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Dai Y, Zhou Q, Liu Y, Chen X, Li F, Yu B, Zhang Y, Kou J. Ruscogenin alleviates deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism induced by inferior vena cava stenosis inhibiting MEK/ERK/Egr-1/TF signaling pathway in mice. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:2001-2009. [PMID: 35619253 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ruscogenin (RUS) has anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects, while its potential effects on deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the effects of RUS on DVT and PE induced by the inferior vena cava stenosis (IVCS) model and investigate the underlying mechanism. METHODS Male C57/BL6 mice were used to explore whether IVCS model could be complicated with deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Then, Effects of RUS on DVT and PE related inflammatory factors and coagulation were examined using H&E staining, ELISA, and real-time PCR. Western blot analysis was used to examine the effects of RUS on MEK/ERK/Egr-1/TF signaling pathway in PE. RESULTS IVCS model induced DVT and complied with PE 48 h after surgery. Administration of RUS (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/kg) inhibited DVT, decreased biomarker D-Dimer, cardiac troponin I, N-Terminal probrain natriuretic peptide in plasma to ameliorate PE induced by IVCS model. Meanwhile, RUS reduced tissue factor and fibrinogen content of lung tissue, inhibited P-selectin and C-reactive protein activity in plasma, and suppressed the expressions of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β in mice. Furthermore, RUS suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2, decreasing the expressions of Egr-1 and TF in the lung. CONCLUSION IVCS model contributed to the development of DVT and PE in mice and was associated with increased inflammation. RUS showed therapeutic effects by inhibiting inflammation as well as suppressing the activation of MEK/ERK/Egr-1/TF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Qianliu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yuankai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Junping Kou
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
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Blockade of RANKL/RANK signaling pathway by epigallocatechin gallate alleviates mast cell-mediated inflammatory reactions. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wu YH, Chuang LP, Yu CL, Wang SW, Chen HY, Chang YL. Anticoagulant effect of wogonin against tissue factor expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 859:172517. [PMID: 31265843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary cause of atherothrombosis, the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with subsequent thrombosis, leading to acute cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Wogonin (Wog) is an active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, used for inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia. The anticoagulant effect of Wog on TF expression remains unexplored. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Wog on TF gene expression and its underlying molecular mechanism in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). We found that Wog dose-dependently inhibited PMA-enhanced TF mRNA, protein, and activity in ECs. This inhibition was attributed to its decreasing nuclear accumulations of transcription factors, phospho-c-Jun and early growth response-1(Egr-1), not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), through blocking extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Reduction by Wog of Egr-1 nuclear level and Egr-1/DNA binding activity was associated with its inhibition of Egr-1 de novo synthesis. Wog as well as inhibitors to ERK and JNK suppressed TF promoter activity and protein expression in reporter gene and Western blot analyses. Furthermore, it also exhibited anticoagulant function by inhibiting TF expression and activity in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated ECs and THP-1 cells. These results suggest that Wog inhibits ERK/Egr-1- and JNK/AP-1-mediated transactivation of TF promoter activity, leading to downregulation of TF expression and activity induced by inflammatory mediators. Wog targeting pathological TF expression without affecting its basal level may be a safer templet in the development of anticoagulant agent for cardiovascular thrombotic diseases related to atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Wu
- School and Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Pang Chuang
- Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lan Yu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Wu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yung Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology and Dementia Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ling Chang
- School and Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Nam SY, Kim HY, Min JY, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. An osteoclastogenesis system, the RANKL/RANK signalling pathway, contributes to aggravated allergic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1664-1679. [PMID: 30737962 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE As an osteoclast differentiation factor, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is produced by various immune cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and inflammation. Although RANKL is expressed in most immune cells and tissues, it is not clear how this might affect allergic inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The roles of RANKL in allergic rhinitis (AR) were analysed in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced animal model, human subjects, and a human mast cell line (HMC-1). Small interfering RNA experiments were performed in an OVA-induced AR model. KEY RESULTS RANKL and RANKL receptor (RANK) were up-regulated in serum or nasal mucosal tissues of AR patients and AR mice. RANKL and RANK were colocalised in mast cells of nasal mucosa tissue. Depletion of RANKL by RANKL siRNA ameliorated AR symptoms and reduced AR-related biomarkers, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IgE, histamine, and inflammatory cell infiltration, whereas recombinant RANKL increased AR responses and TSLP levels. In addition, functional deficiency of TSLP decreased AR responses induced by RANKL. In human mast cells, interaction of RANKL with RANK increased production of TSLP and inflammatory cytokines. Production of TSLP by RANKL stimulation was mediated through activation of the PI3K, MAPK, caspase-1, and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, dexamethasone alleviated RANKL-induced inflammatory reactions in AR models. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, these data suggest that RANKL may induce development of AR through up-regulation of TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Min
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Biochip Research Center and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
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Combination of rosuvastatin and probucol inhibits MMP-9 expression via upregulation of miR-497 in cultured HUVECs and apoE knockout mice. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016; 41:592-605. [PMID: 26502925 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study deciphered the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of MMP-9 expression using rosuvastatin in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and apoE knockout mice and whether the combination of rosuvastatin and probucol enhanced this effect. The role that microRNA (miR)-497 plays in the regulation of MMP-9 expression was evaluated in cultured HUVECs and apoE knockout mice using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. First, TNFα significantly increased mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling and MMP-9 levels, and the transfection of miR-497 prevented this increase. The converse results were obtained after miR-497 suppression. Second, the administration of rosuvastatin or the combination of two drugs decreased MAPK/ERK signaling and MMP-9 levels, and the suppression of miR-497 upregulated these levels. Third, the administration of rosuvastatin or the combination of two drugs increased miR-497 expression levels in the aortas of apoE knockout mice, but the levels of serum lipids and plaque areas decreased, which improved plaque components and decreased the MAPK/ERK signaling and MMP-9 levels. Finally, the combination of the two drugs was more effective than the use of rosuvastatin alone. Rosuvastatin inhibits MMP-9 expression by upregulating miR-497 in HUVECs and apoE knockout mice, and the combination of rosuvastatin and probucol enhances this effect.
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Wang YY, Li H, Wang XH, Yuan M, Li GP. Probucol inhibits MMP-9 expression through regulating miR-497 in HUVECs and apoE knockout mice. Thromb Res 2016; 140:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yi L, Huang X, Guo F, Zhou Z, Dou Y, Huan J. Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor expression in human endothelial cells. Surgery 2016; 159:1436-48. [PMID: 26791271 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by fibrin deposition, which indicates the local activation of coagulation. Tissue factor (TF), expressed in the pulmonary microvasculature, acts as a critical initiator of blood coagulation and ALI in sepsis. The molecular mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TF expression in endothelial cells (ECs), however, has not been determined. In this study, we implicate the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)/Yes associated protein (YAP)/early growth response (Egr-1) signaling pathway in LPS-induced TF expression in vitro and in sepsis-induced ALI in vivo. METHODS Human umbilical vein ECs incubated with LPS were pretreated with or without the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, a YAP small, interfering RNA (siRNA) and an Egr-1 siRNA. ROCK, YAP and Egr-1 signaling-induced protein expression was investigated by Western blot. The LPS-induced activation of YAP was analyzed by an immunofluorescent assay. Furthermore, we intratracheally injected YAP siRNA to assess septic ALI in mice by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS LPS rapidly induced ROCK activation and increased TF expression in ECs. LPS caused YAP shuttling into the nuclei of ECs and combined with Egr-1 via the activation of ROCK. Furthermore, the LPS-mediated TF expression increase was prevented by ROCK inactivation, YAP knockdown and Egr-1 depletion, suggesting that LPS-induced TF expression is closely associated with the ROCK/YAP/Egr-1 signaling pathway in ECs. Finally, an intratracheal injection of YAP siRNA relieved lung injury in septic mice. CONCLUSION This study not only suggests that ROCK/YAP/Egr-1 signaling regulates TF expression after stimulation with LPS in ECs, but it also indicates that LPS-induced activation of YAP signaling plays an important role in septic ALI in mice. Our findings provide a new insight into the pathogenic mechanism of TF expression, which is closely linked to septic ALI, and YAP signaling is considered to be a novel target for therapeutic intervention under septic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yi
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengding Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Dou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingning Huan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Haider SA, Faisal M. Human aging in the post-GWAS era: further insights reveal potential regulatory variants. Biogerontology 2015; 16:529-41. [PMID: 25895066 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human aging involves a gradual decrease in cellular integrity that contributes to multiple complex disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) play a key role in discovering genetic variations that may contribute towards disease vulnerability. However, mostly disease-associated SNPs lie within non-coding part of the genome; majority of the variants are also present in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the genome-wide significant SNPs (GWAS lead SNPs). Overall 600 SNPs were analyzed, out of which 291 returned RegulomeDB scores of 1-6. It was observed that just 4 out of those 291 SNPs show strong evidence of regulatory effects (RegulomeDB score <3), while none of them includes any GWAS lead SNP. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that by combining ENCODE project data along with GWAS reported information will provide important insights on the impact of a genetic variant-moving from GWAS towards understanding disease pathways. It is noteworthy that both genome-wide significant SNPs as well as the SNPs in LD must be considered for future studies; this may prove to be crucial in deciphering the potential regulatory elements involved in complex disorders and aging in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aleem Haider
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Blanco-Colio LM. TWEAK/Fn14 Axis: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:3. [PMID: 24478772 PMCID: PMC3895871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the first cause of mortality in Western countries. CVD include several pathologies such as coronary heart disease, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic aneurysm, among others. Interaction between members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and their receptors elicits several biological actions that could participate in CVD. TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its functional receptor and fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14) are two proteins belonging to the TNF superfamily that activate NF-κB by both canonical and non-canonical pathways and regulate several cell functions such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, cell death, inflammation, and angiogenesis. TWEAK/Fn14 axis plays a beneficial role in tissue repair after acute injury. However, persistent TWEAK/Fn14 activation mediated by blocking experiments or overexpression experiments in animal models has shown an important role of this axis in the pathological remodeling underlying CVD. In this review, we summarize the role of TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in the development of CVD, focusing on atherosclerosis and stroke and the molecular mechanisms by which TWEAK/Fn14 interaction participates in these pathologies. We also review the role of the soluble form of TWEAK as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of CVD. Finally, we highlight the results obtained with other members of the TNF superfamily that also activate canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Sun L, Liu Y, Lin S, Shang J, Liu J, Li J, Yuan S, Zhang L. Early growth response gene-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α affect tumor metastasis via regulation of tissue factor. Acta Oncol 2013; 52:842-51. [PMID: 23409769 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2013.705890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia up-regulated expression of tissue factor (TF) may facilitate tumor cell metastasis, but transcriptional mechanisms remain undefined. MATERIAL AND METHODS To verify the role of Egr-1 in hypoxia-induced TF expression in breast cancer cells, quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis were performed. The secretion of VEGF under hypoxia was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Egr-1 and HIF-1α siRNA were transiently transfected into breast cancer cells to evaluate their specific roles. RESULTS The increased Egr-1 expression occurring in hypoxic breast cancer cells can up-regulate TF expression and stimulating protein 1(Sp1) was not responsible for the hypoxia-induced expression of TF. HIF-1α mediated the hypoxia-induced up-regulation of TF expression through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The regulatory effects of Egr-1 on TF under hypoxia were independent of HIF-1α. Either Egr-1 or HIF-1α was responsible for hypoxic induction of tumor cells adhesion. HIF-1α, but not Egr-1, had a pivotal role in human breast cancer cells invasion. Both Egr-1 and HIF-1α were critical to angiogenesis induced by hypoxic conditions in MDA-MB-231 and HUVEC co-cultures. In nude mice, both Egr-1 and HIF-1α small interfering RNA (siRNA) could decrease extravasation of MDA-MB-435 cells in the lung after tail vein injection. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia-induced expression of TF in human breast cancer cells depends on Egr-1 and HIF-1α, and both of these proteins may play an important role in breast cancer metastasis, either directly or indirectly through the TF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Montecucco F, Braunersreuther V, Viviani GL, Lenglet S, Mach F. Update on the Pathophysiological Role of Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Ischemic Myocardium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:104-110. [PMID: 22754427 PMCID: PMC3382259 DOI: 10.2174/157436212800376663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute atherosclerotic complications, such as myocardial infarction, are often provoked by the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and the subsequent thrombotic occlusion of the arterial lumen, which interrupts the blood flow and renders ischemic the downstream peripheral tissue. Several inflammatory mediators (including cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteases) have been shown to orchestrate common pathophysiological mechanisms regulating both plaque vulnerability and myocardial injury. In particular, the selective activation of certain protective intracellular signaling pathways might represent a promising target to reduce the dramatic consequences of an ischemic cardiac event. In the present review we will update evidence on the active role of intracellular kinase cascades (such as mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPKs], Akt, Janus kinase [JAK]-signal transducer and activator of transcription [STAT]) to reduce the global patient vulnerability for acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ock S, Ahn J, Lee SH, Park H, Son JW, Oh JG, Yang DK, Lee WS, Kim HS, Rho J, Oh GT, Abel ED, Park WJ, Min JK, Kim J. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand is a novel inducer of myocardial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:105-14. [PMID: 22298642 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although increased levels of myocardial receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) have been reported in heart failure, the role of this pathway in mediating activation of inflammatory pathways during myocardial remodelling is less well understood. This study sought to determine the role of myocardial RANKL in regulating cytokine expression. METHODS AND RESULTS A marked increase in RANKL expression occurred as early as 6h following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mouse hearts and persisted at 3 and 17 days. An increase in tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-1β was observed in the hypertrophied hearts only at 3 or 17 days after TAC. Treatment with losartan significantly attenuated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy, in parallel with decreased expression of RANKL, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β. Furthermore, injection of a RANKL-neutralizing monoclonal antibody attenuated RANKL-induced cytokine expression. RANKL stimulated expression of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes via activation of NF-κB. RANKL-induced NF-κB activation and expression of these cytokines were both attenuated when RANK, receptor for RANKL, or TRAF2 or TRAF6, adaptors for RANK, was silenced by siRNA. Furthermore, inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), and inhibitor of κB kinase also significantly inhibited RANKL-induced cellular activities, but inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were without effect. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate for the first time that the pressure-overloaded myocardium generates RANKL, which induces TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β production via a RANK-TRAF2/TRAF6-PLC-PKC-NF-κB-mediated autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Ock
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
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Skjøt-Arkil H, Barascuk N, Larsen L, Dziegiel M, Henriksen K, Karsdal MA. Tumor necrosis factor-α and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand augment human macrophage foam-cell destruction of extracellular matrix through protease-mediated processes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 10:69-77. [PMID: 22053710 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By secreting proteases such as cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), macrophage foam cells may be a major cause of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. The aims of the present study were to investigate in vitro role of human macrophage foam cells in degrading type I collagen, a major component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in plaques, and to establish whether the pro-inflammatory molecules, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANK-L) increase this degradation. CD14+ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood were differentiated into macrophage foam cells and cultured on a type I collagen matrix in the presence of TNF-alpha and RANK-L. Matrix degradation was measured by the cathepsin K-generated C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) and the MMP-generated carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) in supernatants showing that macrophage foam cells secrete MMPs and cathepsin K, resulting in release of ICTP and CTX-I. Stimulation with TNF-alpha increased CTX-I and ICTP dose dependently, with ICTP levels increasing by 59% and CTX-I levels increasing by 43%. RANK-L enhanced the release of CTX-I and ICTP by 56% and 72%, respectively. This is, to our knowledge, the first data describing a simple in vitro system in which macrophage foam cells degradation of matrix proteins can be monitored. This degradation can be enhanced by cytokines since TNF-alpha and RANK-L significantly increased the matrix degradation. This in vitro system in part is a model system for the macrophage-mediated proteolytic degradation of the ECM, which is found in many diseases with an inflammatory component.
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