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Park S, Lee S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Kang MW, Kim K, Kim YC, Han SS, Lee H, Lee JP, Joo KW, Lim CS, Kim YS, Kim DK. Causal Effects of Serum Levels of n-3 or n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Coronary Artery Disease: Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051490. [PMID: 33924952 PMCID: PMC8145894 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the causal effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. This MR study utilized a genetic instrument developed from previous genome-wide association studies for various serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels. First, we calculated the allele scores for genetic predisposition of PUFAs in individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank data (N = 337,129). The allele score-based MR was obtained by regressing the allele scores to CAD risks. Second, summary-level MR was performed with the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D data for CAD (N = 184,305). Higher genetically predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of CAD both in the allele-score-based and summary-level MR analyses. Higher allele scores for linoleic acid level were significantly associated with lower CAD risks, and in the summary-level MR, the causal estimates by the pleiotropy-robust MR methods also indicated that higher linoleic acid levels cause a lower risk of CAD. Arachidonic acid showed significant causal estimates for a higher risk of CAD. This study supports the causal effects of certain n-3 and n-6 PUFA types on the risk of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam 13574, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji University Medical Center, Uijeongbu 11759, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yaerim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Yeonhee Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji University Medical Center, Uijeongbu 11759, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Min Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
| | - Seung Seok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Kwon Wook Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.C.K.); (S.S.H.); (H.L.); (K.W.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.L.); (C.S.L.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-2303; Fax: +82-2-745-2264
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Use of Tiger Nut ( Cyperus esculentus L.) Oil Emulsion as Animal Fat Replacement in Beef Burgers. Foods 2020; 9:foods9010044. [PMID: 31947797 PMCID: PMC7022580 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the replacement of beef fat in beef burgers using a tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oil emulsion, in order to reduce total fat and saturated fatty acids in the studied samples. Three formulations were processed: Control—100% beef fat; tiger nut 50% (TN50)—50% of beef fat replaced using tiger nut oil emulsion and tiger nut 100% (TN100)—100% of beef fat replaced by tiger nut oil emulsion. The physicochemical parameters were affected after fat replacement. Moreover, the protein and fat contents decreased in those sample with tiger nut oil emulsion, thus the formulation TN100 can be considered as “reduced fat content”. Regarding color, an increased L* and b* value parameters was observed after TN100 while the values of a* remained similar to the Control samples. The hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were similar in all formulations. The addition of tiger nut oil emulsion as a substitute for beef fat reduced saturated fat and increased the mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was found to be in highest proportions in burgers. The TN100 samples were considered as acceptable by consumers. Therefore, total replacement of beef fat using tiger nut oil emulsions in beef burger resulted in a well-accepted and healthier meat product with reduced total and saturated fat contents, as well as increased unsaturated fatty acids.
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