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Chanchal DK, Chaudhary JS, Kumar P, Agnihotri N, Porwal P. CRISPR-Based Therapies: Revolutionizing Drug Development and Precision Medicine. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:193-207. [PMID: 38310456 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232275754231204072320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
With the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9, drug development and precision medicine have undergone a major change. This review article looks at the new ways that CRISPR-based therapies are being used and how they are changing the way medicine is done. CRISPR technology's ability to precisely and flexibly edit genes has opened up new ways to find, validate, and develop drug targets. Also, it has made way for personalized gene therapies, precise gene editing, and advanced screening techniques, all of which hold great promise for treating a wide range of diseases. In this article, we look at the latest research and clinical trials that show how CRISPR could be used to treat genetic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and other hard-to-treat conditions. However, ethical issues and problems with regulations are also discussed in relation to CRISPR-based therapies, which shows how important it is to use them safely and responsibly. As CRISPR continues to change how drugs are made and used, this review shines a light on the amazing things that have been done and what the future might hold in this rapidly changing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar Chanchal
- Department of Pharmacy, Smt. Vidyawati College of Pharmacy, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur - 247121, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah 206130, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharana Pratap College of Pharmacy, Kothi, Mandhana, Kanpur-209217, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prateek Porwal
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur - 247121, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wal P, Aziz N, Singh CP, Rasheed A, Tyagi LK, Agrawal A, Wal A. Current Landscape of Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:356-376. [PMID: 38288826 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232268840231222035423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders (CVD) are the primary cause of death worldwide. Multiple factors have been accepted to cause cardiovascular diseases; among them, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, age, and family history are flag-bearers. Individuals at risk of developing CVD are suggested to make drastic habitual changes as the primary intervention to prevent CVD; however, over time, the disease is bound to worsen. This is when secondary interventions come into play, including antihypertensive, anti-lipidemic, anti-anginal, and inotropic drugs. These drugs usually undergo surgical intervention in patients with a much higher risk of heart failure. These therapeutic agents increase the survival rate, decrease the severity of symptoms and the discomfort that comes with them, and increase the overall quality of life. However, most individuals succumb to this disease. None of these treatments address the molecular mechanism of the disease and hence are unable to halt the pathological worsening of the disease. Gene therapy offers a more efficient, potent, and important novel approach to counter the disease, as it has the potential to permanently eradicate the disease from the patients and even in the upcoming generations. However, this therapy is associated with significant risks and ethical considerations that pose noteworthy resistance. In this review, we discuss various methods of gene therapy for cardiovascular disorders and address the ethical conundrum surrounding it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), NH-19, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 209305, India
| | - Namra Aziz
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), NH-19, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 209305, India
| | | | - Azhar Rasheed
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), NH-19, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 209305, India
| | - Lalit Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Ankur Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy, Jai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Gwalior, MP, India
| | - Ankita Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), NH-19, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 209305, India
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Hosseini SY, Mallick R, Mäkinen P, Ylä-Herttuala S. Navigating the prime editing strategy to treat cardiovascular genetic disorders in transforming heart health. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024; 22:75-89. [PMID: 38494784 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2024.2328642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After understanding the genetic basis of cardiovascular disorders, the discovery of prime editing (PE), has opened new horizons for finding their cures. PE strategy is the most versatile editing tool to change cardiac genetic background for therapeutic interventions. The optimization of elements, prediction of efficiency, and discovery of the involved genes regulating the process have not been completed. The large size of the cargo and multi-elementary structure makes the in vivo heart delivery challenging. AREAS COVERED Updated from recent published studies, the fundamentals of the PEs, their application in cardiology, potentials, shortcomings, and the future perspectives for the treatment of cardiac-related genetic disorders will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION The ideal PE for the heart should be tissue-specific, regulatable, less immunogenic, high transducing, and safe. However, low efficiency, sup-optimal PE architecture, the large size of required elements, the unclear role of transcriptomics on the process, unpredictable off-target effects, and its context-dependency are subjects that need to be considered. It is also of great importance to see how beneficial or detrimental cell cycle or epigenomic modifier is to bring changes into cardiac cells. The PE delivery is challenging due to the size, multi-component properties of the editors and liver sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Younes Hosseini
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Sheikh Beig Goharrizi MA, Ghodsi S, Memarjafari MR. Implications of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Methods in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101603. [PMID: 36682390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Today, new methods have been developed to treat or modify the natural course of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system. Genome-editing tools are CRISPR-related palindromic short iteration systems such as CRISPR-Cas9, a valuable technology for achieving somatic and germinal genomic manipulation in model cells and organisms for various applications, including the creation of deletion alleles. Mutations in genomic deoxyribonucleic acid and new genes' placement have emerged. Based on World Health Organization fact sheets, 17.9 million people die from CVDs each year, an estimated 32% of all deaths worldwide. 85% of all CVD deaths are due to acute coronary events and strokes. This review discusses the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology throughout atherosclerotic disease research and the prospects for future in vivo genome editing therapies. We also describe several limitations that must be considered to achieve the full scientific and therapeutic potential of cardiovascular genome editing in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Ghodsi
- Department of Cardiology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Genome Editing and Myocardial Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1396:53-73. [PMID: 36454459 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has a strong genetic etiology, making it a likely candidate for therapeutic intervention using genetic editing. Complex genetics involving an orchestrated series of genetic events and over 400 genes are responsible for myocardial development. Cooperation is required from a vast series of genetic networks, and mutations in such can lead to CHD and cardiovascular abnormalities, affecting up to 1% of all live births. Genome editing technologies are becoming better studied and with time and improved logistics, CHD could be a prime therapeutic target. Syndromic, nonsyndromic, and cases of familial inheritance all involve identifiable causative mutations and thus have the potential for genome editing therapy. Mouse models are well-suited to study and predict clinical outcome. This review summarizes the anatomical and genetic timeline of myocardial development in both mice and humans, the potential of gene editing in typical CHD categories, as well as the use of mice thus far in reproducing models of human CHD and correcting the mutations that create them.
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Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Khambhati K, Mani I, Maurya R, Karapurkar JK, Gohil J, Chu DT, Vu-Thi H, Alzahrani KJ, Show PL, Rawal RM, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Current approaches in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing for biomedical and therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2022; 343:703-723. [PMID: 35149141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A single gene mutation can cause a number of human diseases that affect quality of life. Until the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, it was challenging to correct a gene mutation to avoid disease by reverting phenotypes. The advent of CRISPR technology has changed the field of gene editing, given its simplicity and intrinsic programmability, surpassing the limitations of both zinc-finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease and becoming the method of choice for therapeutic gene editing by overcoming the bottlenecks of conventional gene-editing techniques. Currently, there is no commercially available medicinal cure to correct a gene mutation that corrects and reverses the abnormality of a gene's function. Devising reprogramming strategies for faithful recapitulation of normal phenotypes is a crucial aspect for directing the reprogrammed cells toward clinical trials. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been promising as a tool for correcting gene mutations in maladies including blood disorders and muscular degeneration as well as neurological, cardiovascular, renal, genetic, stem cell, and optical diseases. In this review, we highlight recent developments and utilization of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in correcting or generating gene mutations to create model organisms to develop deeper insights into diseases, rescue normal gene functionality, and curb the progression of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Jigresh Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hue Vu-Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India.
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Mechanisms underlying pathological Ca 2+ handling in diseases of the heart. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:331-347. [PMID: 33399957 PMCID: PMC10070045 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte contraction relies on precisely regulated intracellular Ca2+ signaling through various Ca2+ channels and transporters. In this article, we will review the physiological regulation of Ca2+ handling and its role in maintaining normal cardiac rhythm and contractility. We discuss how inherited variants or acquired defects in Ca2+ channel subunits contribute to the development or progression of diseases of the heart. Moreover, we highlight recent insights into the role of protein phosphatase subunits and striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase (SPEG) in atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and cardiomyopathies. Finally, this review summarizes current drug therapies and new advances in genome editing as therapeutic strategies for the cardiac diseases caused by aberrant intracellular Ca2+ signaling.
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Song M, Belmonte JCI, Liu GH. Age-related cardiopathies gene editing. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:1327-1328. [PMID: 30853663 PMCID: PMC6428092 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
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