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Mannarino T, Assante R, D'Antonio A, Zampella E, Cuocolo A, Acampa W. Radionuclide Tracers for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Blood Flow Quantification. Cardiol Clin 2023; 41:141-150. [PMID: 37003672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion imaging by nuclear cardiology is widely validated for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Numerous radiopharmaceuticals are available for single-photon emission computed tomography and PET modalities. Each tracer shows advantages and limitations that should be taken into account in performing an imaging examination. This review aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art radiotracers used for myocardial perfusion imaging and blood flow quantification, highlighting the new technologic advances and promising possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mannarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Roberta Assante
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Adriana D'Antonio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Emilia Zampella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alberto Cuocolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Wanda Acampa
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Abstract
Cardiac SPECT continues to play a critical role in detecting and managing cardiovascular disease, in particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) (Jaarsma et al 2012 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59 1719-28), (Agostini et al 2016 Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 43 2423-32). While conventional dual-head SPECT scanners using parallel-hole collimators and scintillation crystals with photomultiplier tubes are still the workhorse of cardiac SPECT, they have the limitations of low photon sensitivity (~130 count s-1 MBq-1), poor image resolution (~15 mm) (Imbert et al 2012 J. Nucl. Med. 53 1897-903), relatively long acquisition time, inefficient use of the detector, high radiation dose, etc. Recently our field observed an exciting growth of new developments of dedicated cardiac scanners and collimators, as well as novel imaging algorithms for quantitative cardiac SPECT. These developments have opened doors to new applications with potential clinical impact, including ultra-low-dose imaging, absolute quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR), multi-radionuclide imaging, and improved image quality as a result of attenuation, scatter, motion, and partial volume corrections (PVCs). In this article, we review the recent advances in cardiac SPECT instrumentation and imaging methods. This review mainly focuses on the most recent developments published since 2012 and points to the future of cardiac SPECT from an imaging physics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
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Feher A, Sinusas AJ. Quantitative Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Function: Dynamic Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography, Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.117.006427. [PMID: 28794138 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.006427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A healthy, functional microcirculation in combination with nonobstructed epicardial coronary arteries is the prerequisite of normal myocardial perfusion. Quantitative assessment in myocardial perfusion and determination of absolute myocardial blood flow can be achieved noninvasively using dynamic imaging with multiple imaging modalities. Extensive evidence supports the clinical value of noninvasively assessing indices of coronary flow for diagnosing coronary microvascular dysfunction; in certain diseases, the degree of coronary microvascular impairment carries important prognostic relevance. Although, currently positron emission tomography is the most commonly used tool for the quantification of myocardial blood flow, other modalities, including single-photon emission computed tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and myocardial contrast echocardiography, have emerged as techniques with great promise for determination of coronary microvascular dysfunction. The following review will describe basic concepts of coronary and microvascular physiology, review available modalities for dynamic imaging for quantitative assessment of coronary perfusion and myocardial blood flow, and discuss their application in distinct forms of coronary microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Feher
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (A.F., A.J.S.) and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (A.J.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (A.F., A.J.S.) and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (A.J.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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Abstract
The present study aimed to discuss the role of mitochondrion in cardiac function and disease. The mitochondrion plays a fundamental role in cellular processes ranging from metabolism to apoptosis. The mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging could potentially illustrate changes in global and regional cardiac dysfunction. The collective changes that occur in mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging probes have been widely explored and developed. As probes currently used in the preclinical setting still have a lot of shortcomings, the development of myocardial metabolic activity, viability, perfusion, and blood flow molecular imaging probes holds great potential for accurately evaluating the myocardial viability and functional reserve. The advantages of molecular imaging provide a perspective on investigating the mitochondrial function of the myocardium in vivo noninvasively and quantitatively. The molecular imaging tracers of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography could give more detailed information on myocardial metabolism and restoration. In this study, series mitochondrial-targeted 99mTc-, 123I-, and 18F-labeled tracers displayed broad applications because they could provide a direct link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac disease.
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Wells RG, Wei L, Petryk J, Duan Y, Marvin B, Timmins R, Soueidan K, Fernando P, Bensimon C, Ruddy TD. Flow-Dependent Uptake of ¹²³I-CMICE-013, a Novel SPECT Perfusion Agent, Compared with Standard Tracers. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:764-70. [PMID: 25840976 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.151563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rotenone derivatives have shown promise in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). CMICE-013 is a novel (123)I-labeled rotenone derivative developed for SPECT MPI. The objective of this study was to assess the image quality of CMICE-013 and compare its uptake with tetrofosmin, sestamibi, and (201)Tl in vivo in a porcine model of stress-induced myocardial ischemia. METHODS Microspheres were injected simultaneously with the radiotracer injections at rest and stress to measure blood flow. Mimicking a 1-d tetrofosmin protocol, stress imaging used 3 times as much activity and occurred 1 h after the rest injection. SPECT images were obtained at both rest and stress. After imaging, the heart was sectioned into 44-50 pieces. In each heart sample, the tracer uptake was measured in a γ counter. The images were aligned, and the decay-corrected ratio of the signals at rest and stress was used to separate the well-counter signal into rest and stress components. The uptake at rest and stress was compared with microsphere flow measurements. RESULTS The CMICE-013 images showed good contrast between the heart and surrounding organs, with heart-to-liver and heart-to-lung uptake ratios similar to those of the standard tracers. Uptake of CMICE-013 was 1.5% of the injected dose at rest and increased more rapidly with increased blood flow than did the standard SPECT tracers. The percentage injected dose of CMICE-013 taken up by the heart was greater (P < 0.05) than (201)Tl, tetrofosmin, or sestamibi at flows greater than 1.5 mL/min/g. CONCLUSION CMICE-013 is a promising new SPECT MPI agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Wells
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Lihui Wei
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yin Duan
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Marvin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Rachel Timmins
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Karen Soueidan
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Pasan Fernando
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Bensimon
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
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New SPECT and PET radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cardiovascular disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:942960. [PMID: 24901002 PMCID: PMC4034657 DOI: 10.1155/2014/942960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear cardiology has experienced exponential growth within the past four decades with converging capacity to diagnose and influence management of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with technetium-99m radiotracers or thallium-201 has dominated the field; however new hardware and software designs that optimize image quality with reduced radiation exposure are fuelling a resurgence of interest at the preclinical and clinical levels to expand beyond MPI. Other imaging modalities including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continue to emerge as powerful players with an expanded capacity to diagnose a variety of cardiac conditions. At the forefront of this resurgence is the development of novel target vectors based on an enhanced understanding of the underlying pathophysiological process in the subcellular domain. Molecular imaging with novel radiopharmaceuticals engineered to target a specific subcellular process has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and deliver enhanced prognostic information to alter management. This paper, while not comprehensive, will review the recent advancements in radiotracer development for SPECT and PET MPI, autonomic dysfunction, apoptosis, atherosclerotic plaques, metabolism, and viability. The relevant radiochemistry and preclinical and clinical development in addition to molecular imaging with emerging modalities such as cardiac MRI and PET-MR will be discussed.
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Duan Y, Lockwood J, Wei L, Hunter C, Soueidan K, Bensimon C, Fernando P, Wells RG, Ruddy TD. Biodistribution and radiodosimetry of a novel myocardial perfusion tracer 123I-CMICE-013 in healthy rats. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:16. [PMID: 24620906 PMCID: PMC3995622 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 123I-CMICE-013 is a novel radiotracer previously reported to have promising characteristics for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging. We evaluated the biokinetics and radiodosimetry of this rotenone-like 123I-labeled tracer in a microSPECT imaging-based study. METHODS 37 to 111 MBq of 123I-CMICE-013 was synthesized and administered intravenously to 14 healthy rats. Images were acquired with a microSPECT/CT camera at various time intervals and reconstructed to allow activity quantification in the tissues of interest. Radiation dosage resulted from the injection of 123I-CMICE-013 was estimated base on the biodistribution data. Tissue uptake values from image analysis were verified by gamma-counting dissected organs ex vivo. RESULTS The heart/stomach and heart/intestine uptake ratios peaked shortly after the injection of 123I-CMICE-013, meanwhile the heart/liver ratio reached 2 as early as at 23 min post-injection. Little activity was observed in the lung and overnight clearance was significant in most of the measured tissues. The radiation dosimetry analysis based on the time-activity curves provided an estimate of the effective human dose of 6.99E-03 mSv/MBq using ICRP 60 and 7.15E-03 mSv/MBq using ICRP 103, which is comparable to the popular myocardium perfusion imaging (MPI) agents such as 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 99mTc-sestamibi, as well as other 123I-based radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS 123I-CMICE-013 demonstrated desirable characteristics in its biokinetic and radiodosimetric profiles, supporting its potential application as a novel myocardial perfusion imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Duan
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Julia Lockwood
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Lihui Wei
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Chad Hunter
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Karen Soueidan
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Corinne Bensimon
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Pasan Fernando
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8 M5, Canada
| | - R Glenn Wells
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
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Wei L, Bensimon C, Yan X, Lockwood J, Gan W, Wells RG, Duan Y, Fernando P, Gottlieb B, Mullett W, Ruddy TD. Characterization of the four isomers of (123)I-CMICE-013: a potential SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2033-44. [PMID: 24630696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is widely used in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). We have developed (123)I-CMICE-013 based on rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I (MC-1) inhibitor, as a promising new MPI agent. Our synthesis results in a mixture of four species of (123)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C, D. In this study, we separated the four species and evaluated their biodistribution and imaging properties. The cold analogs (127)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C, D were isolated and characterized and their chemical structures proposed. METHODS (123)I-CMICE-013 was synthesized by radiolabeling rotenone with Na(123)I in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) with iodogen as the oxidizing agent at 60°C for 45min, and the four species were separated by RP-HPLC. The cold analogs (127)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C and D were isolated with a similar procedure and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. Biodistribution and microSPECT imaging studies were carried out on normal rats. RESULTS We propose the mechanism of the rotenone iodination and the structures of the four species. First, I(+) forms an intermediate three-membered ring with 6' and 7' carbons. Second, the lone electron pair of the water molecule attacks the 6' or 7'-carbon, following by the formation of 6'-OH, and 7'-I bonds as in major products C and D, or 6'-I and 7'-OH bonds as in minor products A and B. The weaker 6'-I bond in the intermediate prompts the nucleophilic attachment of water at the favorable 6'-carbon to generate C and D. MicroSPECT images of (123)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C, D in rats showed clear visualization of myocardium and little interference from lung and liver. The imaging time activity curves and biodistribution data showed complex profiles for the four isomers, which is not expected from the structure activity relationship theory. CONCLUSION (123/127)I-CMICE-013 A and B are constitutional isomers with C and D, while A and C are diastereomers of B and D, respectively. Overall, the biological characteristics of the four species are not correlated perfectly with their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wei
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | | | - Xuxu Yan
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
| | - Julia Lockwood
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Wei Gan
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - R Glenn Wells
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Yin Duan
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Pasan Fernando
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bram Gottlieb
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
| | - Wayne Mullett
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
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Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
Editors’ Picks. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wei L, Bensimon C, Lockwood J, Yan X, Fernando P, Glenn Wells R, Duan Y, Chen YX, Russell Redshaw J, Covitz PA, Ruddy TD. Synthesis and characterization of 123I-CMICE-013: A potential SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2903-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Riou LM, Broisat A. Novel SPECT perfusion imaging agents with improved myocardial or liver kinetics: experimental studies and the need for clinical evaluation. J Nucl Cardiol 2010; 17:771-4. [PMID: 20683788 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-010-9275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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