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Asghar A, Qasim M, Noor F, Ashfaq UA, Tahir Ul Qamar M, Masoud MS, Bhatti R, Almatroudi A, Alrumaihi F, Allemailem KS. Systematic elucidation of the multi-target pharmacological mechanism of Terminalia arjuna against congestive cardiac failure via network pharmacology and molecular modelling approaches. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3733-3740. [PMID: 37665010 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2252565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a pathophysiologic state when the heart is not able to maintain its cardiac output to meet the demand of metabolising tissues. CCF is responsible for approximately 2.9 million deaths worldwide. The heterogeneous nature of CCF draws the attention of researchers to find more enthralling and promising diagnostic and treatment options. Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) is an evergreen, deciduous tree exhibited various astringent, anti-bacterial, and anti-microbial properties. T. arjuna is being used in various regions for anginal pain, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidemia. Although previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of T. arjuna, the exact molecular mechanism underlying its protective effect on the heart remains unclear. In this study, a network pharmacology technique was used to explore the active ingredients, potential targets in T. arjuna for the treatment of CCF. In the framework of this study, we explored the active ingredient-target-pathway network and figured out that oleanolic acid, arjunolic acid, luteolin, kaempferol, cholesterol, ellagic acid 4-O-xylopyranoside 3,3'-dimethyl ether, and cyclohexyl (2,4-dimethyl phenyl) methanone contributed significantly to the development of CCF by affecting AKT1, MAPK14, TNF, IL6, ESR1, and HSP90AA1 genes. Molecular docking analysis further validated the activities of these compounds against potential targets. To sum up, integrated network pharmacology and docking analysis revealed that T. arjuna exerts its cardioprotective effect by acting on various signalling pathways, including the thyroid hormone, VEGF signalling pathway, AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, HIF signalling pathway, sphingolipid signalling pathway, and oestrogen signalling pathways. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanism of T. arjuna in CCF and highlights its potential as a promising preventive treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Asghar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Noor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shareef Masoud
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, The University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Herrero-Aguayo V, Sáez-Martínez P, López-Cánovas JL, Prados-Carmona JJ, Alcántara-Laguna MD, López FL, Molina-Puerta MJ, Calañas-Continente A, Membrives A, Castilla J, Ruiz-Ravelo J, Alonso-Echague R, Yubero-Serrano EM, Castaño JP, Gahete MD, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Luque RM, Herrera-Martínez AD. Dysregulation of Components of the Inflammasome Machinery After Bariatric Surgery: Novel Targets for a Chronic Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4917-e4934. [PMID: 34363480 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a metabolic chronic disease with important associated morbidities and mortality. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for maintaining long-term weight loss in severe obesity and, consequently, for decreasing obesity-related complications, including chronic inflammation. AIM To explore changes in components of the inflammasome machinery after bariatric surgery and their relation with clinical/biochemical parameters at baseline and 6 months after bariatric surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with morbid-obesity that underwent bariatric surgery (sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) were included. Epidemiological/clinical/anthropometric/biochemical evaluation was performed at baseline and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Inflammasome components and inflammatory-associated factors [nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), inflammasome activation components, cytokines and inflammation/apoptosis-related components, and cell-cycle and DNA-damage regulators) were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at baseline and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Clinical molecular correlations/associations were analyzed. Functional parameters (lipid accumulation/viability/apoptosis) were analyzed in response to specific inflammasome components silencing in liver HepG2 cells). RESULTS A profound dysregulation of inflammasome components after bariatric surgery was found, especially in NLRs and cell-cycle and DNA damage regulators. Several components were associated with baseline metabolic comorbidities including type 2 diabetes (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1/sirtuin 1), hypertension (absent in melanoma 2/ASC/purinergic receptor P2X 7), and dyslipidemia [C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3)/NLR family pyrin domain containing (NLRP) 7) and displayed changes in their molecular profile 6 months after bariatric surgery. The gene expression fingerprint of certain factors NLR family CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4)/NLRP12/CXCL3)/C-C motif chemokine ligand 8/toll-like receptor 4) accurately differentiated pre- and postoperative PBMCs. Most changes were independent of the performed surgical technique. Silencing of NLRC4/NLRP12 resulted in altered lipid accumulation, apoptosis rate, and cell viability in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION Bariatric surgery induces a profound alteration in the gene expression pattern of components of the inflammasome machinery in PBMCs. Expression and changes of certain inflammasome components are associated to baseline metabolic comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, and may be related to the improvement and reversion of some obesity-related comorbidities after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Herrero-Aguayo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
| | - Prudencio Sáez-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan L López-Cánovas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan J Prados-Carmona
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - María D Alcántara-Laguna
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando L López
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
| | - María J Molina-Puerta
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calañas-Continente
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Membrives
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- General Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Castilla
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- General Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Ruiz-Ravelo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- General Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Alonso-Echague
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- General Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena M Yubero-Serrano
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital; Córdoba, Spain
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Chu SH, Loucks EB, Kelsey KT, Gilman SE, Agha G, Eaton CB, Buka SL, Huang YT. Sex-specific epigenetic mediators between early life social disadvantage and adulthood BMI. Epigenomics 2018; 10:707-722. [PMID: 29888956 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to identify potential epigenetic mediating pathways linking early life social disadvantage (ELSD) to adulthood BMI. METHODS Sex-specific epigenome-wide two-stage mediation analyses were conducted in blood and adipose tissue, and mediation estimates were obtained using cross-product mediation analysis. Pathway analyses were conducted using GREAT software (Bejerano Lab, CA, USA). RESULTS Candidate mediation CpG sites were identified in adipose tissue, but not blood, and were sex-specific. Significant mediation sites in females included CpG loci in genes: PKHG1, BCAR3, ADAM5P, PIEZO1, FGFRL1, FASN and DPP9, among others. Pathway analyses revealed evidence of enrichment for processes associated with TFG-β signaling and immunologic signatures. In males, significant mediation loci included sites in MAP3K5 and RPTOR, which have previously been associated with adipogenesis, inflammation and insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Our findings provide supportive evidence for the mediating role of epigenetic mechanisms in the effect of early life social disadvantage on adulthood BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su H Chu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Karl T Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Stephen E Gilman
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Golareh Agha
- Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Charles B Eaton
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Pavillard LE, Marín-Aguilar F, Bullon P, Cordero MD. Cardiovascular diseases, NLRP3 inflammasome, and western dietary patterns. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:44-50. [PMID: 29588192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, with high prevalence in industrialized countries. Cardiovascular risk factors are mainly influenced by diet, which like other lifestyle factors can be modified to either reduce or increase cardiovascular risk. Other metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, and obesity are associated to CVD and highly influenced by the diet. Inflammation has demonstrated to be a key factor in the biological progress of these diseases. Interestingly, IL-1β which is associated to several steps in the development of atherosclerosis, heart disease, and the association of obesity and type II diabetes with CVD, is activated by the inflammasome complex, a multiprotein complex composed of an intracellular sensor, typically a Nod-like receptor (NLR), the precursor procaspase-1, and the adaptor ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. In the last years, inflammasome complex has been studied in depth and has been associated with the effect of unhealthy diets both from a clinical and experimental view point. We have reviewed the evidences supporting the role of the inflammasome complex in the development of cardiovascular pathology by unhealthy diets and the therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Pavillard
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fabiola Marín-Aguilar
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Bullon
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.
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Huo M, Wang Z, Wu D, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Using Coexpression Protein Interaction Network Analysis to Identify Mechanisms of Danshensu Affecting Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28629174 PMCID: PMC5486119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza, known as Danshen, has attracted worldwide interest for its substantial effects on coronary heart disease (CHD). Danshensu (DSS) is one of the main active ingredients of Danshen on CHD. Although it has been proven to have a good clinical effect on CHD, the action mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study, a coexpression network-based approach was used to illustrate the beneficial properties of DSS in the context of CHD. By integrating the gene expression profile data and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) data, two coexpression protein interaction networks (CePIN) in a CHD state (CHD CePIN) and a non-CHD state (non-CHD CePIN) were generated. Then, shared nodes and unique nodes in CHD CePIN were attained by conducting a comparison between CHD CePIN and non-CHD CePIN. By calculating the topological parameters of each shared node and unique node in the networks, and comparing the differentially expressed genes, target proteins involved in disease regulation were attained. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment was utilized to identify biological processes associated to target proteins. Consequently, it turned out that the treatment of CHD with DSS may be partly attributed to the regulation of immunization and blood circulation. Also, it indicated that sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (SLC9A3), Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1), and fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG) may be potential therapeutic targets for CHD. In summary, this study provided a novel coexpression protein interaction network approach to provide an explanation of the mechanisms of DSS on CHD and identify key proteins which maybe the potential therapeutic targets for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Huo
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineer of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineer of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Dongxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineer of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineer of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineer of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Yi F, Tan XL, Yan X, Liu HB. In silico profiling for secondary metabolites from Lepidium meyenii (maca) by the pharmacophore and ligand-shape-based joint approach. Chin Med 2016; 11:42. [PMID: 27708692 PMCID: PMC5037646 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca) is an herb known as a traditional nutritional supplement and widely used in Peru, North America, and Europe to enhance human fertility and treat osteoporosis. The secondary metabolites of maca, namely, maca alkaloids, macaenes, and macamides, are bioactive compounds, but their targets are undefined. METHODS The pharmacophore-based PharmaDB targets database screening joint the ligand shape similarity-based WEGA validation approach is proposed to predict the targets of these unique constituents and was performed using Discovery Studio 4.5 and PharmaDB. A compounds-targets-diseases network was established using Cytoscape 3.2. These suitable targets and their genes were calculated and analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis and GeneMANIA. RESULTS Certain targets were identified in osteoporosis (8 targets), prostate cancer (9 targets), and kidney diseases (11 targets). This was the first study to identify the targets of these bioactive compounds in maca for cardiovascular diseases (29 targets). The compound with the most targets (46) was an amide alkaloid (MA-24). CONCLUSION In silico target fishing identified maca's traditional effects on treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, prostate cancer, and kidney diseases, and its potential function of treating cardiovascular diseases, as the most important of this herb's possible activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa N, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China ; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiao-Lei Tan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa N, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China ; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hai-Bo Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa N, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China ; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193 China
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