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Sheikh N, Papadakis M, Ghani S, Zaidi A, Gati S, Adami PE, Carré F, Schnell F, Wilson M, Avila P, McKenna W, Sharma S. Comparison of Electrocardiographic Criteria for the Detection of Cardiac Abnormalities in Elite Black and White Athletes. Circulation 2014; 129:1637-49. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.006179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Recent efforts have focused on improving the specificity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria for ECG interpretation in athletes. These criteria are derived predominantly from white athletes (WAs) and do not account for the effect of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity or novel research questioning the relevance of several isolated ECG patterns. We assessed the impact of the ESC criteria, the newly published Seattle criteria, and a group of proposed refined criteria in a large cohort of black athletes (BAs) and WAs.
Methods and Results—
Between 2000 and 2012, 1208 BAs were evaluated with history, examination, 12-lead ECG, and further investigations as appropriate. ECGs were retrospectively analyzed according to the ESC recommendations, Seattle criteria, and proposed refined criteria which exclude several specific ECG patterns when present in isolation. All 3 criteria were also applied to 4297 WAs and 103 young athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The ESC recommendations raised suspicion of a cardiac abnormality in 40.4% of BAs and 16.2% of WAs. The Seattle criteria reduced abnormal ECGs to 18.4% in BAs and 7.1% in WAs. The refined criteria further reduced abnormal ECGs to 11.5% in BAs and 5.3% in WAs. All 3 criteria identified 98.1% of athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Compared with ESC recommendations, the refined criteria improved specificity from 40.3% to 84.2% in BAs and from 73.8% to 94.1% in WAs without compromising the sensitivity of the ECG in detecting pathology.
Conclusion—
Refinement of current ECG screening criteria has the potential to significantly reduce the burden of false-positive ECGs in athletes, particularly BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Sheikh
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Michael Papadakis
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Saqib Ghani
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Abbas Zaidi
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Sabiha Gati
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - François Carré
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Frédéric Schnell
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Mathew Wilson
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Paloma Avila
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - William McKenna
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- From St. George’s University of London, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., P.A., S.S.); University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK (N.S., M.P., S.G., A.Z., S.G., S.S.); Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (P. Adami); French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Rennes, France (F.C., F.S.); ASPETAR, Department of Sports Medicine, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar (M.W.); and The Heart Hospital, London, UK (P. Avila, W.M.)
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