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Topriceanu CC, Pierce I, Moon JC, Captur G. T 2 and T 2⁎ mapping and weighted imaging in cardiac MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 93:15-32. [PMID: 35914654 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac imaging is progressing from simple imaging of heart structure and function to techniques visualizing and measuring underlying tissue biological changes that can potentially define disease and therapeutic options. These techniques exploit underlying tissue magnetic relaxation times: T1, T2 and T2*. Initial weighting methods showed myocardial heterogeneity, detecting regional disease. Current methods are now fully quantitative generating intuitive color maps that do not only expose regionality, but also diffuse changes - meaning that between-scan comparisons can be made to define disease (compared to normal) and to monitor interval change (compared to old scans). T1 is now familiar and used clinically in multiple scenarios, yet some technical challenges remain. T2 is elevated with increased tissue water - oedema. Should there also be blood troponin elevation, this oedema likely reflects inflammation, a key biological process. T2* falls in the presence of magnetic/paramagnetic materials - practically, this means it measures tissue iron, either after myocardial hemorrhage or in myocardial iron overload. This review discusses how T2 and T2⁎ imaging work (underlying physics, innovations, dependencies, performance), current and emerging use cases, quality assurance processes for global delivery and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK; UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iain Pierce
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK; UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK; The Royal Free Hospital, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Cardiology Department, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide the most recent evidence on anti-Jo-1 syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Several new evidences on anti-Jo-1 syndrome have recently emerged. It has been clearly established that, at disease onset, the classic clinical triad (arthritis, myositis and interstitial lung disease - ILD) is only rarely observed. Indeed, disease onset with an isolated arthritis is common. Patients presenting with an isolated manifestation are at high risk for the subsequent occurrence of initially lacking triad findings. Moreover, the ex-novo occurrence of accompanying features such as Raynaud's phenomenon, mechanic's hands and fever during follow-up is a strong risk factor for the occurrence of overt antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD) with further triad manifestations. Several contributions on ILD involvement and prognosis have been published, as well as the distinctive muscle MRI characteristics compared with healthy controls, and a novel definition of a rare skin manifestation (hiker's feet). SUMMARY Recent evidence has shed a light on the need for a better understanding of the clinical course, imaging modalities and prognosis of anti-Jo-1 syndrome, providing some relevant elements to allow early diagnosis of this often unrecognized disease.
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Scully PR, Bastarrika G, Moon JC, Treibel TA. Myocardial Extracellular Volume Quantification by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:15. [PMID: 29511861 PMCID: PMC5840231 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review article discusses the evolution of extracellular volume (ECV) quantification using both cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CT). RECENT FINDINGS Visualizing diffuse myocardial fibrosis is challenging and until recently, was restricted to the domain of the pathologist. CMR and CT both use extravascular, extracellular contrast agents, permitting ECV measurement. The evidence base around ECV quantification by CMR is growing rapidly and just starting in CT. In conditions with high ECV (amyloid, oedema and fibrosis), this technique is already being used clinically and as a surrogate endpoint. Non-invasive diffuse fibrosis quantification is also generating new biological insights into key cardiac diseases. CMR and CT can estimate ECV and in turn diffuse myocardial fibrosis, obviating the need for invasive endomyocardial biopsy. CT is an attractive alternative to CMR particularly in those individuals with contraindications to the latter. Further studies are needed, particularly in CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Scully
- Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 2nd Floor, King George V Building, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Gorka Bastarrika
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avda/Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - James C. Moon
- Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 2nd Floor, King George V Building, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Thomas A. Treibel
- Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 2nd Floor, King George V Building, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Huber AT, Bravetti M, Lamy J, Bacoyannis T, Roux C, de Cesare A, Rigolet A, Benveniste O, Allenbach Y, Kerneis M, Cluzel P, Kachenoura N, Redheuil A. Non-invasive differentiation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with cardiac involvement from acute viral myocarditis using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging T1 and T2 mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2018; 20:11. [PMID: 29429407 PMCID: PMC5808400 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-018-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is a group of autoimmune diseases with systemic myositis which may involve the myocardium. Cardiac involvement in IIM, although often subclinical, may mimic clinical manifestations of acute viral myocarditis (AVM). Our aim was to investigate the usefulness of the combined analysis of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1 and T2 mapping parameters measured both in the myocardium and in the thoracic skeletal muscles to differentiate AVM from IIM cardiac involvement. METHODS Sixty subjects were included in this retrospective study (36 male, age 45 ± 16 years): twenty patients with AVM, twenty patients with IIM and cardiac involvement and twenty healthy controls. Study participants underwent CMR imaging with modified Look-Locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping and 3-point balanced steady-state-free precession T2 mapping. Relaxation times were quantified after endocardial and epicardial delineation on basal and medial short-axis slices, as well as in different thoracic skeletal muscle groups present in the CMR field-of-view. ROC-Analysis was performed to assess the ability of mapping indices to discriminate the study groups. RESULTS Mapping parameters in the thoracic skeletal muscles were able to discriminate between AVM and IIM patients. Best skeletal muscle parameters to identify IIM from AVM patients were reduced post-contrast T1 and increased extracellular volume (ECV), resulting in an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.95 for post-contrast T1 and 0.96 for ECV. Conversely, myocardial mapping parameters did not discriminate IIM from AVM patients but increased native T1 (AUC 0.89 for AVM; 0.84 for IIM) and increased T2 (AUC 0.82 for AVM; 0.88 for IIM) could differentiate both patient groups from healthy controls. CONCLUSION CMR myocardial mapping detects cardiac inflammation in AVM and IIM compared to normal myocardium in healthy controls but does not differentiate IIM from AVM. However, thoracic skeletal muscle mapping was able to accurately discern IIM from AVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T. Huber
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Interventional and Thoracic Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marine Bravetti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Interventional and Thoracic Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Lamy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Tania Bacoyannis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Charles Roux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Interventional and Thoracic Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alain de Cesare
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Aude Rigolet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Yves Allenbach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Kerneis
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Cluzel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Interventional and Thoracic Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Nadjia Kachenoura
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Alban Redheuil
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Faculté de Médecine, 91, Boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Interventional and Thoracic Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
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Schwartz T, Diederichsen LP, Lundberg IE, Sjaastad I, Sanner H. Cardiac involvement in adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. RMD Open 2016; 2:e000291. [PMID: 27752355 PMCID: PMC5051430 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) include the main subgroups polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis (IBM) and juvenile DM (JDM). The mentioned subgroups are characterised by inflammation of skeletal muscles leading to muscle weakness and other organs can also be affected as well. Even though clinically significant heart involvement is uncommon, heart disease is one of the major causes of death in IIM. Recent studies show an increased prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in JDM and DM/PM, which need attention. The risk of developing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is increased twofold to fourfold in DM/PM. New and improved diagnostic methods have in recent studies in PM/DM and JDM demonstrated a high prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement, especially diastolic dysfunction. Interactions between proinflammatory cytokines and traditional risk factors might contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction. Heart involvement could also be related to myocarditis and/or myocardial fibrosis, leading to arrhythmias and congestive heart failure, demonstrated both in adult and juvenile IIM. Also, reduced heart rate variability (a known risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality) has been shown in long-standing JDM. Until more information is available, patients with IIM should follow the same recommendations for cardiovascular risk stratification and prevention as for the corresponding general population, but be aware that statins might worsen muscle symptoms mimicking myositis relapse. On the basis of recent studies, we recommend a low threshold for cardiac workup and follow-up in patients with IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwartz
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna , Karolinska Institutet, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga Sanner
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Rheumatic Diseases in Children and Adolescents, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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