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Jedrzejczyk JH, Carlson Hanse L, Javadian S, Skov SN, Hasenkam JM, Thørnild MJ. Mitral Annular Forces and Their Potential Impact on Annuloplasty Ring Selection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:799994. [PMID: 35059450 PMCID: PMC8765723 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.799994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To provide an overview that describes the characteristics of a mitral annuloplasty device when treating patients with a specific type of mitral regurgitation according to Carpentier's classification of mitral regurgitation.Methods: Starting with the key search term “mitral valve annuloplasty,” a literature search was performed utilising PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies. A systematic approach was used to assess all publications.Results: Mitral annuloplasty rings are traditionally categorised by their mechanical compliance in rigid-, semi-rigid-, and flexible rings. There is a direct correlation between remodelling capabilities and rigidity. Thus, a rigid annuloplasty ring will have the highest remodelling capability, while a flexible ring will have the lowest. Rigid- and semi-rigid rings can furthermore be divided into flat and saddled-shaped rings. Saddle-shaped rings are generally preferred over flat rings since they decrease annular and leaflet stress accumulation and provide superior leaflet coaptation. Finally, mitral annuloplasty rings can either be complete or partial.Conclusions: A downsized rigid- or semi-rigid ring is advantageous when higher remodelling capabilities are required to correct dilation of the mitral annulus, as seen in type I, type IIIa, and type IIIb mitral regurgitation. In type II mitral regurgitation, a normosized flexible ring might be sufficient and allow for a more physiological repair since there is no annular dilatation, which diminishes the need for remodelling capabilities. However, mitral annuloplasty ring selection should always be based on the specific morphology in each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Jedrzejczyk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Johannes H. Jedrzejczyk
| | - Lisa Carlson Hanse
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shadi Javadian
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren N. Skov
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J. Michael Hasenkam
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marcell J. Thørnild
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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OUP accepted manuscript. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 62:6547516. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Piatkowski R, Kochanowski J, Budnik M, Peller M, Grabowski M, Opolski G. Stress Echocardiography Protocol for Deciding Type of Surgery in Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Predictors of Mitral Regurgitation Recurrence following CABG Alone. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4816. [PMID: 34768340 PMCID: PMC8585062 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although coronary artery bypass grafting alone (CABGa), or, with mitral annuloplasty (CABGmp), is considered the best therapeutic strategy for patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), some recurrences are still reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the mitral deformation indices (MDI) as a predictor of recurrence of mitral regurgitation in a 12-month follow-up after CABG alone. METHODS A total of 145 patients after myocardial infarction with significant IMR, eligible for CABG, were prospectively enrolled in the study. Mitral valve morphology, left ventricle function, IMR degree as assessed by effective regurgitation orifice area (ERO), myocardial viability, and MDI were assessed prior to surgery. Patients were referred for CABGa (gr.1; n = 90) or CABGmp (gr.2; n = 55) based on clinical assessment, and the results of rest and stress echocardiography (exercise echocardiography and low dose dobutamine echocardiography-DBX). One year after surgery, each patient underwent the evaluation of cardiovascular events. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors of recurrence of IMR in 1 year follow-up. Serial echo examinations were performed in all patients at discharge, and at 1 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis revealed that in CABGa, group preoperative changes of tenting area (TA) and coaptation high (CH) during DBX remained the predictors of the recurrence of IMR in 12 months follow-up. TAdbx > 1 cm2 provided a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 29%, (AUC 0.6436). The best cut-off value for CHdbx was 0.4 cm (sensitivity 90%, specificity 34%; AUC 0.6432). In both groups (CABGa vs. CABGmp) no significant differences were observed in 12-month mortality (1.2% vs. 0%; p = 1.0), hospitalizations due to the heart failure (HF) exacerbation (5.9% vs. 8.5%; p = 0.72), and in the incidence of the composite endpoint (deaths/CV hosp/stroke) (7% vs. 8.5%; p = 0.742). CONCLUSIONS The preoperative assessment of MDI changes during dbx can be used to identify patients with IMR qualified to CABG alone at increased risk of recurrence of IMR in 1 year follow-up. Mitral deformation analysis should be used for a better qualification of patients with IMR to the exact surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Piatkowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (G.O.)
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Bishawi M, Milano C, Gaca J, Carr K, Wang A, Glower DD. The outcome of mitral repair for degenerative versus ischemic mitral regurgitation using a single complete ring. J Card Surg 2021; 37:290-296. [PMID: 34665478 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The durability of surgical repair for degenerative versus ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is thought to be markedly different. We, therefore, examined late outcomes and durability for mitral repair in a large cohort of patients receiving a single annuloplasty device. METHODS A total of 749 consecutive patients receiving mitral repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) or ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) were evaluated from a prospective database. Patients with tricuspid or maze surgery were included. Papillary muscle rupture and mixed valve etiologies were excluded. Outcomes were compared for IMR versus DMR. RESULTS Patients with DMR were younger and less urgent. Patients with IMR had mean end-systolic diameter 4.5 ± 1.1 cm. All patients received the same complete semirigid annuloplasty device with median ring size 32 mm for DMR and 24 mm for IMR. New York Heart Association failure class improved from 2.8 to 1.5 (p < .001). Patients with DMR had lower operative mortality (1/384 [0.3%] vs. 26/365 [7%], p < .0001) and shorter length of stay. A 15-year survival was better with DMR (63% ± 3% vs. 13% ± 2%, p < .001). At 10 years, the incidence of recurrent ≥2+ MR (10% ± 2% vs. 16% ± 2%, p = .16) was not significantly different. Predictors of recurrent ≥2+ MR were female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0 (1.9-4.8, p < .0001), and prior operation (OR: 2.4 [1.3-4.5], p = .02) but not IMR (OR: 1.4 [0.9-2.3], p = .15). CONCLUSIONS In this series, where patients with IMR had relatively preserved ventricular dimensions, the primary determinants of late recurrent MR were female gender and prior operation but not IMR versus DMR. Selected patients with IMR can obtain relatively durable mitral repair despite higher operative risk and lower survival compared to DMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muath Bishawi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmelo Milano
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gaca
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith Carr
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald D Glower
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Late durability of mitral repair for ischemic versus nonischemic functional mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 114:1358-1365. [PMID: 34547301 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns regarding long-term durability of surgical repair for functional mitral regurgitation are based on short-term data, with few comparisons of ischemic (IMR) versus non-ischemic (NIFMR) etiology. METHODS 788 consecutive patients receiving mitral repair for functional mitral regurgitation were evaluated from a prospectively maintained database. Patients with other surgical procedures were included. Propensity score matching was used to compare outcomes in IMR versus NIFMR. RESULTS Unmatched IMR patients tended to be older men with greater comorbidities. 198 matched pairs of IMR versus NIFMR patients had similar demographics with relatively preserved ejection fraction 40±13% and end-systolic diameter 4.3±1.1cm. Concomitant coronary revascularization occurred in 70% of matched IMR patients. All patients received an annuloplasty ring, usually 24-26 mm. Heart failure class improved from 2.8 preop to 1.5 at 5 years (P<0.0001). Survival at 15 years was worse with IMR (12±3% v 43±5%, P<0.0001). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of moderate or more (>=2+) mitral regurgitation (27±4% v 26±4%, P=0.4), severe regurgitation (10±3% v 8±2%, P=0.5), and mitral reoperation (3±1% v 3±1%, P=0.4) were not different between IMR v NIFMR. Recurrent moderate regurgitation was associated with heart failure readmission but not with mortality. CONCLUSIONS In propensity-matched patients, IMR versus NIFMR had worse survival but similar repair durability, with moderate regurgitation in 27% at 10 years and rare severe regurgitation or mitral reoperation. In selected patients with relatively preserved function, mitral repair for IMR or NIFMR can improve symptoms with durable mild regurgitation in most patients out to 10 years.
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Vaykin VE, Ryazanov MV, Zhiltsov DD, Zhurko SA, Gamzaev AB, Bolshukhin GV, Fedorov SA, Medvedev AP. Modified Mitral Valve Repair with Its Insufficiency of Ischemic Genesis. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:59-66. [PMID: 34513078 PMCID: PMC8353715 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.2.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of modified mitral valve repair in comparison with traditional methods of correcting ischemic mitral regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Vaykin
- Cardiovascular Surgeon, Specialized Cardiosurgical Clinical Hospital named after Academician B.A. Korolev, 209 Vaneeva St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603136, Russia
| | - M V Ryazanov
- Associate Professor, Department of Hospital Surgery named after B.A. Korolyov, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - D D Zhiltsov
- Cardiovascular Surgeon, Specialized Cardiosurgical Clinical Hospital named after Academician B.A. Korolev, 209 Vaneeva St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603136, Russia
| | - S A Zhurko
- Cardiovascular Surgeon, Specialized Cardiosurgical Clinical Hospital named after Academician B.A. Korolev, 209 Vaneeva St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603136, Russia
| | - A B Gamzaev
- Professor, Department of X-ray Endovascular Diagnostics and Treatment, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Cardiovascular Surgeon, Specialized Cardiosurgical Clinical Hospital named after Academician B.A. Korolev, 209 Vaneeva St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603136, Russia
| | - G V Bolshukhin
- PhD Student, Department of Hospital Surgery named after B.A. Korolyov, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Cardiovascular Surgeon, Specialized Cardiosurgical Clinical Hospital named after Academician B.A. Korolev, 209 Vaneeva St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603136, Russia
| | - S A Fedorov
- Cardiovascular Surgeon, Specialized Cardiosurgical Clinical Hospital named after Academician B.A. Korolev, 209 Vaneeva St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603136, Russia
| | - A P Medvedev
- Professor, Department of Hospital Surgery named after B.A. Korolyov, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
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Abstract
Annuloplasty is a fundamental component of surgical mitral valve repair, and is employed in nearly 100% of repair operations for both primary and secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR). Developing transcatheter techniques to replicate surgical annuloplasty has been the focus of significant innovation and development in recent years. Since many patients are not offered surgery due to high perceived surgical risk, transcatheter approaches will provide new treatment options. In this manuscript, we review technologies which allow transseptal and transcatheter mitral valve (MV) annuloplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Bolling
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Grinberg D, Uhlrich W, Thivolet S, Buzzi R, Rioufol G, Obadia JF, Pozzi M. The unfinished saga of invasive procedures for secondary mitral regurgitation. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 10:66-74. [PMID: 33575177 DOI: 10.21037/acs-2020-mv-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease. Its prognostic burden in patients suffering from idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction/dilation has been clearly demonstrated. Severe secondary MR is associated with an increased mortality and frequent heart failure hospitalizations. Although guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is the cornerstone of the management of secondary MR, a certain proportion of patients remain symptomatic. For these patients, several surgical techniques have been progressively developed during the last few decades (replacement, repair, sub-valvular apparatus interventions and other ventricular approaches). In the absence of evidence-based medicine, the benefits of these surgical procedures remains controversial, leading to a low level of recommendation in the guidelines. One way to anticipate the future is to look to the past. Recent prospective randomized trials evaluated surgical and percutaneous techniques and led to a better understanding of how best to treat this disease. In this article, we aim to describe the saga of the surgical and percutaneous treatments for secondary MR throughout the previous decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - William Uhlrich
- Department of Cardiology, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Thivolet
- Department of Cardiology, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Rémi Buzzi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Rioufol
- Department of Cardiology, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Francois Obadia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Matteo Pozzi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
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Bruno VD, Di Tommaso E, Ascione R. Annuloplasty for mitral valve repair in degenerative disease: to be flexible or to be rigid? That's still the question. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 36:563-565. [PMID: 33093751 PMCID: PMC7572951 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-020-01001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of ring for mitral valve repair is still largely left to the surgeon's preferences and there are no specific guidelines regulating this decision. Despite this previous researches have described important features appertaining to each of the different types of rings currently available. Particularly, the debate is still open in regards to the flexibility that these devices should or should not have. Later in this issue of the Journal, Panicker and colleagues have reported their results with flexible and rigid rings in mitral valve repair. The results are very interesting and once again are highlighting the importance of using the right ring for the right disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Domenico Bruno
- Translational Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Medical School, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW UK
| | - Ettorino Di Tommaso
- Translational Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Medical School, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW UK
| | - Raimondo Ascione
- Translational Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Medical School, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW UK
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Estévez-Loureiro R, Benito-González T, Garrote-Coloma C, Fernández-Vázquez F, Avanzas P, Piñón M, Pascual I. Percutaneous mitral repair: current and future devices. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:963. [PMID: 32953763 PMCID: PMC7475444 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common valvular heart disease and its prevalence is increasing with population ageing. In the recent years we have witnessed the development of several transcatheter devices to correct MR in patients at high-risk for surgery. The majority of evidence regarding safety and efficacy of this new therapy comes from MitraClip studies. However, new alternatives on the field of valve repair have emerged with promising results. The aim of this review is to portrait the landscape of transcatheter mitral repair alternatives, from currently used devices to those that will have a role in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Avanzas
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Área del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Piñón
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Isaac Pascual
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Área del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Pang PYK, Huang MJ, Tan TE, Lim SL, Naik MJ, Chao VTT, Sin YK, Lim CH, Chua YL. Restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation: outcomes of flexible versus semi-rigid rings. J Thorac Dis 2020; 11:5096-5106. [PMID: 32030226 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Restrictive mitral annuloplasty is the mainstay of surgical correction of chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR). Long-term data on the various types of annuloplasty rings is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of restrictive mitral annuloplasty in patients with CIMR, comparing the use of flexible versus semi-rigid annuloplasty rings. Methods A retrospective review was conducted for 133 patients with CIMR who underwent restrictive mitral annuloplasty at our institution between 1999 and 2015. Patient demographics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Results Mean age was 61.9±9.2 years and 103 patients (77.4%) were male. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, with a mean of 3.3±0.8 grafts. Flexible rings was implanted in 39 patients (29.3%, group F) and semi-rigid rings in 94 (70.7%, group R). Preoperative New York Heart Association class was III/IV in 104 patients (78.2%). Mean preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 28.8%±10.2%. Preoperative mitral regurgitation was moderate in 51 patients (38.3%) and severe in 82 (61.7%). In-hospital mortality occurred in 11 patients (8.3%). Overall survival at 1, 5 and 10 years were, respectively, 86.4%, 69.7% and 45.9%. At 10 years, overall survival (group F 53.1%, group R 40.0%, P=0.330) and freedom from moderate to severe MR (group F 53.1%, group R 53.8%, P=0.725) did not differ significantly. Freedom from hospitalization for heart failure was 59.3%. Left ventricular reverse remodelling, defined as a reduction of left ventricular end-systolic volume index >15%, occurred more commonly in Group R (51.1%) compared to Group F (23.1%), P=0.003. Conclusions Restrictive mitral annuloplasty was associated with an operative mortality of 8.3%. Heart failure symptoms and significant MR recur in approximately 40% of patients after 10 years. Survival remained suboptimal and was not influenced by the type of annuloplasty ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Y K Pang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Jie Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teing Ee Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Lim Lim
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madhava J Naik
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor T T Chao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoong Kong Sin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Hee Lim
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,C H Lim Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Yeow Leng Chua
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
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Rogers JH, Boyd WD, Smith TW, Bolling SF. Early experience with Millipede IRIS transcatheter mitral annuloplasty. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 7:780-786. [PMID: 30598893 DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The IRIS mitral annuloplasty ring is a transcatheter, transfemoral and transseptal-delivered complete, semi-rigid annuloplasty ring. The IRIS system mimics surgical annuloplasty by reducing the mitral septal-lateral dimension and improving leaflet coaptation. We report the early experience with the IRIS system in seven patients. These patients had 3-4+ mitral regurgitation (MR) with annular dilation and were symptomatic NYHA II-IV with LV end systolic dimensions ≤65 mm. Patients were excluded for LVEF <20%, aortic valve disease, right-sided heart failure and PA systolic pressure >70 mmHg. Baseline and 30-day transthoracic echocardiography and CT imaging was performed. In phase 1, 4 patients had surgical IRIS mitral ring implantation. In phase 2, 3 patients had transfemoral, transseptal delivery of the IRIS mitral ring. There was no procedural death, or MI. The mitral SL diameter was reduced from 38.0±4.1 to 25.9±4.9 mm at 30 days (31.8% SL reduction, n=7). MR was reduced from baseline 3-4+ to 0-1+ in all patients at 30 days. There were improvements in NYHA class and there was a decrease in diastolic LV volumes from 182.4±54.3 to 115.3±98.8 mL at 30 days (36.8% reduction). Based on these initial positive findings, ongoing clinical trials are underway to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of the IRIS ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Walter D Boyd
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Bolling
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Athanasuleas CL, Stanley AWH, Buckberg GD. Mitral regurgitation: anatomy is destiny. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 54:627-634. [PMID: 29718159 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs when any of the valve and ventricular mitral apparatus components are disturbed. As MR progresses, left ventricular remodelling occurs, ultimately causing heart failure when the enlarging left ventricle (LV) loses its conical shape and becomes globular. Heart failure and lethal ventricular arrhythmias may develop if the left ventricular end-systolic volume index exceeds 55 ml/m2. These adverse changes persist despite satisfactory correction of the annular component of MR. Our goal was to describe this process and summarize evolving interventions that reduce the volume of the left ventricle and rebuild its elliptical shape. This 'valve/ventricle' approach addresses the spherical ventricular culprit and offsets the limits of treating MR by correcting only its annular component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine L Athanasuleas
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Gerald D Buckberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Mitral valve (MV) insufficiency, classified as primary and secondary mitral regurgitation (MR), is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. In industrialized countries, degenerative forms are the predominant cause of MR; however, an increasing number of patients present with secondary MR (Iung et al. EHJ 24:1231-1243, 2003). During the last decades, MV surgery experienced substantial advancements. Alain Carpentier pioneered the field of reconstructive valve surgery in the beginning of the 1970s and, since then, a plethora of innovations have led to today's landscape of MV surgery. Modern MV repair techniques including minimally invasive approaches represent the gold standard for primary MR with reconstruction rates of > 97% in high-volume reference centers (Castillo et al. JTCS 144(2):308-312, 2012). Although there is a clear strategy for treatment of primary MR with established high-quality results, the optimal course for treatment of secondary MR remains controversial. Results for a variety of MV repair techniques for secondary MR have been uniformly disappointing and there has been a recent resurgence in interest for MV replacement surgery. Innovations in equipment and imaging have led to the development of new techniques for patients with MV disease. High-risk patients who are poor candidates for surgery have been the focus for most of these techniques, usually within the construct of a multidisciplinary heart team. Efforts have been predominantly focused on less invasive strategies, usually transcatheter technologies, in these high-risk patients. This article aims to give an overview about current surgical treatment options for primary and for secondary MR with special focus on new surgical and transcatheter developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Meier
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg Seeburger
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael A Borger
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR), which occurs in about 20-30% patients with a prior myocardial infarction, is associated with worsening heart failure and an increase in cardiovascular mortality. It should be treated surgically if certain hemodynamic severity criteria are met and in patients who continue to experience symptoms of heart failure despite optimal medical therapy. However, current guidelines do not suggest which of the available approaches to mitral valve surgery-mitral valve (MV) repair or replacement (MVR) is superior for this indication. While MV repair is reported to confer improved survival, MVR may provide higher rates of freedom from recurrent MR. This article attempts to provide the reader with a comprehensive review and comparison of current techniques of mitral valve surgery in patients with severe ischemic MR. RECENT FINDINGS The first randomized trial to compare MV repair versus MVR in patients with severe ischemic MR, the Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN) trial, was recently concluded and reported no significant difference in the primary outcome of left ventricular end systolic volume index between the two approaches at either 1- or 2-year follow-ups. Data comparing approaches of MV repair and MVR for ischemic MR is largely limited to small, non-randomized retrospective trials. The only randomized trial data to examine this issue suggested no difference in mortality with either MVR or MV repair; however, MVR was shown to be consistently associated with higher rates of MR recurrence. Certain echocardiographic features have been reported to predict poor outcomes with MVR and may help refine the selection of the surgical approach in the individual patient.
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Rogers JH, Boyd WD, Smith TWR, Ebner AA, Grube E, Bolling SF. Transcatheter Annuloplasty for Mitral Regurgitation with an Adjustable Semi-Rigid Complete Ring: Initial Experience with the Millipede IRIS Device. STRUCTURAL HEART-THE JOURNAL OF THE HEART TEAM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748706.2017.1385879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason H. Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Walter D. Boyd
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Thomas W. R. Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Adrian A. Ebner
- Cardiovascular Department, Italian Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Eberhard Grube
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven F. Bolling
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Benito-González T, Estévez-Loureiro R, Cardona JG, Prado APD, Ruiz MC, Fernández-Vázquez F. Percutaneous Treatment of Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation in Heart Failure. Interv Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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18
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Kron IL, LaPar DJ, Acker MA, Adams DH, Ailawadi G, Bolling SF, Hung JW, Lim DS, Mack MJ, O'Gara PT, Parides MK, Puskas JD. 2016 update to The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153:e97-e114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kron IL, LaPar DJ, Acker MA, Adams DH, Ailawadi G, Bolling SF, Hung JW, Lim DS, Mack MJ, O'Gara PT, Parides MK, Puskas JD. 2016 update to The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines: Ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153:1076-1079. [PMID: 28190606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irving L Kron
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
| | - Damien J LaPar
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Michael A Acker
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - David H Adams
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Steven F Bolling
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Judy W Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - D Scott Lim
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Michael J Mack
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Baylor Health Care System, Plano, Tex
| | - Patrick T O'Gara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Michael K Parides
- The International Center for Health Outcomes and Innovation Research, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John D Puskas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
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Nielsen SL. Current status of transcatheter mitral valve repair therapies – From surgical concepts towards future directions. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2016; 50:367-376. [DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2016.1248482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sten Lyager Nielsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Maslow A. Mitral Valve Repair: An Echocardiographic Review: Part 2. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 29:439-71. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Chandran KB, Kim H. Computational mitral valve evaluation and potential clinical applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1348-62. [PMID: 25134487 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mitral valve (MV) apparatus consists of the two asymmetric leaflets, the saddle-shaped annulus, the chordae tendineae, and the papillary muscles. MV function over the cardiac cycle involves complex interaction between the MV apparatus components for efficient blood circulation. Common diseases of the MV include valvular stenosis, regurgitation, and prolapse. MV repair is the most popular and most reliable surgical treatment for early MV pathology. One of the unsolved problems in MV repair is to predict the optimal repair strategy for each patient. Although experimental studies have provided valuable information to improve repair techniques, computational simulations are increasingly playing an important role in understanding the complex MV dynamics, particularly with the availability of patient-specific real-time imaging modalities. This work presents a review of computational simulation studies of MV function employing finite element structural analysis and fluid-structure interaction approach reported in the literature to date. More recent studies towards potential applications of computational simulation approaches in the assessment of valvular repair techniques and potential pre-surgical planning of repair strategies are also discussed. It is anticipated that further advancements in computational techniques combined with the next generations of clinical imaging modalities will enable physiologically more realistic simulations. Such advancement in imaging and computation will allow for patient-specific, disease-specific, and case-specific MV evaluation and virtual prediction of MV repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan B Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Owais K, Kim H, Khabbaz KR, Bergman R, Matyal R, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Hess PE, Mahmood F. In-vivo analysis of selectively flexible mitral annuloplasty rings using three-dimensional echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 97:2005-10. [PMID: 24612703 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selectively flexible rings, Colvin-Galloway (CG) Future and Carpentier-Edwards (CE) Physio II, are used for annuloplasty during mitral valve repair to facilitate dynamic annular motion while preventing annular dilation. In this study, we assessed the extent and nature of the flexibility of these rings in vivo, which has not been objectively demonstrated. METHODS Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography was used intraoperatively to acquire data regarding dynamic motion of mitral annuli and annuloplasty rings in 33 patients undergoing mitral repair (15 CG Future and 18 CE Physio II) and in 15 control patients. Data were analyzed to assess the dynamic changes in annular geometry after implantation of selectively flexible rings. RESULTS After annuloplasty, there was an immediate and significant decrease in annular displacement (p < 0.001) and annular displacement velocity (p < 0.01). Dynamic change in multiple variables including anteroposterior diameter (p < 0.001) and annular area (p < 0.001) was also significantly depressed. In comparison with normal mitral valves, partially flexible rings allowed limited dynamic motion: percentage changes in anteroposterior diameter (p < 0.001), anterolateral posteromedial diameter (p < 0.001), and total circumference (p < 0.001) were significantly lower. Compared with each other, the two rings resulted in similar changes in anterior annulus length (p = 0.93), posterior annular length (p = 0.82), and annular area (p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS Mitral annular dynamics were uniformly depressed after implantation of these rings. Selective flexibility could not be demonstrated in vivo using echocardiographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Owais
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Han Kim
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamal R Khabbaz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Remco Bergman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robina Matyal
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph H Gorman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip E Hess
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Feroze Mahmood
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Denti P, Maisano F, Alfieri O. Devices for mitral valve repair. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:266-81. [PMID: 24452608 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of severe mitral regurgitation (MR) is unfavorable, leading to left ventricular failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and death. Many patients affected by severe regurgitation (MR) do not currently undergo surgery, mainly due to the perceived risk of the procedure (old age, impaired left ventricular function, and comorbidities). Mitral transcatheter interventions carry the hope of minimizing risks while preserving clinical efficacy of surgical repair, as an alternative to conventional treatment. Multiple technologies and diversified approaches are under development with the purpose of treating MR in less invasive ways. They can be categorized based on the anatomical and patho-physiological addressed target. Among them, MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Inc., Menlo Park, California) has emerged as a clinically safe and effective method for percutaneous mitral valve repair in patients either with degenerative and functional regurgitation. This device mimics the surgical edge-to-edge repair initially described by Alfieri in the early 1990s. Other repair technologies include percutaneous direct and indirect annuloplasty, neochordae implantation, and left ventricular reshaping. They are still in early phase clinical trials or preclinical studies. The combination of different repair techniques is likely to be required to achieve good long-lasting results. In the future, novel devices, improved knowledge, more efficient imaging, and transcatheter mitral prosthetic valve implantation may expand the indications to those patients currently not treated, as well as improve the results both in terms of early efficacy and long-term durability. These treatments are currently reserved to high-risk and inoperable patients, and their application requires an integrated Heart-Team approach. They represent the natural evolution of surgery and promise to expand treatment options and improve patients' outcomes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Denti
- San Raffaele University Hospital, Via Olgettina, 60, 20100, Milan, Italy,
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25
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Murphy MO, Ahmed K, Athanasiou T. Surgery for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation – which mitral intervention? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 9:587-97. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Today's healthcare delivery system is challenged with an escalating number of heart failure patients who have exhausted medical therapy and overwhelmed the limits of organ transplantation. Scientific and technological advances over the last 20 years have now brought new surgical options to this vast patient population, ranging from ventricular restoration surgery to surgical gene therapy and beyond. This article reviews the myriad of surgical options that are available to these patients, their benefits and shortcomings, as well as potential future directions.
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27
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Functional mitral regurgitation: a 30-year unresolved surgical journey from valve replacement to complex valve repairs. Heart Fail Rev 2013; 19:341-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Nickenig G, Mohr F, Kelm M, Kuck KH, Boekstegers P, Hausleiter J, Schillinger W, Brachmann J, Lange R, Reichenspurner H. Konsensus der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie – Herz- und Kreislaufforschung – und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie zur Behandlung der Mitralklappeninsuffizienz. KARDIOLOGE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12181-013-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aubin H, Kamiya H, Lichtenberg A. [Mitral regurgitation in heart failure. Surgical therapy]. Herz 2013; 38:126-35. [PMID: 23324918 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-012-3749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The optimal treatment of mitral regurgitation concomitant to heart failure remains controversial. A lack of consensus between cardiologists and cardiac surgeons, because of limited studies and heterogeneous data, has led to vaguely defined guidelines and different handling in the clinical routine in the past. However, progress in the operative management with excellent results of individual experienced centers suggests that a variety of patients might benefit from surgical therapy. Each patient should be evaluated individually regarding the benefits of surgical therapy which requires an interdisciplinary approach ("heart team") due to the complex pathophysiology and demanding diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aubin
- Klinik für Kardiovaskuläre Chirurgie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Nicolini F, Maestri F, Agostinelli A, Molardi A, Benassi F, Gallingani A, Gherli T. Surgical treatment for functional mitral regurgitation secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy: Current options and future trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2013.31a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an emerging epidemic affecting 15 million people in the USA and Europe. HF-related mortality was unchanged between 1995 and 2009, despite a decrease in the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Conventional explanations include an aging population and improved treatment of acute myocardial infarction and HF. An adverse relationship between structure and function is the central theme in patients with systolic dysfunction. The normal elliptical ventricular shape becomes spherical in ischemic, valvular, and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic decisions should be made on the basis of ventricular volume rather than ejection fraction. When left ventricular end-systolic volume index exceeds 60 ml/m², medical therapy, CABG surgery, and mitral repair have limited benefit. This form-function relationship can be corrected by surgical ventricular restoration (SVR), which returns the ventricle to a normal volume and shape. Consistent early and late benefits in the treatment of ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with SVR have been reported in >5,000 patients from various international centers. The prospective, randomized STICH trial did not confirm these findings and the reasons for this discrepancy are examined in detail. Future surgical options for SVR in nonischemic and valvular dilated cardiomyopathy, and its integration with left ventricular assist devices and cell therapy, are described.
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Atluri P, Acker MA. Mitral valve surgery for dilated cardiomyopathy: current status and future roles. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 24:51-8. [PMID: 22643662 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are a large number of patients with functional mitral regurgitation resulting from dilated cardiomyopathy. The decision between surgical correction and medical management of severe mitral regurgitation in heart failure can be difficult. The data regarding long-term benefits and mortality after surgical intervention are contradictory. Recent data suggest that mitral regurgitation can be surgically corrected in heart failure with symptomatic improvements and beneficial reverse remodeling. Contrary to prior beliefs, mitral valve repair can be performed safely with minimal postoperative mortality. Data from multi-institutional, randomized prospective trials will help to elucidate many of the questions and concerns regarding repair of severe functional mitral regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Atluri
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Glower DD. Surgical approaches to mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1315-22. [PMID: 22939558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Surgical approaches to correct mitral regurgitation (MR) have evolved over 50 years and form much of the basis for percutaneous approaches to the mitral valve. Surgical mitral repairs have been more durable with use of annuloplasty, but recurrent regurgitation not resulting in reoperation can occur. The mitral leaflets may be resected or augmented, with recent trends to preserve leaflet coaptation surfaces if possible. Mitral chords tend to be replaced or transferred instead of being shortened. Mitral replacement still has a role when more durable and reliable than repair. Surgical incisions have varied from full sternotomy down to percutaneous access only, with less invasiveness usually requiring a trade-off versus effectiveness or ease of application. Less invasive options in treating MR may encourage higher-risk patients to seek anatomic therapy, whether surgical or percutaneous. Rapidly evolving technology will continue to be a dominant driver of surgical approaches to MR, with increasing overlap and interaction with percutaneous approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Glower
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Perlowski A, St Goar F, Glower DG, Feldman T. Percutanenous therapies for mitral regurgitation. Curr Probl Cardiol 2012; 37:42-68. [PMID: 22230740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous therapies for the treatment of mitral regurgitation have emerged rapidly over the past several years. Most of the percutaneous approaches are modifications of existing surgical approaches to mitral annuloplasty or leaflet repair. Most of the percutaneous devices are based on surgical approaches. Catheter-based leaflet repair with the MitraClip is accomplished using an implantable clip to mimic the surgical edge-to-edge technique. Percutaneous annuloplasty can be achieved indirectly via the coronary sinus, or directly from retrograde left ventricular access. Several of these percutaneous approaches have been successfully used in trials or are in the early stages of use in practice.
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Al-Amri HS, Al-Moghairi AM, El Oakley RM. Surgical treatment of functional mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2011; 23:125-34. [PMID: 24146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional mitral regurgitation is a significant complication of end-stage cardiomyopathy. Dysfunction of one or more components of the mitral valve apparatus occurs in 39-74% and affects almost all heart failure patients. Survival is decreased in subjects with more than mild mitral regurgitation irrespective of the aetiology of heart failure. The goal of treating functional mitral regurgitation is to slow or reverse ventricular remodelling, improve symptoms and functional class, decrease the frequency of hospitalization for congestive heart failure, slow progression to advanced heart failure (time to transplant) and improve survival. This article reviews the role of mitral valve surgery in patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein S Al-Amri
- Adult Cardiology Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bothe W, Kvitting JPE, Stephens EH, Swanson JC, Liang DH, Ingels NB, Miller DC. Effects of different annuloplasty ring types on mitral leaflet tenting area during acute myocardial ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141:345-53. [PMID: 21241857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to quantify the effects of different annuloplasty rings on mitral leaflet septal-lateral tenting areas during acute myocardial ischemia. METHODS Radiopaque markers were implanted along the central septal-lateral meridian of the mitral valve in 30 sheep: 1 each to the septal and lateral aspects of the mitral annulus and 4 and 2 along the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets, respectively. Ten true-sized Carpentier-Edwards Physio, Edwards IMR ETLogix, and GeoForm annuloplasty rings (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, Calif) were inserted in a releasable fashion. Marker coordinates were obtained using biplane videofluoroscopy with ring inserted at baseline (RING_BL) and after 90 seconds of left circumflex artery occlusion (RING_ISCH). After ring release, another dataset was acquired before (No_Ring_BL) and after left circumflex artery occlusion (No_Ring_ISCH). Anterior and posterior mitral leaflet tenting areas were computed at mid-systole from sums of marker triangles with the midpoint between the annular markers being the vertex for all triangles. RESULTS Compared with No_Ring_BL, mitral regurgitation grades and all tenting areas significantly increased with No_Ring_ISCH. Compared with No_Ring_ISCH, (1) all rings significantly prevented mitral regurgitation and reduced all tenting areas; (2) Edwards IMR ETLogix and GeoForm rings reduced posterior mitral leaflet area, but not anterior mitral leaflet tenting area, to a significantly greater extent than the Carpentier-Edwards Physio ring; and (3) Edwards IMR ETLogix and GeoForm rings affected tenting areas similarly. CONCLUSIONS In response to acute left ventricular ischemia, disease-specific functional/ischemic mitral regurgitation rings (Edwards IMR ETLogix, GeoForm) more effectively reduced posterior mitral leaflet area, but not anterior mitral leaflet tenting area, compared with true-sized physiologic rings (Carpentier-Edwards Physio). Despite its radical 3-dimensional shape and greater amount of mitral annular septal-lateral downsizing, the GeoForm ring did not reduce tenting areas more than the Edwards IMR ETLogix ring, suggesting that further reduction in tenting areas in patients with FMR/IMR may not be effectively achieved on an annular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bothe
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5247, USA
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38
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Chong CF. Are rigid annuloplasty rings better than flexible annuloplasty rings in ischemic mitral regurgitation repair: where is the evidence? Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 88:2073; author reply 2073-4. [PMID: 19932312 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim JH, Kocaturk O, Ozturk C, Faranesh AZ, Sonmez M, Sampath S, Saikus CE, Kim AH, Raman VK, Derbyshire JA, Schenke WH, Wright VJ, Berry C, McVeigh ER, Lederman RJ. Mitral cerclage annuloplasty, a novel transcatheter treatment for secondary mitral valve regurgitation: initial results in swine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:638-51. [PMID: 19660696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We developed and tested a novel transcatheter circumferential annuloplasty technique to reduce mitral regurgitation in porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy. BACKGROUND Catheter-based annuloplasty for secondary mitral regurgitation exploits the proximity of the coronary sinus to the mitral annulus, but is limited by anatomic variants and coronary artery entrapment. METHODS The procedure, "cerclage annuloplasty," is guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) roadmaps fused with live X-ray. A coronary sinus guidewire traverses a short segment of the basal septal myocardium to re-enter the right heart where it is exchanged for a suture. Tension is applied interactively during imaging and secured with a locking device. RESULTS We found 2 feasible suture pathways from the great cardiac vein across the interventricular septum to create cerclage. Right ventricular septal re-entry required shorter fluoroscopy times than right atrial re-entry, which entailed a longer intramyocardial traversal but did not cross the tricuspid valve. Graded tension progressively reduced septal-lateral annular diameter, but not end-systolic elastance or regional myocardial function. A simple arch-like device protected entrapped coronary arteries from compression even during supratherapeutic tension. Cerclage reduced mitral regurgitation fraction (from 22.8 +/- 12.7% to 7.2 +/- 4.4%, p = 0.04) by slice tracking velocity-encoded MRI. Flexible cerclage reduced annular size but preserved annular motion. Cerclage also displaced the posterior annulus toward the papillary muscles. Cerclage introduced reciprocal constraint to the left ventricular outflow tract and mitral annulus that enhanced leaflet coaptation. A sample of human coronary venograms and computed tomography angiograms suggested that most have suitable venous anatomy for cerclage. CONCLUSIONS Transcatheter mitral cerclage annuloplasty acutely reduces mitral regurgitation in porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy. Entrapped coronary arteries can be protected. MRI provided insight into the mechanism of cerclage action.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Hong Kim
- Translational Medicine Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1538, USA
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Ruiz CE, Kronzon I. The Wishful Thinking of Indirect Mitral Annuloplasty. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2:271-2. [DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.109.888586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Ruiz
- From the Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute of New York (C.E.R.) and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology (I.K.), New York University Medical School, New York, NY
| | - Itzhak Kronzon
- From the Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute of New York (C.E.R.) and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology (I.K.), New York University Medical School, New York, NY
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Simon MA, Watson J, Baldwin JT, Wagner WR, Borovetz HS. Current and Future Considerations in the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2008; 10:59-84. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.151856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Simon
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - John Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | | | - William R. Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Harvey S. Borovetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Abstract
From Walton Lillehei, who performed the first successful open mitral valve surgery in 1956, until the advent of robotic surgery in the 21st Century, only 50 years have passed. The introduction of the first heart valve prosthesis, in 1960, was the next major step forward. However, correction of mitral disease by valvuloplasty results in better survival and ventricular performance than mitral valve replacement. However, the European Heart Survey demonstrated that only 40% of the valves are repaired. The standard procedures (Carpentier's techniques and Alfieri's edge-to-edge suture) are the surgical basis for the new technical approaches. Minimally invasive surgery led to the development of video-assisted and robotic surgery and interventional cardiology is already making the first steps on endovascular procedures, using the classical concepts in highly differentiated approaches. Correction of mitral regurgitation is a complex field that is still growing, whereas classic surgery is still under debate as the new era arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Calvinho
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W.M. Fedak
- From Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (P.W.M.F.), Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (P.M.M.) and Division of Cardiology (R.O.B.), Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Patrick M. McCarthy
- From Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (P.W.M.F.), Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (P.M.M.) and Division of Cardiology (R.O.B.), Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert O. Bonow
- From Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (P.W.M.F.), Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (P.M.M.) and Division of Cardiology (R.O.B.), Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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Fazel SS, Ihlberg L, David TE. Mitral valve reconstruction in the failing heart. Scand J Surg 2007; 96:111-20. [PMID: 17679352 DOI: 10.1177/145749690709600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Fazel
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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McCarthy PM. Adjunctive Procedures in Degenerative Mitral Valve Repair: Tricuspid Valve and Atrial Fibrillation Surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 19:121-6. [PMID: 17870006 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are frequently encountered in patients with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Recent publications have indicated the seriousness of untreated TR, even in those with no TR but only annular dilation. If left untreated, the patients with annular dilation without TR were more prone to develop TR during follow-up and had worse New York Heart Association functional class. At the Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, 39% of patients who had mitral valve surgery had a history of AF. This included 54.4% of patients who were undergoing a re-operation. Five randomized, prospective clinical trials have documented that patients with permanent AF who undergo mitral valve surgery are far more likely to return to sinus rhythm if AF is treated with ablation at the same time as the mitral valve operation. For the group of patients with permanent AF, sinus rhythm was restored in only 5% to 33% of patients in the control group versus 44% to 93% of those in whom ablation was applied. A variety of technologies are available to ablate AF. The basic lesion must electrically isolate the pulmonary veins. For patients with permanent AF, there is evidence that a connecting lesion to the mitral valve annulus will increase success and that biatrial lesion sets will provide the best long-term freedom from AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McCarthy
- Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2908, USA.
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Mihaljevic T, Lam BK, Rajeswaran J, Takagaki M, Lauer MS, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Lytle BW. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:2191-201. [PMID: 17543639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to determine whether mitral valve (MV) annuloplasty benefits patients with moderate/severe (3+/4+) functional ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). BACKGROUND Mitral regurgitation is a strong predictor of poor outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy; whether correcting it at the time of CABG improves outcomes is less certain. METHODS From 1991 to 2003, 390 patients with 3+/4+ ischemic MR had CABG with (n = 290) or without (n = 100) MV annuloplasty. Groups were propensity-matched using demographics, extent of coronary disease, regional wall motion, and quantitative electrocardiography. Survival, echocardiographic severity of MR, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class were compared. RESULTS One-, 5-, and 10-year survival was 88%, 75%, and 47% after CABG alone and 92%, 74%, and 39% after CABG + MV annuloplasty (p = 0.6). Mortality was increased in patients with severe lateral wall motion abnormalities (p = 0.05), ST-segment elevation in lateral leads (p < 0.004), and higher QRS voltage sum (p < 0.0001). Patients undergoing CABG alone were more likely to have 3+/4+ postoperative MR than those undergoing CABG + MV annuloplasty (48% vs. 12% at 1 year, p < 0.0001). The NYHA functional class substantially improved in both groups (p < 0.001) and remained improved; at 5 years, 23% of patients having CABG + mitral annuloplasty and 25% having CABG alone were in NYHA functional class III/IV. CONCLUSIONS Although CABG + MV annuloplasty reduces postoperative MR and improves early symptoms compared with CABG alone, it does not improve long-term functional status or survival in patients with severe functional ischemic MR. The MV annuloplasty in this setting, without addressing fundamental ventricular pathology, is insufficient to improve long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Mihaljevic
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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