Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Goya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yakabe D, Fukuyama Y, Araki M, Nakamura T. Anatomical evaluation of the esophagus using computed tomography to predict acute gastroparesis following atrial fibrillation ablation. J Arrhythm 2021; 37:1330-1336. [PMID: 34621432 PMCID: PMC8485813 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation is an effective treatment; however, periesophageal vagal nerve injury is not rare and sometimes results in acute gastroparesis (AGP) after atrial fibrillation ablation (AFA). We sought to investigate the incidence and risk factors of AGP via preprocedural computed tomography (CT) analysis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 422 patients who underwent index AFA at our center. Using contrast-enhanced CT performed before ablation, the anatomical characteristics of the esophagus were compared between patients with and without post-ablation AGP. AGP was diagnosed by the presence of symptoms, fasting abdominal X-ray radiography as a screening test, and additional abdominal imaging. RESULTS Of the 422 patients (age, 67 ± 11 years; male, 68.5%; cryoballoon, 63.7%), AGP developed in 14 (3.3%) patients, and six of 14 patients were asymptomatic. AGP resolved in all patients within 4 weeks without invasive treatment. In the AGP group, the esophagus was frequently located on the vertebra (middle-positioned esophagus) (AGP vs non-AGP, 42.9% vs 11.5%; P = .01), and additional posterior wall ablation was frequently performed (50.0% vs 14.5%; P = .02). In the multivariate analysis, middle-positioned esophagus (P = .02; odds ratio, 9.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-53.3) and additional posterior wall ablation (P = .01; odds ratio, 7.6; 95% CI, 1.5-42.1) were independent predictors of AGP. CONCLUSIONS Anatomical evaluation of the esophagus using CT may be simple and useful for predicting AGP after AFA. High-risk patients who have middle-positioned esophagus or who underwent excessive posterior wall ablation should be followed up closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yakabe
- Department of Cardiology Clinical Research Institute National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukuyama
- Department of Cardiology Clinical Research Institute National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masahiro Araki
- Department of Cardiology Clinical Research Institute National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center Fukuoka Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Cardiology Clinical Research Institute National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center Fukuoka Japan
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Miyazaki S, Kobori A, Sasaki Y, Miyamoto K, Sato E, Hanazawa K, Morishima I, Kanzaki Y, Yamaji H, Yamao K, Kondo Y, Watanuki M, Kaneshiro T, Uchiyama T, Nakamura K, Hiramatsu S, Nakajima J, Arimoto T, Kaneko S, Osai N, Takagi T, Kaseno K, Takahashi A, Naito S, Kobayashi Y, Hachiya H, Kusano K, Yagi T, Iesaka Y, Tada H. Real-World Safety Profile of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using a Second-Generation Cryoballoon in Japan: Insight From a Large Multicenter Observational Study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7:604-613. [PMID: 33640351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the incidence and characteristics of the real-world safety profile of second-generation cryoballoon ablation (2nd-CBA) in Japan. BACKGROUND Pulmonary vein isolation using second-generation cryoballoons is an accepted atrial fibrillation ablation strategy. METHODS This multicenter observational study included 4,173 patients with atrial fibrillation (3,807 paroxysmal) who underwent a 2nd-CBA in 18 participating centers. The baseline data and details of all procedure-related complications within 3 months post-procedure in consecutive patients from the first case at each center were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Adjunctive ablation after the pulmonary vein isolation was performed in 2,745 (65.8%) patients. Complications associated with the entire procedure were observed in 206 (4.9%) total patients, and in the multivariate analysis, the age (odds ratio: 1.015; 95% confidence interval: 1.001 to 1.030; p = 0.035) and study period were predictors. Air embolisms manifesting as ST-segment elevation and cardiac tamponade requiring drainage occurred in 63 (1.5%) and 15 (0.36%) patients, respectively. Six (0.14%) patients had strokes/transient ischemic attacks, among whom 5 underwent ablation under an interrupted anticoagulation regimen. No atrioesophageal fistulae occurred; however, 10 (0.24%) patients had symptomatic gastric hypomotility. Esophageal temperature monitoring did not reduce the incidence, and the incidence was significantly higher in patients with adjunctive posterior wall isolations or mitral isthmus ablation than those without (p = 0.004). Phrenic nerve injury occurred during the 2nd-CBA in 58 (1.4%) patients; however, all were asymptomatic and recovered within 13 months. One patient died of aspiration pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS This study had a high safety profile of 2nd-CBA despite including the early experience and high rate of adjunctive ablation. Care should be taken for air embolisms during 2nd-CBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kobori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Eiji Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koji Hanazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Itsuo Morishima
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanzaki
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuya Yamao
- Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Watanuki
- Department of Cardiology, Hikone Municipal Hospital, Hikone, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaneshiro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Uchiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Kohki Nakamura
- Division of Cardiology, Gunma Prefectural Cardiovascular Center, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shigeki Hiramatsu
- Division of Cardiology, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Cardiovascular Center, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takanori Arimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinji Kaneko
- Department of Cardiology, Toyota Kosei Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Norichika Osai
- Department of Cardiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Takagi
- Cardiovascular Center, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kaseno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Shigeto Naito
- Division of Cardiology, Gunma Prefectural Cardiovascular Center, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hachiya
- Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kengo Kusano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshito Iesaka
- Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Abstract
Since the cryoballoon (CB) was introduced into clinical practice, more than 400,000 patients have undergone a pulmonary vein (PV) isolation with a CB throughout the world. Although the efficacy of the first-generation CB was limited, the recently introduced second-generation CB has achieved a greater uniformity in cooling, which has facilitated a shorter time to PV isolation, shorter procedural times, higher rates of freedom from atrial fibrillation and low rates of PV reconnections. Currently, a single short freeze strategy with a single 28 mm balloon has become the standard technique based on the balance of procedural efficacy and safety. However, enhanced cooling characteristics may also result in a greater potential for collateral damage to non-cardiac structures. Knowledge about the potential complications is essential when performing the procedure. In this article, we describe the important complications that should be noted during a CB procedure, and how to minimise the risk of complications based on our experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui Fukui, Japan
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