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Creta A, Ventrella N, Earley MJ, Finlay M, Sporton S, Maclean E, Kanthasamy V, Lemos Silva Di Nubila BC, Ricciardi D, Calabrese V, Picarelli F, Hunter RJ, Lambiase PD, Schilling RJ, Grigioni F, Monkhouse C, Muthumala A, Moore P, Providencia R, Chow A. DOACs vs Vitamin K Antagonists During Cardiac Rhythm Device Surgery: A Multicenter Propensity-Matched Study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2024; 10:121-132. [PMID: 37897463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data comparing vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) at the time of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery. Furthermore, the best management of DOACs (interruption vs continuation) is yet to be determined. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the incidence of device-related bleeds and thrombotic events based on anticoagulant type (DOAC vs VKA) and regimen (interrupted vs uninterrupted). METHODS This was an observational multicenter study. We included patients on chronic oral anticoagulation undergoing CIED surgery. Patients were matched using propensity scoring. RESULTS We included 1,975 patients (age 73.8 ± 12.4 years). Among 1,326 patients on DOAC, this was interrupted presurgery in 78.2% (n = 1,039) and continued in 21.8% (n = 287). There were 649 patients on continued VKA. The matched population included 861 patients. The rate of any major bleeding was higher with continued DOAC (5.2%) compared to interrupted DOAC (1.7%) and continued VKA (2.1%) (P = 0.03). The rate of perioperative thromboembolism was 1.4% with interrupted DOAC, whereas no thromboembolic events occurred with DOAC or VKA continuation (P = 0.04). The use of dual antiplatelet therapy, DOAC continuation, and male sex were independent predictors of major bleeding on a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this large real-world cohort, a continued DOAC strategy was associated with a higher bleeding risk compared to DOAC interruption or VKA continuation in patients undergoing CIED surgery. However, DOAC interruption was associated with increased thromboembolic risk. Concomitant dual antiplatelet therapy should be avoided whenever clinically possible. A bespoke approach is necessary, with a strategy of minimal DOAC interruption likely to represent the best compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Creta
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Mark J Earley
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Finlay
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sporton
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Maclean
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Danilo Ricciardi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Calabrese
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ross J Hunter
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Amal Muthumala
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Moore
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Providencia
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Chow
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Howard TS, Vinocur JM. Translation of Tools and Techniques from the Adult Electrophysiology World to Pediatric Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2023; 15:515-525. [PMID: 37865524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews various opportunities to translate established and novel tools and techniques used in adult electrophysiology to pediatrics and the adult congenital heart disease population. There is a specific focus on preoperative management of special population, implantation techniques, and postoperative programming of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6651 Main Street, E1920, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Vinocur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Shan Y, Lin M, Sheng X, Zhang J, Sun Y, Fu G, Wang M. Feasibility and safety of left bundle branch area pacing for patients with stable coronary artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1246846. [PMID: 38099227 PMCID: PMC10720039 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1246846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent comorbidity among patients requiring pacemaker implantation. This comorbidity may have an impact on the safety and prognosis of traditional right ventricular pacing (RVP). Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBaP) is a new physiological pacing modality. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility and safety of LBBaP in patients with the stable CAD. Methods This study included 309 patients with symptomatic bradycardia who underwent LBBaP from September 2017 to October 2021. We included 104 patients with stable CAD (CAD group) and 205 patients without CAD (non-CAD group). Additionally, 153 stable CAD patients underwent RVP, and 64 stable CAD patients underwent His-bundle pacing (HBP) were also enrolled in this study. The safety and prognosis of LBBaP was assessed by comparing pacing parameters, procedure-related complications, and clinical events. Results During a follow-up period of 17.4 ± 5.3 months, the safety assessment revealed that the overall rates of procedure-related complications were similar between the stable CAD group and the non-CAD group (7.7% vs. 3.9%). Likewise, similar rates of heart failure hospitalization (HFH) (4.8% vs. 3.4%, stable CAD vs. non-CAD) and the primary composite outcome including death due to cardiovascular disease, HFH, or the necessity for upgrading to biventricular pacing (6.7% vs. 3.9%, stable CAD vs. non-CAD), were observed. In stable CAD patients, LBBaP demonstrated lower pacing thresholds and higher R wave amplitudes when compared to HBP. Additionally, LBBaP also had significantly lower occurrences of the primary composite outcome (6.7% vs. 19.6%, P = 0.003) and HFH (4.8% vs. 13.1%, P = 0.031) than RVP in stable CAD patients, particularly among patients with the higher ventricular pacing (VP) burden (>20% and >40%). Conclusion Compared with non-CAD patients, LBBaP was found to be attainable in stable CAD patients and exhibited comparable mid-term safety and prognosis. Furthermore, in the stable CAD population, LBBaP has demonstrated more stable pacing parameters than HBP, and better prognostic outcomes compared to RVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shan
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maoning Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiefang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Martin AC, Weizman O, Sellal JM, Algalarrondo V, Amara W, Bouzeman A, Gandjbakhch E, Lellouche N, Louembe J, Menet A, Roumegou P, Treguer F, Godier A, Boveda S, Garcia R, Marijon E. Impact of peri-procedural management of direct oral anticoagulants on pocket haematoma after cardiac electronic device implantation: the StimAOD multicentre prospective study. Europace 2023; 25:euad057. [PMID: 36932714 PMCID: PMC10227661 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The study aims to investigate the impact of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) management on the incidence of pocket haematoma in patients undergoing pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS All consecutive patients receiving DOAC and undergoing cardiac electronic device implantation were included in a large multicentre prospective observational study (NCT03879473). The primary endpoint was clinically relevant haematoma within 30 days after implantation. Overall, 789 patients were enrolled [median age 80 (IQR 72-85) years old, 36.4% women, median CHA2DS2-VASc score 4 (IQR 0-8)], of which 632 (80.1%) received a pacemaker implantation. Antiplatelet therapy was combined with DOAC in 146 patients (18.5%). Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were interrupted 52 (IQR 37-62) h before the procedure and resumed 31 (IQR 21-47) h later. Ninety-six percent of the patients had at least 12 h DOAC interruption before the procedure, and 78% had at least 12 h DOAC interruption after the procedure. Overall, anticoagulation was interrupted for 72 (IQR 48-96) h. Pre- or post-procedural heparin bridging was used in 8.2% and 3.9%, respectively. Timing of DOAC interruption of resumption was not associated with clinically relevant haematoma. Clinically relevant haematoma occurred in 26 patients (3.3%), and thromboembolic events occurred in 5 patients (0.6%). CONCLUSION In this large real-life registry where most patients had DOAC interruption, clinically relevant haematoma was rare. Despite DOAC interruption and high CHA2DS2-VASc score, thromboembolic events occurred seldomly, highlighting that bleeding exceeds thromboembolic risk in this peri-procedural period. Future research is needed to identify risk factors for clinically relevant haematoma and meaningfully guide clinicians in optimizing DOAC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Céline Martin
- Department of Cardiology, AP HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 4 Rue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris, France
| | - Orianne Weizman
- Department of Cardiology, AP HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sellal
- Department of Cardiology, Nancy University Hospital, Rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- IADI, INSERM U1254, Université de Lorraine, Rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Algalarrondo
- Department of Cardiology, Rhythm Disorders Unit, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Walid Amara
- Department of Cardiology, GHI Le Raincy Montfermeil, 10 Rue du Général Leclerc, 93370 Montfermeil, France
| | - Abdeslam Bouzeman
- Department of Cardiology, Parly 2 Private Hospital, 21 Rue Moxouris, 78150 Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt, France
| | - Estelle Gandjbakhch
- Department of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, 47-83 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, 1166 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lellouche
- Department of Cardiology, Hôpital Henri MONDOR, AP-HP, 1 Rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jules Louembe
- Department of Cardiology, Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Percy, 2 Rue Lieutenant Raoul Batany, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Aymeric Menet
- Laboratoire ETHICS, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Service de Cardiologie USIC, Université Catholique de Lille, Rue du Grand But, 59400 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Roumegou
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Poitiers, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Frederic Treguer
- Department of Cardiology, Clinique Saint Joseph, 51 Rue de la Foucaudière, 49800 Trélazé, France
| | - Anne Godier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 4 Rue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Serge Boveda
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Cardiology—Heart Rhythm Management Department, Clinique Pasteur, 45 Avenue de Lombez, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Universiteit Ziekenhuis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rodrigue Garcia
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Poitiers, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
- CIC1402, University Hospital of Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Eloi Marijon
- Department of Cardiology, AP HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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Mauch SC, Zlevor AM, Knott EA, Couillard AB, Periyasamy S, Williams EC, Swietlik JF, Laeseke PF, Zhang X, Xu Z, Abel EJ, Lee FT, Ziemlewicz TJ. Hepatic and Renal Histotripsy in an Anticoagulated Porcine Model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023; 34:386-394.e2. [PMID: 36503074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the risk of mechanical vessel wall damage resulting in hemorrhage during and after hepatic and renal histotripsy in an anticoagulated in vivo porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-tumor-bearing pigs (n = 8; mean weight, 52.5 kg) were anticoagulated with warfarin (initial dose, 0.08 mg/kg) to a target prothrombin time (PT) of 30%-50% above baseline. A total of 15 histotripsy procedures were performed (kidney: n = 8, 2.0-cm sphere; liver: n = 7, 2.5-cm sphere). Treatments were immediately followed by computed tomography (CT) imaging. Animals were observed for 7 days while continuing anticoagulation, followed by repeat CT and necropsy. RESULTS All animals survived to complete the entire protocol with no signs of disability or distress. Three animals had hematuria (pink urine without clots). Baseline PT values (mean, 16.0 seconds) were elevated to 22.0 seconds (37.5% above baseline, P = .003) on the day of treatment and to 28.8 seconds (77.8% above baseline, P < .001) on the day of necropsy. At the time of treatment, 5 of 8 (63%) animals were at a therapeutic anticoagulation level, and all 8 animals (100%) reached therapeutic levels by the time of necropsy. There were no cases of intraparenchymal, peritoneal, or retroperitoneal hemorrhage associated with any treatments despite 5 of 7 (71%) liver and all 8 (100%) kidney treatments extending to the organ surface. CONCLUSIONS Liver and kidney histotripsy seems safe with no elevated bleeding risk in this anticoagulated animal model, supporting the possibility of histotripsy treatments in patients on anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Mauch
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Annie M Zlevor
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily A Knott
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Eliot C Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John F Swietlik
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Laeseke
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - E Jason Abel
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Fred T Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Olsen T, Jørgensen OD, Nielsen JC, Thøgersen AM, Philbert BT, Frausing MHJP, Sandgaard NCF, Johansen JB. Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infections: a nationwide Danish study. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:4946-4956. [PMID: 36263789 PMCID: PMC9748591 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is a severe complication to modern management of cardiac arrhythmias. The CIED type and the type of surgery are recognized as risk factors for CIED infections, but knowledge of patient-related risk factors is scarce. This study aimed to identify lifelong patient-related risk factors for CIED infections. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive Danish patients undergoing a CIED implantation or reoperation between January 1996 and April 2018 were included. The cohort consisted of 84 429 patients undergoing 108 494 CIED surgeries with a combined follow-up of 458 257 CIED-years. A total of 1556 CIED explantations were classified as either pocket (n = 1022) or systemic CIED infection (n = 534). Data were cross-linked with records from the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish National Prescription Registry. Using multiple-record and multiple-event per subject proportional hazard analysis, specific patient-related risk factors were identified but with several variations amongst the subtypes of CIED infection. CIED reoperations were associated with the highest risk of pocket CIED infection but also CIED type, young age, and prior valvular surgery [hazard ratio (HR): 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29-2.04]. Severe renal insufficiency/dialysis (HR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.65-3.49), dermatitis (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.92-4.05), and prior valvular surgery (HR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.59-2.75) were associated with the highest risk of systemic CIED infections. Congestive heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and temporary pacing were not significant at multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Specific comorbidities and surgical procedures were associated with a higher risk of CIED infections but with variations amongst pocket and systemic CIED infection. Pocket CIED infections were associated with CIED reoperations, young age and more complex type of CIED, whereas systemic CIED infections were associated with risk factors predisposing to bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Olsen
- Corresponding author. Tel: +45 2635 1337, Fax: +45 6541 3003,
| | - Ole Dan Jørgensen
- Department of Heart, Lung and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark,Danish Pacemaker and ICD Register, Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jens Cosedis Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Central Denmark Region, Denmark,Danish Pacemaker and ICD Register, Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anna Margrethe Thøgersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, North Denmark Region, Denmark
| | - Berit Thornvig Philbert
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark,Danish Pacemaker and ICD Register, Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Maria Hee Jung Park Frausing
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Central Denmark Region, Denmark
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Fensman SK, Grove EL, Johansen JB, Jørgensen OD, Frausing MHJP, Kirkfeldt RE, Nielsen JC. Predictors of pocket hematoma after cardiac implantable electronic device surgery: A nationwide cohort study. J Arrhythm 2022; 38:748-755. [PMID: 36237873 PMCID: PMC9535764 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Lerkevang Grove
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Jens Brock Johansen
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- The Danish Pacemaker and ICD RegisterOdense UniversityOdenseDenmark
| | - Ole Dan Jørgensen
- The Danish Pacemaker and ICD RegisterOdense UniversityOdenseDenmark
- Department of Heart, Lung, and Vascular SurgeryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | | | - Rikke Esberg Kirkfeldt
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- The Danish Pacemaker and ICD RegisterOdense UniversityOdenseDenmark
| | - Jens Cosedis Nielsen
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Tarakji KG, Korantzopoulos P, Philippon F, Biffi M, Mittal S, Poole JE, Kennergren C, Lexcen DR, Lande JD, Hilleren G, Seshadri S, Wilkoff BL. Risk factors for hematoma in patients undergoing cardiac device procedures: A WRAP-IT trial analysis. Heart Rhythm O2 2022; 3:466-473. [PMID: 36340491 PMCID: PMC9626743 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implant site hematoma is a known complication of cardiac device procedures and can lead to major consequences. Objectives To evaluate risk factors for hematoma and further understand the relationship between anticoagulant (AC), antiplatelet (AP) use, and hematoma development. Methods We included 6800 patients from the WRAP-IT trial. To assess baseline and procedural characteristics associated with hematoma within the first 30 days postprocedure, a stepwise Cox regression model was implemented with minimal Akaike information criterion. Cox regressions were also used to evaluate AC/AP use and hematoma risk. Results The overall rate of hematoma was 2.2%. The model identified 11 baseline and procedural characteristics associated with hematoma risk. AC use (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.44, P < .001), lower body mass index (HR: 1.06, P < .001), and history of valve surgery (HR: 2.11, P < .001) were associated with the highest risk. AP use, male sex, history of coronary artery disease, existing pocket, history of nonischemic cardiomyopathy, number of previous cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures, procedure time, and lead revision were associated with moderate risk. Antithrombotic use was high overall (86%) and AC+AP use was highly predictive of hematoma risk. Regardless of AC status, AP use was associated with an almost doubling of risk vs no AP (HR = 1.85, P = .0006) in the general cohort. Interruption of AC was associated with the lowest hematoma risk (HR = 2.35) while heparin bridging (HR = 4.98) and AP use vs no AP use (HR = 1.85) was associated with the highest hematoma risk. Conclusion The results of this analysis highlight risk factors associated with the development of hematoma in patients undergoing CIED procedures and can inform antithrombotic management.
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2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Translation of the document prepared by the Czech Society of Cardiology. COR ET VASA 2022. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2022.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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de Heide J, van der Graaf M, Holl MJ, Bhagwandien RE, Theuns DA, de Wit A, Zijlstra F, Szili-Torok T, Lenzen MJ, Yap SC. Pocket hematoma after pacemaker or defibrillator surgery: Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2022; 39:101005. [PMID: 35310376 PMCID: PMC8928071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the preferred choice of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of DOAC in patients undergoing a cardiac implantable electronic device procedure (CIED); however, there is limited real-world data. Objective To evaluate the outcome of patients undergoing an elective CIED procedure in a tertiary referral center with an interrupted DOAC or continued vitamin K antagonist (VKA) regimen. Methods This was a retrospective single-center study of consecutive patients with AF undergoing an elective CIED procedure between January 2016 and June 2019. The primary endpoint was a clinically significant pocket hematoma < 30 days after surgery. The secondary endpoint was any systemic thromboembolic complication < 30 days after surgery. Results Of a total of 1,033 elective CIED procedures, 283 procedures were performed in patients with AF using oral anticoagulation. One-third of the procedures were performed under DOAC (N = 81, 29%) and the remainder under VKA (N = 202, 71%). The DOAC group was younger, had less chronic renal disease, more paroxysmal AF and a lower HAS-BLED score. The VKA group more often underwent a generator change only in comparison to the DOAC group. Clinically significant pocket hematoma occurred in 5 patients (2.5%) in the VKA group and did not occur in the DOAC group (P = 0.33). There were no thromboembolic events reported. Conclusion In patients with AF undergoing an elective CIED procedure, the risk of a pocket hematoma and a systemic thromboembolic event is comparably low when using either continued VKA or interrupted DOAC.
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Fei YP, Wang L, Zhu CY, Sun JC, Hu HL, Zhai CL, He CJ. Effect of a Novel Pocket Compression Device on Hematomas Following Cardiac Electronic Device Implantation in Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:817453. [PMID: 35282349 PMCID: PMC8907568 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.817453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA pocket hematoma is a well-recognized complication that occurs after pacemaker or defibrillator implantation. It is associated with increased pocket infection and hospital stay. Patients suffering from atrial fibrillation and undergoing cardiovascular electronic implantable device (CIED) surgery are widely prescribed and treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). In this study, the use of a novel compression device was evaluated to examine its ability to decrease the incidence of pocket hematomas following device implantation with uninterrupted DOACs.MethodsA total of 204 participants who received DOACs and underwent CIED implantation were randomized into an experimental group (novel compression device) and a control group (elastic adhesive tape with a sandbag). The primary outcome was pocket hematoma, and the secondary outcomes were skin erosions and patient comfort score. Grade 3 hematoma was defined as a hematoma that required anticoagulation therapy interruption, re-operation, or prolonged hospital stay.ResultsThe baseline characteristics of both groups had no significant differences. The incidence of grades 1 and 2 hematomas was significantly lower in the compression device group than in the conventional pressure dressing group (7.8 vs. 23.5 and 2.0 vs. 5.9%, respectively; P < 0.01). Grade 3 hematoma occurred in 2 of 102 patients in the experimental group and 7 of 102 patients in the control group (2.0 vs. 6.9%; P = 0.03). The incidence rates of skin erosion were significantly lower, and the patient comfort score was much higher in the compression device group than in the control group (P < 0.01). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the use of novel compression device was a significant protective factor for pocket hematoma (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.29–0.69, P = 0.01).ConclusionsThe incidence of pocket hematomas and skin erosions significantly decreases when the proposed compression device is used for patients undergoing device implantation with uninterrupted DOACs. Thus, the length of hospital stay and re-operation rate can be reduced, and patient comfort can be improved.Clinical Trial Registrationhttp://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2100049430.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ping Fei
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jing-Chao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Hui-Lin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chang-Lin Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chao-Jie He
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- *Correspondence: Chao-Jie He
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Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, Barrabés JA, Boriani G, Braunschweig F, Brignole M, Burri H, Coats AJ, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Diller GP, Israel CW, Keren A, Knops RE, Kotecha D, Leclercq C, Merkely B, Starck C, Thylén I, Tolosana JM. Grupo de trabajo sobre estimulación cardiaca y terapia de resincronización cardiaca de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC). Rev Esp Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, Barrabés JA, Boriani G, Braunschweig F, Brignole M, Burri H, Coats AJS, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Diller GP, Israel CW, Keren A, Knops RE, Kotecha D, Leclercq C, Merkely B, Starck C, Thylén I, Tolosana JM, Leyva F, Linde C, Abdelhamid M, Aboyans V, Arbelo E, Asteggiano R, Barón-Esquivias G, Bauersachs J, Biffi M, Birgersdotter-Green U, Bongiorni MG, Borger MA, Čelutkienė J, Cikes M, Daubert JC, Drossart I, Ellenbogen K, Elliott PM, Fabritz L, Falk V, Fauchier L, Fernández-Avilés F, Foldager D, Gadler F, De Vinuesa PGG, Gorenek B, Guerra JM, Hermann Haugaa K, Hendriks J, Kahan T, Katus HA, Konradi A, Koskinas KC, Law H, Lewis BS, Linker NJ, Løchen ML, Lumens J, Mascherbauer J, Mullens W, Nagy KV, Prescott E, Raatikainen P, Rakisheva A, Reichlin T, Ricci RP, Shlyakhto E, Sitges M, Sousa-Uva M, Sutton R, Suwalski P, Svendsen JH, Touyz RM, Van Gelder IC, Vernooy K, Waltenberger J, Whinnett Z, Witte KK. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 2022; 24:71-164. [PMID: 34455427 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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14
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Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, Barrabés JA, Boriani G, Braunschweig F, Brignole M, Burri H, Coats AJS, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Diller GP, Israel CW, Keren A, Knops RE, Kotecha D, Leclercq C, Merkely B, Starck C, Thylén I, Tolosana JM. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:3427-3520. [PMID: 34455430 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 263.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Han HC, Hawkins NM, Pearman CM, Birnie DH, Krahn AD. Epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: incidence and risk factors. Europace 2021; 23:iv3-iv10. [PMID: 34051086 PMCID: PMC8221051 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is a potentially devastating complication of CIED procedures, causing significant morbidity and mortality for patients. Of all CIED complications, infection has the greatest impact on mortality, requirement for re-intervention and additional hospital treatment days. Based on large prospective studies, the infection rate at 12-months after a CIED procedure is approximately 1%. The risk of CIED infection may be related to several factors which should be considered with regards to risk minimization. These include technical factors, patient factors, and periprocedural factors. Technical factors include the number of leads and size of generator, the absolute number of interventions which have been performed for the patient, and the operative approach. Patient factors include various non-modifiable underlying comorbidities and potentially modifiable transient conditions. Procedural factors include both peri-operative and post-operative factors. The contemporary PADIT score, derived from a large cohort of CIED patients, is useful for the prediction of infection risk. In this review, we summarize the key information regarding epidemiology, incidence and risk factors for CIED infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Han
- Heart Rhythm Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathaniel M Hawkins
- Heart Rhythm Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charles M Pearman
- Heart Rhythm Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Unit of Cardiac Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9XX, UK
| | - David H Birnie
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Krahn
- Heart Rhythm Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tonko JB, Wright MJ. Continuation Versus Interruption of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for CIED Procedures: New Anticoagulants, Old Dilemma. JACC Case Rep 2021; 3:1141-1144. [PMID: 34471900 PMCID: PMC8314125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Tonko
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Wright
- Address for correspondence: Dr Matthew J. Wright, Department of Cardiology, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Ostrowska B. Prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: guidelines and conventional prophylaxis. Europace 2021; 23:euab071. [PMID: 34037227 PMCID: PMC8221047 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) are potentially life-saving treatments for several cardiac conditions, but are not without risk. Despite dissemination of recommended strategies for prevention of device infections, such as administration of antibiotics before implantation, infection rates continue to rise resulting in escalating health care costs. New trials conveying important steps for better prevention of device infection and an EHRA consensus paper were recently published. This document will review the role of various preventive measures for CIED infection, emphasizing the importance of adhering to published recommendations. The document aims to provide guidance on how to prevent CIED infections in clinical practice by considering modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that may be present pre-, peri-, and/or post-procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bozena Ostrowska
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Yao T, Nie P, Sun J, Jin Y, Zang M, Zhou S, Zhang Q, Mao J, Pu J. Cardiac device implant wound closure with a novel low-density suture spacing single layer method. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2021; 44:595-600. [PMID: 33533037 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish a novel time-saving and safe suture method for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation. METHODS From January 2017 to April 2020, a total of 1317 patients scheduled for CIED procedure were consecutively enrolled in this study. Wound closure of all patients were prospectively assigned either to low-density suture spacing single layer suture group (single-layer group) or traditional two layer suture group (two-layer group). The effects of two closure methods on wound healing and pocket related complications were compared. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, gender, BMI, comorbid diseases (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and chronic kidney disease), and antiplatelet or anticoagulant drug use between the two groups. The number of suture stitches in the single-layer group was significantly less than that in the two-layer group [3.03(3-4) vs. 7.17(7-10), p < .001], the suture time in the single-layer group was significantly shorter than that in the two-layer group [190.57(167-256) s vs. 493.36(452-655) s, p < .001], and the incidence of clinically significant hematoma in the single-layer group was comparable to that in the two-layer group (0.7% vs. 0.3%, p = .742). Additionally, there were no significant differences in the incidence of pocket infection, dehiscence and keloid between the two groups. CONCLUSION Novel single-layer suture with low-density suture spacing is feasible and associated with a low incidence of wound dehiscence or infection for CIED implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiateng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhua Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghen Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Mehta NK, Doerr K, Skipper A, Rojas-Pena E, Dixon S, Haines DE. Current strategies to minimize postoperative hematoma formation in patients undergoing cardiac implantable electronic device implantation: A review. Heart Rhythm 2020; 18:641-650. [PMID: 33242669 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are an increasing number of cardiac electronic device implants and generator changes with a longer patient life expectancy along with concomitant increase in antiplatelet and anticoagulant regimens, which can increase the incidence of pocket hematomas. We have conducted an in-depth analysis on the relevant literature, which is rife with varying definition of hematomas, on ways to reduce pocket hematomas. We have analyzed studies on periprocedural medication management, intraprocedural use of prohemostatic agents, and postprocedure role of compression devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishaki Kiran Mehta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Royal Oak, Michigan; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
| | - Kimberly Doerr
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Andrew Skipper
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Edward Rojas-Pena
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Simon Dixon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Royal Oak, Michigan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David E Haines
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Royal Oak, Michigan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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20
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Perioperative Bridging/Cessation of Antiplatelet Agents: 2020 Update. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-020-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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DeSimone CV, DeSimone DC, Cha YM. Contemporary Management of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation for Cardiac Implantable Device Procedures. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12:e007863. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. DeSimone
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (C.V.D., D.C.D., Y.-M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (D.C.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yong-Mei Cha
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (C.V.D., D.C.D., Y.-M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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