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Ralph DL, Ha D, Lei H, Priver TS, Smith SD, McFarlin BE, Schwindt S, Pandya D, Koepsell H, Pastor-Soler NM, Edwards A, McDonough AA. Potassium-Alkali-Enriched Diet, Hypertension, and Proteinuria following Uninephrectomy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00357. [PMID: 38913441 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
A K-alkali–enriched diet blunted post-uninephrectomy hypertension and facilitated acid clearance by suppressing Na+ reabsorption.Uninephrectomy-associated proteinuria could be attributed to elevated single-nephron GFR and downregulation of megalin, which reduced fractional protein endocytosis.
Background
Losing or donating a kidney is associated with risks of developing hypertension and albuminuria. Few studies address mechanisms or interventions. We investigate the potential benefits of a K+- alkali–enriched diet and the mechanisms underlying proteinuria.
Methods
Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a 2% NaCl+0.95% KCl diet (HNa-LK) or a 0.74% NaCl+3% K+-alkali diet (HK-alk) for 3 weeks before uninephrectomy and then maintained on respective diets for 12 weeks. BP (by tail-cuff), urine, blood, and kidney proteins were analyzed before and after uninephrectomy.
Results
Before uninephrectomy, HK-alk–fed versus HNa-LK–fed rats exhibited similar BPs and plasma [K+], [Na+], but lower proximal (NHE3, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1, NaPi2) and higher distal (NCC, ENaC, and pendrin) transporter abundance, a pattern facilitating K+ and HCO3
− secretion. After uninephrectomy, single-nephron GFR increased 50% and Li+ clearance doubled with both diets; in HK-alk versus HNa-LK, the increase in BP was less and ammoniagenesis was lower, abundance of proximal tubule transporters remained lower, ENaC-α fell, and NCCp increased, consistent with K+ conservation. After uninephrectomy, independent of diet, albuminuria increased eight-fold and abundance of endocytic receptors was reduced (megalin by 44%, disabled homolog 2 by 25%–35%) and kidney injury molecule-1 was increased.
Conclusions
The K-alkali–enriched diet blunted post-uninephrectomy hypertension and facilitated acid clearance by suppressing proximal Na+ transporters and increasing K+-alkali secretion. Furthermore, uninephrectomy-associated proteinuria could be attributed, at least in part, to elevated single-nephron GFR coupled with downregulation of megalin, which reduced fractional protein endocytosis and Vmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Ralph
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Darren Ha
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hillmin Lei
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Taylor S Priver
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scotti D Smith
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brandon E McFarlin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Seth Schwindt
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Drishti Pandya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nuria M Pastor-Soler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aurelie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Duangrat R, Parichatikanond W, Chanmahasathien W, Mangmool S. Adenosine A 3 Receptor: From Molecular Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies for Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5763. [PMID: 38891948 PMCID: PMC11171512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly heart failure, are major contributors to early mortality globally. Heart failure poses a significant public health problem, with persistently poor long-term outcomes and an overall unsatisfactory prognosis for patients. Conventionally, treatments for heart failure have focused on lowering blood pressure; however, the development of more potent therapies targeting hemodynamic parameters presents challenges, including tolerability and safety risks, which could potentially restrict their clinical effectiveness. Adenosine has emerged as a key mediator in CVDs, acting as a retaliatory metabolite produced during cellular stress via ATP metabolism, and works as a signaling molecule regulating various physiological processes. Adenosine functions by interacting with different adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes expressed in cardiac cells, including A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR. In addition to A1AR, A3AR has a multifaceted role in the cardiovascular system, since its activation contributes to reducing the damage to the heart in various pathological states, particularly ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension, although its role is not as well documented compared to other AR subtypes. Research on A3AR signaling has focused on identifying the intricate molecular mechanisms involved in CVDs through various pathways, including Gi or Gq protein-dependent signaling, ATP-sensitive potassium channels, MAPKs, and G protein-independent signaling. Several A3AR-specific agonists, such as piclidenoson and namodenoson, exert cardioprotective impacts during ischemia in the diverse animal models of heart disease. Thus, modulating A3ARs serves as a potential therapeutic approach, fueling considerable interest in developing compounds that target A3ARs as potential treatments for heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanee Duangrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | | | - Wisinee Chanmahasathien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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3
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Zaib S, Areeba, Khan I. Purinergic Signaling and its Role in the Stem Cell Differentiation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:863-883. [PMID: 37828668 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575261206231003151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a mechanism in which extracellular purines and pyrimidines interact with specialized cell surface receptors known as purinergic receptors. These receptors are divided into two families of P1 and P2 receptors, each responding to different nucleosides and nucleotides. P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are activated by pyrimidine and purines. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, including seven subunits (P2X1-7). However, P2Y receptors are the G-protein coupled receptors comprising eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). The disorder in purinergic signaling leads to various health-related issues and diseases. In various aspects, it influences the activity of non-neuronal cells and neurons. The molecular mechanism of purinergic signaling provides insight into treating various human diseases. On the contrary, stem cells have been investigated for therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has shown promising effect in stem cell engraftment. The immune system promotes the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and releases the significant factors essential for successful stem cell therapy. Each subtype of purinergic receptor exerts a beneficial effect on the damaged tissue. The most common effect caused by purinergic signaling is the proliferation and differentiation that treat different health-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Areeba
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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4
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Persson P, Fasching A, Pihl L, Palm F. Adenosine reuptake inhibition reduces diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration via the adenosine A2 a receptor. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R337-R343. [PMID: 37486069 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00278.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration is an early alteration in kidney function in diabetes. Previous studies have shown that reduced adenosine A2a receptor signaling contributes to diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration. The present study investigated the effects of enhanced interstitial adenosine concentration by inhibition of cellular adenosine reuptake, thereby promoting endogenous adenosine signaling. Insulinopenic diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two weeks after diabetes induction, kidney function in terms of glomerular filtration rate, and total, cortical, and medullary renal blood flows were evaluated under thiobutabarbital anesthesia during baseline and after renal artery infusion of two doses of the adenosine reuptake inhibitor dilazep. Dilazep did not affect mean arterial pressure indicating that the effects of the interventions were intrarenal. Diabetics had increased glomerular filtration rate compared with controls and dilazep dose-dependently decreased glomerular filtration rate in diabetics, whereas it had no significant effect in controls. Dilazep increased cortical renal blood flows in controls, whereas medullary blood flow was not significantly changed. Dilazep did not affect total renal blood flow in any of the groups but decreased cortical blood flow in diabetics, resulting in decreased filtration fraction by dilazep in diabetics. Pretreatment with the adenosine A2a antagonist ZM241385 prevented intrarenal dilazep-mediated effects on glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction in diabetics. In conclusion, enhancing intrarenal adenosine signaling by dilazep normalizes diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration at least in part by activation of adenosine A2a receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Fasching
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Pihl
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Purinoceptor: a novel target for hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:185-197. [PMID: 35181831 PMCID: PMC9984596 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally among all cardiovascular diseases. Purinergic signalling plays a crucial role in hypertension through the sympathetic nerve system, neurons in the brain stem, carotid body, endothelium, immune system, renin-angiotensin system, sodium excretion, epithelial sodium channel activity (ENaC), and renal autoregulation. Under hypertension, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released as a cotransmitter from the sympathetic nerve. It mediates vascular tone mainly through P2X1R activation on smooth muscle cells and activation of P2X4R and P2YR on endothelial cells and also via interaction with other purinoceptors, showing dual effects. P2Y1R is linked to neurogenic hypertension. P2X7R and P2Y11R are potential targets for immune-related hypertension. P2X3R located on the carotid body is the most promising novel therapeutic target for hypertension. A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and P2X7R are all related to renal autoregulation, which contribute to both renal damage and hypertension. The main focus is on the evidence addressing the involvement of purinoceptors in hypertension and therapeutic interventions.
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Nayeem MA, Hanif A, Geldenhuys WJ, Agba S. Crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in the modulation of cardiovascular, including coronary reactive hyperemic response. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108213. [PMID: 35597366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous nucleoside or autacoid that affects the cardiovascular system through the activation of four G-protein coupled receptors: adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR), adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR), and adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR). With the rapid generation of this nucleoside from cellular metabolism and the widespread distribution of its four G-protein coupled receptors in almost all organs and tissues of the body, this autacoid induces multiple physiological as well as pathological effects, not only regulating the cardiovascular system but also the central nervous system, peripheral vascular system, and immune system. Mounting evidence shows the role of CYP450-enzymes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450s can increase susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the most important physiological roles of CYP450-epoxygenases (CYP450-2C & CYP2J2) is the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyoctadecaenoic acid (EpOMEs) which generally involve in vasodilation. Like an increase in coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH), an increase in anti-inflammation, and cardioprotective effects. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases will change the beneficial cardiovascular effects of metabolites or oxylipins into detrimental effects. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is another crucial enzyme ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and almost all organs and tissues. However, in contrast to CYP450-epoxygenases, sEH converts EETs into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHETs), EpOMEs into dihydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (DiHOMEs), and others and reverses the beneficial effects of epoxy-fatty acids leading to vasoconstriction, reducing CRH, increase in pro-inflammation, increase in pro-thrombotic and become less cardioprotective. Therefore, polymorphisms in the sEH gene (Ephx2) cause the enzyme to become overactive, making it more vulnerable to CVDs, including hypertension. Besides the sEH, ω-hydroxylases (CYP450-4A11 & CYP450-4F2) derived metabolites from AA, ω terminal-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (19-, 20-HETE), lipoxygenase-derived mid-chain hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-, 11-, 12-, 15-HETEs), and the cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (prostaglandins: PGD2, PGF2α; thromboxane: Txs, oxylipins) are involved in vasoconstriction, hypertension, reduction in CRH, pro-inflammation and cardiac toxicity. Interestingly, the interactions of adenosine receptors (A2AAR, A1AR) with CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, sEH, and their derived metabolites or oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs or oxylipins) is shown in the regulation of the cardiovascular functions. In addition, much evidence demonstrates polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, and sEH genes (Ephx2) and adenosine receptor genes (ADORA1 & ADORA2) in the human population with the susceptibility to CVDs, including hypertension. CVDs are the number one cause of death globally, coronary artery disease (CAD) was the leading cause of death in the US in 2019, and hypertension is one of the most potent causes of CVDs. This review summarizes the articles related to the crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in vascular, including the CRH response in regular salt-diet fed and high salt-diet fed mice with the correlation of heart perfusate/plasma oxylipins. By using A2AAR-/-, A1AR-/-, eNOS-/-, sEH-/- or Ephx2-/-, vascular sEH-overexpressed (Tie2-sEH Tr), vascular CYP2J2-overexpressed (Tie2-CYP2J2 Tr), and wild-type (WT) mice. This review article also summarizes the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory oxylipins in cardiovascular function/dysfunction in mice and humans. Therefore, more studies are needed better to understand the crosstalk between the adenosine receptors and eicosanoids to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools by using plasma oxylipins profiles in CVDs, including hypertensive cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Nayeem
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Ahmad Hanif
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephanie Agba
- Graduate student, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Pak ES, Cha JJ, Cha DR, Kanasaki K, Ha H. Adenosine receptors as emerging therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2022; 41:S74-S88. [PMID: 36239063 PMCID: PMC9590297 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is now a pandemic worldwide, and novel therapeutic options are urgently required. Adenosine, an adenosine triphosphate metabolite, plays a role in kidney homeostasis through interacting with four types of adenosine receptors (ARs): A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR. Increasing evidence highlights the role of adenosine and ARs in the development and progression of DKD: 1) increased adenosine in the plasma and urine of diabetics with kidney injury, 2) increased expression of each of the ARs in diabetic kidneys, 3) the protective effect of coffee, a commonly ingested nonselective AR antagonist, on DKD, and 4) the protective effect of AR modulators in experimental DKD models. We propose AR modulators as a new therapeutic option to treat DKD. Detailed mechanistic studies on the pharmacology of AR modulators will help us to develop effective first-in-class AR modulators against DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Internal Medical 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Paganelli F, Mottola G, Fromonot J, Marlinge M, Deharo P, Guieu R, Ruf J. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular Disease: Is the Adenosinergic System the Missing Link? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1690. [PMID: 33567540 PMCID: PMC7914561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. HHCy is associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis, and it is an independent risk factor for CVD, stroke and myocardial infarction. However, homocysteine (HCy)-lowering therapy does not affect the inflammatory state of CVD patients, and it has little influence on cardiovascular risk. The HCy degradation product hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a cardioprotector. Previous research proposed a positive role of H2S in the cardiovascular system, and we discuss some recent data suggesting that HHCy worsens CVD by increasing the production of H2S, which decreases the expression of adenosine A2A receptors on the surface of immune and cardiovascular cells to cause inflammation and ischemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Paganelli
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Department of Cardiology, North Hospital, F-13015 Marseille, France
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Fromonot
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Marlinge
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Deharo
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Department of Cardiology, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
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9
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Effects of Caffeine on Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621356. [PMID: 33613184 PMCID: PMC7889509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism on understanding energy balance in humans is a relatively new and exciting field of research. The pathogenesis of obesity can be largely explained by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but the underlying mechanisms are far more complex. Traditional non-selective sympathetic activators have been used to artificially elevate energy utilization, or suppress appetite, however undesirable side effects are apparent with the use of these pharmacological interventions. Understanding the role of BAT, in relation to human energy homeostasis has the potential to dramatically offset the energy imbalance associated with obesity. This review discusses paradoxical effects of caffeine on peripheral adenosine receptors and the possible role of adenosine in increasing metabolism is highlighted, with consideration to the potential of central rather than peripheral mechanisms for caffeine mediated BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Research on the complex physiology of adipose tissue, the embryonic lineage and function of the different types of adipocytes is summarized. In addition, the effect of BAT on overall human metabolism and the extent of the associated increase in energy expenditure are discussed. The controversy surrounding the primary β-adrenoceptor involved in human BAT activation is examined, and suggestions as to the lack of translational findings from animal to human physiology and human in vitro to in vivo models are provided. This review compares and distinguishes human and rodent BAT effects, thus developing an understanding of human BAT thermogenesis to aid lifestyle interventions targeting obesity and metabolic syndrome. The focus of this review is on the effect of BAT thermogenesis on overall metabolism, and the potential therapeutic effects of caffeine in increasing metabolism via its effects on BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Onogi Y, Khalil AEMM, Ussar S. Identification and characterization of adipose surface epitopes. Biochem J 2020; 477:2509-2541. [PMID: 32648930 PMCID: PMC7360119 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a central regulator of metabolism and an important pharmacological target to treat the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Among the various cellular compartments, the adipocyte cell surface is especially appealing as a drug target as it contains various proteins that when activated or inhibited promote adipocyte health, change its endocrine function and eventually maintain or restore whole-body insulin sensitivity. In addition, cell surface proteins are readily accessible by various drug classes. However, targeting individual cell surface proteins in adipocytes has been difficult due to important functions of these proteins outside adipose tissue, raising various safety concerns. Thus, one of the biggest challenges is the lack of adipose selective surface proteins and/or targeting reagents. Here, we discuss several receptor families with an important function in adipogenesis and mature adipocytes to highlight the complexity at the cell surface and illustrate the problems with identifying adipose selective proteins. We then discuss that, while no unique adipocyte surface protein might exist, how splicing, posttranslational modifications as well as protein/protein interactions can create enormous diversity at the cell surface that vastly expands the space of potentially unique epitopes and how these selective epitopes can be identified and targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Onogi
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elagamy Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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11
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Effendi WI, Nagano T, Kobayashi K, Nishimura Y. Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E785. [PMID: 32213945 PMCID: PMC7140859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine receptors, described as A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR, which are the center of cAMP signal pathway-based drug development. Several types of agonists, partial agonists or antagonists, and allosteric substances have been synthesized from these receptors as new therapeutic drug candidates. Research efforts surrounding A1AR and A2AAR are perhaps the most enticing because of their concentration and affinity; however, as a consequence of distressing conditions, both A2BAR and A3AR levels might accumulate. This review focuses on the biological features of each adenosine receptor as the basis of ligand production and describes clinical studies of adenosine receptor-associated pharmaceuticals in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Is Effendi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
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12
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Consumption of salt leads to ameliorate symptoms of metabolic disorder and change of gut microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3779-3790. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Cordero-Herrera I, Guimarães DD, Moretti C, Zhuge Z, Han H, McCann Haworth S, Uribe Gonzalez AE, Andersson DC, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Carlström M. Head-to-head comparison of inorganic nitrate and metformin in a mouse model of cardiometabolic disease. Nitric Oxide 2020; 97:48-56. [PMID: 32032718 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Unhealthy dietary habits contribute to the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is accompanied by oxidative stress, compromised nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased cardiovascular risk. Apart from lifestyle changes, biguanides such as metformin are the first-line pharmacological treatment for T2D. Favourable cardiometabolic effects have been demonstrated following dietary nitrate supplementation to boost the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Here we aim to compare the therapeutic value of inorganic nitrate and metformin alone and their combination in a model of cardiometabolic disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were fed control or high fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks in combination with the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME to induce metabolic syndrome. Simultaneously, the mice were treated with vehicle, inorganic nitrate, metformin or a combination of nitrate and metformin in (drinking water). Cardiometabolic functions were assessed in vivo and tissues were collected/processed for analyses. KEY RESULTS HFD + L-NAME was associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction, compared with controls, as evident from elevated blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, impaired insulin sensitivity and compromised glucose clearance as well as liver steatosis. Both nitrate and metformin improved insulin/glucose homeostasis, whereas only nitrate had favourable effects on cardiovascular function and steatosis. Mechanistically, metformin and nitrate improved AMPK signalling, whereas only nitrate attenuated oxidative stress. Combination of nitrate and metformin reduced HbA1c and trended to further increase AMPK activation. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS Nitrate and metformin had equipotent metabolic effects, while nitrate was superior regarding protection against cardiovascular dysfunction and liver steatosis. If reproduced in future clinical trials, these findings may have implications for novel nutrition-based strategies against metabolic syndrome, T2D and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drielle D Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Moretti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huirong Han
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah McCann Haworth
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel C Andersson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Heart and Vascular Theme, Section for Heart Failure, Arrhythmia and GUCH, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Wan TC, Tampo A, Kwok WM, Auchampach JA. Ability of CP-532,903 to protect mouse hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury is dependent on expression of A 3 adenosine receptors in cardiomyoyctes. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:21-31. [PMID: 30710517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonists are effective at limiting injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart in experimental animal models. However, understanding of their mechanism of action, which is likely multifactorial, remains incomplete. In prior studies, it has been demonstrated that A3AR-mediated ischemic protection is blocked by glibenclamide and is absent in Kir6.2 gene ablated mice that lack the pore-forming subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, suggesting one contributing mechanism may involve accelerated activation of KATP channels. However, presence of A3ARs in the myocardium has yet to be established. Utilizing a whole-cell recording technique, in this study we confirm functional expression of the A3AR in adult mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes, coupled to activation of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels via Gi inhibitory proteins. We further show that ischemic protection provided by the selective A3AR agonist CP-532,903 in an isolated, buffer-perfused heart model is lost completely in Adora3LoxP/LoxP;Myh6-Cre mice, which is a newly developed model developed and comprehensively described herein whereby the A3AR gene (Adora3) is deleted exclusively in cardiomyocytes. Our findings, taken together with previously published work, are consistent with the hypothesis that A3AR agonists provide ischemic tolerance, at least in part, by facilitating opening of myocardial KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina C Wan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Akihito Tampo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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15
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Bekisz JM, Lopez CD, Corciulo C, Mediero A, Coelho PG, Witek L, Flores RL, Cronstein BN. The Role of Adenosine Receptor Activation in Attenuating Cartilaginous Inflammation. Inflammation 2018; 41:1135-1141. [PMID: 29656316 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor activation has been explored as a modulator of the inflammatory process that propagates osteoarthritis. It has been reported that cartilage has enhanced regenerative potential when influenced by adenosine receptor activation. As adenosine's role in maintaining chondrocyte homeostasis at the cellular and molecular levels is explored, successful in vivo applications of adenosine delivery for cartilage repair continue to be reported. This review summarizes the role adenosine receptor ligation plays in chondrocyte homeostasis and regeneration of articular cartilage damaged in osteoarthritis. It also reports on all the modalities reported for delivery of adenosine through in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Bekisz
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 521, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Christopher D Lopez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Aranzazu Mediero
- Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Roberto L Flores
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 521, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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16
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Shkhyan R, Lee S, Gullo F, Li L, Peleli M, Carlstrom M, Chagin AS, Banks NW, Limfat S, Liu NQ, Evseenko D. Genetic ablation of adenosine receptor A3 results in articular cartilage degeneration. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1049-1060. [PMID: 30088034 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is characterized by inflammation of joints and cartilage degradation leading to disability, discomfort, severe pain, inflammation, and stiffness of the joint. It has been shown that adenosine, a purine nucleoside composed of adenine attached to ribofuranose, is enzymatically produced by the human synovium. However, the functional significance of adenosine signaling in homeostasis and pathology of synovial joints remains unclear. Adenosine acts through four cell surface receptors, i.e., A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, and here, we have systematically analyzed mice with a deficiency for A3 receptor as well as pharmacological modulations of this receptor with specific analogs. The data show that adenosine receptor signaling plays an essential role in downregulating catabolic mechanisms resulting in prevention of cartilage degeneration. Ablation of A3 resulted in development of OA in aged mice. Mechanistically, A3 signaling inhibited cellular catabolic processes in chondrocytes including downregulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), an enzyme that promotes matrix degradation and inflammation, as well as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Additionally, selective A3 agonists protected chondrocytes from cell apoptosis caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines or hypo-osmotic stress. These novel data illuminate the protective role of A3, which is mediated via inhibition of intracellular CaMKII kinase and RUNX2 transcription factor, the two major pro-catabolic regulators in articular cartilage. KEY MESSAGES Adenosine receptor A3 (A3) knockout results in progressive loss of articular cartilage in vivo. Ablation of A3 results in activation of matrix degradation and cartilage hypertrophy. A3 agonists downregulate RUNX2 and CaMKII expression in osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. A3 prevents articular cartilage matrix degradation induced by inflammation and osmotic fluctuations. A3 agonist inhibits proteolytic activity of cartilage-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Shkhyan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Gullo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Peleli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicholas W Banks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Limfat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Q Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), generated from L-arginine and oxygen by NO synthases, is a pleiotropic signaling molecule involved in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation. More recently, an alternative pathway for the formation of this free radical has been explored. The inorganic anions nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), originating from dietary and endogenous sources, generate NO bioactivity in a process involving seemingly symbiotic oral bacteria and host enzymes in blood and tissues. The described cardio-metabolic effects of dietary nitrate from experimental and clinical studies include lowering of blood pressure, improved endothelial function, increased exercise performance, and reversal of metabolic syndrome, as well as antidiabetic effects. The mechanisms underlying the salutary metabolic effects of nitrate are being revealed and include interaction with mitochondrial respiration, activation of key metabolic regulatory pathways, and reduction of oxidative stress. Here we review the recent advances in the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, focusing on metabolic effects in health and disease.
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18
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Dai X, Hua L, Chen Y, Wang J, Li J, Wu F, Zhang Y, Su J, Wu Z, Liang C. Mechanisms in hypertension and target organ damage: Is the role of the thymus key? (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3-12. [PMID: 29620247 PMCID: PMC5979885 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of cells and cytokines have been shown to be involved in the whole process of hypertension. Data from experimental and clinical studies on hypertension have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in the process. Dysfunction of the thymus, which modulates the development and maturation of lymphocytes, has been shown to be associated with the severity of hypertension. Furthermore, gradual atrophy, functional decline or loss of the thymus has been revealed to be associated with aging. The restoration or enhancement of thymus function via upregulation in the expression of thymus transcription factors forkhead box N1 or thymus transplantation may provide an option to halt or reverse the pathological process of hypertension. Therefore, the thymus may be key in hypertension and associated target organ damage, and may provide a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with hypertension in addition to different commercial drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the advances in our understanding of the impact of thymus function on hypertension from data from animal and human studies, and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiamei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yanda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jiyuan Su
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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19
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Denton KM. Adenosine Receptors: A Tantalizing Target for the Treatment of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 72:283-284. [PMID: 29941514 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Denton
- From the Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Lasley RD. Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Cardioprotection-Current Limitations and Future Directions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:310. [PMID: 29670529 PMCID: PMC5893789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal reports of adenosine receptor-mediated cardioprotection in the early 1990s, there have been a multitude of such reports in various species and preparations. Original observations of the beneficial effects of A1 receptor agonists have been followed up with numerous reports also implicating A2A, A3, and most recently A2B, receptor agonists as cardioprotective agents. Although adenosine has been approved for clinical use in the United States for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and coronary artery imaging, and the selective A2A agonist, regadenoson, for the latter, clinical use of adenosine receptor agonists for protecting the ischemic heart has not advanced beyond early trials. An examination of the literature indicates that existing experimental studies have several limitations in terms of clinical relevance, as well as lacking incorporation of recent new insights into adenosine receptor signaling. Such deficiencies include the lack of experimental studies in models that most closely mimic human cardiovascular disease. In addition, there have been very few studies in chronic models of myocardial ischemia, where limiting myocardial remodeling and heart failure, not reduction of infarct size, are the primary endpoints. Despite an increasing number of reports of the beneficial effects of adenosine receptor antagonists, not agonists, in chronic diseases, this idea has not been well-studied in experimental myocardial ischemia. There have also been few studies examining adenosine receptor subtype interactions as well as receptor heterodimerization. The purpose of this Perspective article is to discuss these deficiencies to highlight future directions of research in the field of adenosine receptor-mediated protection of ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Lasley
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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21
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Carlström M, Larsson SC. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:395-417. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Tozzi M, Novak I. Purinergic Receptors in Adipose Tissue As Potential Targets in Metabolic Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:878. [PMID: 29249968 PMCID: PMC5715378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides, such as adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are involved in many physiological and pathological processes in adipose tissue (AT). It is becoming accepted that, in addition to the well-established sympathetic and hormonal system, purinergic receptors contribute significantly to regulation of adipocyte functions. Several receptor subtypes for both adenosine (P1) and ATP (P2X and P2Y) have been characterized in white adipocytes (WA) and brown adipocytes (BA). The effects mediated by adenosine and ATP on adipocytes are multiple and often differing, depending on specific receptors activated. Using a variety of agonists, antagonists and transgenic animals it has been demonstrated that adenosine and P2 receptors are involved in lipolysis, lipogenesis, adipokines secretion, glucose uptake, adipogenesis, cell proliferation, inflammation, and other processes. Given their central role in regulating many AT functions, purinergic receptors are considered potential therapeutic targets in different pathological conditions, such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. To achieve this goal, specific and potent P1 and P2 receptors activators and inhibitors are being developed and show promising results. However, more insight is needed into the function of P2 receptors in brown and beige adipocytes and their potential role in thermogenesis. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge on the patho-/physiological role of P1, P2X, and P2Y receptors in WA and BA and their potential exploitation for pharmacological intervention. Furthermore, we analyze impact of purinergic signaling in AT - in health and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tozzi
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Peleli M, Flacker P, Zhuge Z, Gomez C, Wheelock CE, Persson AEG, Carlstrom M. Renal denervation attenuates hypertension and renal dysfunction in a model of cardiovascular and renal disease, which is associated with reduced NADPH and xanthine oxidase activity. Redox Biol 2017; 13:522-527. [PMID: 28734244 PMCID: PMC5520954 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered a central pathophysiological event in cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. Early age reduction in renal mass is associated with hypertension and oxidative stress in later life, which is aggravated by increased salt intake. The aim of the present study was to examine if renal sympathetic denervation can exert blood pressure lowering effects in uninephrectomized (UNX) rats (3-week old) fed with high salt (HS, 4%; w/w) diet for 4 weeks. Moreover, we investigated if renal denervation is associated with changes in NADPH and xanthine oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Rats with UNX + HS had reduced renal function, elevated systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, which was accompanied by increased heart weight, and cardiac superoxide production compared to sham operated Controls. UNX + HS was also associated with higher expression and activity of NADPH and xanthine oxidase in the kidney. Renal denervation in rats with UNX + HS attenuated the development of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, but also improved glomerular filtration rate and reduced proteinuria. Mechanistically, renal denervation was associated with lower expression and activity of both NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase in the kidney, but also reduced superoxide production in the heart. In conclusion, our study shows for the first time that renal denervation has anti-hypertensive, cardio- and reno-protective effects in the UNX + HS model, which can be associated with decreased NADPH oxidase- and xanthine oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (i.e., superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) in the kidney. Uninephrectomy + high salt intake (UNX + HS) is linked with hypertension and renal dysfunction. UNX + HS increases renal NADPH oxidase-mediated O2•− and H2O2 production. UNX + HS increases renal xanthine oxidase-mediated H2O2 production. Renal denervation attenuates development of hypertension and renal dysfunction. Renal denervation is associated with lower NADPH and xanthine oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Peleli
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Flacker
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Surgery Section, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Gomez
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pathological overproduction: the bad side of adenosine. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1945-1960. [PMID: 28252203 PMCID: PMC6398520 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous ubiquitous purine nucleoside, which is increased by hypoxia, ischaemia and tissue damage and mediates a number of physiopathological effects by interacting with four GPCRs, identified as A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . Physiological and acutely increased adenosine is mostly associated with beneficial effects that include vasodilatation and a decrease in inflammation. In contrast, chronic overproduction of adenosine occurs in important pathological states, where long-lasting increases in the nucleoside levels are responsible for the bad side of adenosine associated with chronic inflammation, fibrosis and organ damage. In this review, we describe and critically discuss the pathological overproduction of adenosine and analyse when, where and how adenosine exerts its detrimental effects throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
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25
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Yang T, Zhang XM, Tarnawski L, Peleli M, Zhuge Z, Terrando N, Harris RA, Olofsson PS, Larsson E, Persson AEG, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlstrom M. Dietary nitrate attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injuries by modulation of immune responses and reduction of oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2017. [PMID: 28623824 PMCID: PMC5473548 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury involves complex pathological processes in which reduction of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is suggested as a key factor. Inorganic nitrate can form NO in vivo via NO synthase-independent pathways and may thus provide beneficial effects during IR. Herein we evaluated the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation in a renal IR model. Male mice (C57BL/6J) were fed nitrate-supplemented chow (1.0mmol/kg/day) or standard chow for two weeks prior to 30min ischemia and during the reperfusion period. Unilateral renal IR caused profound tubular and glomerular damage in the ischemic kidney. Renal function, assessed by plasma creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow, was also impaired after IR. All these pathologies were significantly improved by nitrate. Mechanistically, nitrate treatment reduced renal superoxide generation, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 p70) and macrophage infiltration in the kidney. Moreover, nitrate reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemo attractors, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines in the injured kidney. In another cohort of mice, two weeks of nitrate supplementation lowered superoxide generation and IL-6 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our study demonstrates protective effect of dietary nitrate in renal IR injury that may be mediated via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. These novel findings suggest that nitrate supplementation deserve further exploration as a potential treatment in patients at high risk of renal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Nephrology (T.Y.), Dept. of Anesthesiology (N.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Dept. of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Peleli
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niccolo Terrando
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Nephrology (T.Y.), Dept. of Anesthesiology (N.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Dept. of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Ueki N, Kanasaki K, Kanasaki M, Takeda S, Koya D. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Deficiency Leads to Hypersensitivity of the Pressor Response Against Angiotensin II. Hypertension 2017; 69:1156-1164. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolizes 2-hydroxyestradiol into 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME); COMT deficiency has shown to be associated with hypertension in men and preeclampsia, the disease associated with hypersensitivity of pressor response against angiotensin II (Ang II). Here, we found that COMT deficiency could explain the hypersensitivity of pressor response against Ang II in mice because of the lack of 2-ME–dependent suppression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R). Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to COMT inhibitor (COMTi: 25 mg/kg per day) or oil (control) for 4 weeks, with or without low-dose Ang II infusion (ANGII: 70 ng/kg per minute) for the last 3 weeks. The Ang II–infused mice were treated with 2-ME (10 ng/d) or vehicle for the last 1 week. We obtained the following experimental groups: control, ANGII, COMTi, COMTi+ANGII, and COMTi+ANGII+2-ME. We performed similar experiments using the in vivo administration of small interfering RNA of COMT instead of COMTi. Neither ANGII nor COMTi exhibited significant alterations in systolic blood pressure. Compared with ANGII or COMTi, COMTi+ANGII displayed significantly higher systolic blood pressure, albuminuria, and glomerular endotheliosis; 2-ME normalized such alterations. Similar phenotypes were observed in COMT small interfering RNA–treated mice. In the aorta of COMT-deficient mice, AT1R expression was increased; 2-ME suppressed AT1R expression. The 2-ME exhibited peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonistic activity in vitro and ex vivo plasma from pregnant female mice as well. In vitro, 2-ME suppressed both basal and Ang II–induced AT1R levels in a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ–dependent manner. The 2-ME is relevant to combat COMT deficiency–associated hypertensive disorders via suppression of AT1R by its peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Ueki
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Kanasaki
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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27
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Silva L, Subiabre M, Araos J, Sáez T, Salsoso R, Pardo F, Leiva A, San Martín R, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Insulin/adenosine axis linked signalling. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:45-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Vecchio EA, White PJ, May LT. Targeting Adenosine Receptors for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:243. [PMID: 28529484 PMCID: PMC5418340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule with key regulatory and cytoprotective mechanisms at times of metabolic imbalance in the body. Among a plethora of physiological actions, adenosine has an important role in attenuating ischaemia-reperfusion injury and modulating the ensuing fibrosis and tissue remodeling following myocardial damage. Adenosine exerts these actions through interaction with four adenosine G protein-coupled receptors expressed in the heart. The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is the most abundant adenosine receptor (AR) in cardiac fibroblasts and is largely responsible for the influence of adenosine on cardiac fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that acute A2BAR stimulation can decrease fibrosis through the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and reduction in collagen synthesis. However, in contrast, there is also evidence that chronic A2BAR antagonism reduces tissue fibrosis. This review explores the opposing pro- and anti-fibrotic activity attributed to the activation of cardiac ARs and investigates the therapeutic potential of targeting ARs for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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