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Transglutaminase 2 moderates the expansion of mouse abdominal aortic aneurysms. JVS Vasc Sci 2021; 2:95-109. [PMID: 34617062 PMCID: PMC8489235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previously published work has indicated that transcripts encoding transglutaminase 2 (TG2) increase markedly in a rat model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. This study determines whether TG2 and the related TG, factor XIII-A (FXIII-A), protect against aortic aneurysm development in mice. Methods C57BL/6J wild-type, Tgm2 -/- knockout, F13a1 -/- knockout, and Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- double knockout mice were subjected to laparotomy and periaortic application of CaCl2. Results Tgm2 -/- mice showed slightly greater aortic dilatation at 6 weeks after treatment when compared with wild type. However, vessels from Tgm2 -/- mice, but not wild-type mice, continued to dilate up to 6 months after injury and by 24 weeks, a greater number of Tgm2 -/- mice had developed aneurysms (16/17 vs 10/19; P = .008). Laparotomy resulted in a high death rate in F13a1 -/- knockout mice, more frequently from cardiac complications than from hemorrhage, but among F13a1 -/- mice that survived for 6 weeks after CaCl2 treatment, abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter was unaltered relative to wild-type mice. Laparotomy resulted in a higher death rate among Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- double knockout mice, owing to an increased frequency of delayed bleeding. Surprisingly, Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- double knockout mice showed a trend toward decreased dilatation of the aorta 6 weeks after injury, and this finding was replicated in Tgm2 -/- /F13a1 -/- mice subjected to carotid artery injury. Levels of transcripts encoding TG2 were not increased in the aortas of injured wild-type or F13a1 -/- knockout mice relative to uninjured mice, although changes in the levels of other transcripts accorded with previous descriptions of the CaCl2 aneurysm model in mice. Conclusions Knockout of Tgm2, but not F13a1 exacerbates aortic dilatation, suggesting that TG2 confers protection. However, levels of TG2 messenger RNA are not acutely elevated after injury. FXIII-A plays a role in preventing postoperative damage after laparotomy, confirming previous reports that it prevents distal organ damage after trauma. TG2 promotes wound healing after surgery and, in its absence, the bleeding diathesis associated with FXIII-A deficiency is further exposed.
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Armstrong DMF, Sikka G, Armstrong ADC, Saad KR, Freitas WRD, Berkowitz DE, Fagundes DJ, Santhanam L, Taha MO. Knockdown of transglutaminase-2 prevents early age-induced vascular changes in mice1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 33:991-999. [PMID: 30517326 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180110000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the absence of transglutaminase 2 enzyme (TG2) in TG2 knockout mice (TG2-/-) protect them against early age-related functional and histological arterial changes. METHODS Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured using non-invasive Doppler and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in awake mice using tail-cuff system. Thoracic aortas were excised for evaluation of endothelial dependent vasodilation (EDV) by wire myography, as well as histological analyses. RESULTS PWV and MAP were similar in TG2-/-mice to age-matched wild type (WT) control mice. Old WT mice exhibited a markedly attenuated EDV as compared to young WT animals. The TG2-/-young and old mice had enhanced EDV responses (p<0.01) as compared to WT mice. There was a significant increase in TG2 crosslinks by IHC in WT old group compared to Young, with no stain in the TG2-/-animals. Optical microscopy examination of Old WT mice aorta showed thinning and fragmentation of elastic laminae. Young WT mice, old and young TG2-/-mice presented regularly arranged and parallel elastic laminae of the tunica media. CONCLUSION The genetic suppression of TG2 delays the age-induced endothelial dysfunction and histological modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinani Matoso Filho Armstrong
- MSc, Assistant Professor, Medical School, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; manuscript preparation and writing
| | - Gautam Sikka
- Fellow PhD degree, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Baltimore-MD, USA. Conception and design of the study, acquisition of data
| | - Anderson da Costa Armstrong
- PhD, Associate Professor, Medical School, UNIVASF, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Analysis and interpretation of data, statistical analysis, critical revision
| | - Karen Ruggeri Saad
- PhD, Associate Professor, Medical School, UNIVASF, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Substantive scientific and intellectual contributions to the study, critical revision
| | - William Rodrigues de Freitas
- PhD, Associate Professor, Medical School, UNIVASF, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, acquisition and interpretation of data
| | - Dan Ezra Berkowitz
- MBBCh, Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHU, Baltimore-MD, USA. Substantive scientific and intellectual contributions to the study
| | - Djalma José Fagundes
- PhD, Full Professor, Division of Surgical Techniques and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, JHU, Baltimore-MD, USA. Conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data
| | - Murched Omar Taha
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Surgical Techniques and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision, final approval
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Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:33-50. [PMID: 25677529 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit phenotypic and functional plasticity in order to respond to vascular injury. In case of the vessel damage, VSMCs are able to switch from the quiescent 'contractile' phenotype to the 'proinflammatory' phenotype. This change is accompanied by decrease in expression of smooth muscle (SM)-specific markers responsible for SM contraction and production of proinflammatory mediators that modulate induction of proliferation and chemotaxis. Indeed, activated VSMCs could efficiently proliferate and migrate contributing to the vascular wall repair. However, in chronic inflammation that occurs in atherosclerosis, arterial VSMCs become aberrantly regulated and this leads to increased VSMC dedifferentiation and extracellular matrix formation in plaque areas. Proatherosclerotic switch in VSMC phenotype is a complex and multistep mechanism that may be induced by a variety of proinflammatory stimuli and hemodynamic alterations. Disturbances in hemodynamic forces could initiate the proinflammatory switch in VSMC phenotype even in pre-clinical stages of atherosclerosis. Proinflammatory signals play a crucial role in further dedifferentiation of VSMCs in affected vessels and propagation of pathological vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Chistiakov
- Research Center for Children's Health; Moscow Russia
- The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program; Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center; Mount Sinai Medical Center; Miami Beach FL USA
| | - A. N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis; Skolkovo Innovative Center; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Department of Biophysics; Biological Faculty; Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Y. V. Bobryshev
- Institute for Atherosclerosis; Skolkovo Innovative Center; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Kensington Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Western Sydney; Campbelltown NSW Australia
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Jung SM, Jandu S, Steppan J, Belkin A, An SS, Pak A, Choi EY, Nyhan D, Butlin M, Viegas K, Avolio A, Berkowitz DE, Santhanam L. Increased tissue transglutaminase activity contributes to central vascular stiffness in eNOS knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H803-10. [PMID: 23873798 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00103.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can modulate arterial stiffness by regulating both functional and structural changes in the arterial wall. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has been shown to contribute to increased central aortic stiffness by catalyzing the cross-linking of matrix proteins. NO S-nitrosylates and constrains TG2 to the cytosolic compartment and thereby holds its cross-linking function latent. In the present study, the role of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-derived NO in regulating TG2 function was studied using eNOS knockout mice. Matrix-associated TG2 and TG2 cross-linking function were higher, whereas TG2 S-nitrosylation was lower in the eNOS(-/-) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Pulse-wave velocity (PWV) and blood pressure measured noninvasively were elevated in the eNOS(-/-) compared with WT mice. Intact aortas and decellularized aortic tissue scaffolds of eNOS(-/-) mice were significantly stiffer, as determined by tensile testing. The carotid arteries of the eNOS(-/-) mice were also stiffer, as determined by pressure-dimension analysis. Invasive methods to determine the PWV-mean arterial pressure relationship showed that PWV in eNOS(-/-) and WT diverge at higher mean arterial pressure. Thus eNOS-derived NO regulates TG2 localization and function and contributes to vascular stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Mee Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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van den Akker J, VanBavel E, van Geel R, Matlung HL, Guvenc Tuna B, Janssen GMC, van Veelen PA, Boelens WC, De Mey JGR, Bakker ENTP. The redox state of transglutaminase 2 controls arterial remodeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23067. [PMID: 21901120 PMCID: PMC3161997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While inward remodeling of small arteries in response to low blood flow, hypertension, and chronic vasoconstriction depends on type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), the mechanisms of action have remained unresolved. We studied the regulation of TG2 activity, its (sub) cellular localization, substrates, and its specific mode of action during small artery inward remodeling. We found that inward remodeling of isolated mouse mesenteric arteries by exogenous TG2 required the presence of a reducing agent. The effect of TG2 depended on its cross-linking activity, as indicated by the lack of effect of mutant TG2. The cell-permeable reducing agent DTT, but not the cell-impermeable reducing agent TCEP, induced translocation of endogenous TG2 and high membrane-bound transglutaminase activity. This coincided with inward remodeling, characterized by a stiffening of the artery. The remodeling could be inhibited by a TG2 inhibitor and by the nitric oxide donor, SNAP. Using a pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, 21 proteins were identified as TG2 cross-linking substrates, including fibronectin, collagen and nidogen. Inward remodeling induced by low blood flow was associated with the upregulation of several anti-oxidant proteins, notably glutathione-S-transferase, and selenoprotein P. In conclusion, these results show that a reduced state induces smooth muscle membrane-bound TG2 activity. Inward remodeling results from the cross-linking of vicinal matrix proteins, causing a stiffening of the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van den Akker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remon van Geel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry 271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanke L. Matlung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George M. C. Janssen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert C. Boelens
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry 271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jo G. R. De Mey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik N. T. P. Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Avolio A, Butlin M, Liu YY, Viegas K, Avadhanam B, Lindesay G. REGULATION OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS: CELLULAR, MOLECULAR AND NEUROGENIC MECHANISMS☆. Artery Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Santhanam L, Tuday EC, Webb AK, Dowzicky P, Kim JH, Oh YJ, Sikka G, Kuo M, Halushka MK, Macgregor AM, Dunn J, Gutbrod S, Yin D, Shoukas A, Nyhan D, Flavahan NA, Belkin AM, Berkowitz DE. Decreased S-nitrosylation of tissue transglutaminase contributes to age-related increases in vascular stiffness. Circ Res 2010; 107:117-25. [PMID: 20489165 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.215228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although an age-related decrease in NO bioavailability contributes to vascular stiffness, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that NO constrains the activity of the matrix crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) via S-nitrosylation in young vessels, a process that is reversed in aging. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether endothelium-dependent NO regulates TG2 activity by S-nitrosylation and whether this contributes to age-related vascular stiffness. METHODS AND RESULTS We first demonstrate that NO suppresses activity and increases S-nitrosylation of TG2 in cellular models. Next, we show that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition leads to increased surface and extracellular matrix-associated TG2. We then demonstrate that endothelium-derived bioactive NO primarily mediates its effects through TG2, using TG2(-/-) mice chronically treated with the NOS inhibitor l-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). We confirm that TG2 activity is modulated by endothelium-derived bioactive NO in young rat aorta. In aging rat aorta, although TG2 expression remains unaltered, its activity increases and S-nitrosylation decreases. Furthermore, TG2 inhibition decreases vascular stiffness in aging rats. Finally, TG2 activity and matrix crosslinks are augmented with age in human aorta, whereas abundance remains unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Decreased S-nitrosylation of TG2 and increased TG activity lead to enhanced matrix crosslinking and contribute to vascular stiffening in aging. TG2 appears to be the member of the transglutaminase family primarily contributing to this phenotype. Inhibition of TG2 could thus represent a therapeutic target for age-associated vascular stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Santhanam
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Traylor 621, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Williams H, Pease RJ, Newell LM, Cordell PA, Graham RM, Kearney MT, Jackson CL, Grant PJ. Effect of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) deficiency on atherosclerotic plaque stability in the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:94-9. [PMID: 20003977 PMCID: PMC2874840 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a cross-linking enzyme that confers supra-molecular structures with extra rigidity and resistance against proteolytic degradation, is expressed in the shoulder regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. It has been proposed that TG2 prevents tearing and promotes plaque repair at these potential weak points, and also promotes ectopic calcification of arteries. TG2 is also expressed within plaques that develop within the brachiocephalic arteries of apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficient mice. Objectives To determine the role that TG2 plays in plaque development and calcification, mice were bred that were doubly deficient in apoE and TG2, and were maintained on a high-fat diet for 6 months. Results Lesion size and composition were not significantly altered in the apoE/TG2 double-knockout mice, with the exception of a 9.7% decrease in the proportion of the plaque occupied by lipid (p = 0.032). The frequency of buried fibrous caps within brachiocephalic plaques was significantly higher in male than in female mice, but TG2 deficiency had no effect on either gender. The extent of lesion calcification varied markedly between individual mice, but it was not decreased in the apoE/TG2 double-knockout mice. Conclusion These data indicate that, in the apoE knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis, TG2 does not influence plaque composition or calcification. The data further suggest that TG2 does not influence plaque stability or repair in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Williams
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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