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Zhou L, Wu J, Wei Z, Zheng Y. Legumain in cardiovascular diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10121. [PMID: 39104790 PMCID: PMC11298360 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, having become a global public health problem, so the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of CVDs need further study. Legumain is a powerful enzyme that is widely distributed in mammals and plays an important role in a variety of biological processes. Recent research suggests that legumain is associated with the occurrence and progression of CVDs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of legumain in the pathogenesis of CVDs. The role of legumain in CVDs, such as carotid atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, aortic aneurysms and dissection, is discussed. The potential applications of legumain as a biomarker of these diseases are also explored. By understanding the role of legumain in the pathogenesis of CVDs, we aim to support new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zairong Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Solberg R, Lunde NN, Forbord KM, Okla M, Kassem M, Jafari A. The Mammalian Cysteine Protease Legumain in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415983. [PMID: 36555634 PMCID: PMC9788469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase or δ-secretase) is the only known mammalian asparaginyl endopeptidase and is primarily localized to the endolysosomal system, although it is also found extracellularly as a secreted protein. Legumain is involved in the regulation of diverse biological processes and tissue homeostasis, and in the pathogenesis of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. In addition to its proteolytic activity that leads to the degradation or activation of different substrates, legumain has also been shown to have a nonproteolytic ligase function. This review summarizes the current knowledge about legumain functions in health and disease, including kidney homeostasis, hematopoietic homeostasis, bone remodeling, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrosis, aging and senescence, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, this review addresses the effects of some marketed drugs on legumain. Expanding our knowledge on legumain will delineate the importance of this enzyme in regulating physiological processes and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor Solberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Martin Forbord
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Meshail Okla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
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Zhou Y, Jiang R, Jiang Y, Fu Y, Manafhan Y, Zhu J, Jia E. Exploration of N6-Methyladenosine Profiles of mRNAs and the Function of METTL3 in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192980. [PMID: 36230944 PMCID: PMC9563305 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: N6-methylladenosine (m6A) modification has not been fully studied in atherosclerosis. The objectives of this study were to investigate differentially expressed m6A methylated peaks and mRNAs, along with the regulatory role of methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) in pathological processes of atherosclerosis. Methods: The pathological models of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) were induced in vitro. The differentially expressed mRNAs and m6A peaks were identified by RNA-Seq and meRIP-Seq. The potential mechanisms were analyzed via bioinformatic assays. Methylases expression was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) in HCASMCs, and by immunohistochemical assays in 40 human coronary arteries. The knockdown of METTL3 expression in cells was performed by siRNA transfection, and cell proliferation and migration were detected after transfection. Results: We identified 5121 m6A peaks and 883 mRNAs that were expressed differentially in the pathological processes of HCASMCs. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the different m6A peaks were associated with cell growth and cell adhesion, and the 883 genes showed that the extracellular matrix and PI3K/AKT pathway regulate the processes of HCASMCs. Additionally, 10 hub genes and 351 mRNAs with differential methylation and expression levels were found. METTL3 was upregulated in the arteries with atherosclerotic lesions and in the proliferation and migration model of HCASMCs, and pathological processes of HCASMCs could be inhibited by the knockdown of METTL3. The mechanisms behind regulation of migration and proliferation reduced by siMETTL3 are concerned with protein synthesis and energy metabolism. Conclusions: These results revealed a new m6A epigenetic method to regulate the progress of atherosclerosis, which suggest approaches for potential therapeutic interventions that target METTL3 for the prevention and treatment of coronary artery diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Rongli Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yali Jiang
- The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture,Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yahong Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yerbolat Manafhan
- Department of Hypertension, Yili Friendship Hospital, Stalin Road 92, Yining 835000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.Z.); (E.J.); Tel.: +86-13951623205 (E.J.); +86-13809049659 (J.Z.); +86-13899798859 (Y.M.)
| | - Jinfu Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.Z.); (E.J.); Tel.: +86-13951623205 (E.J.); +86-13809049659 (J.Z.); +86-13899798859 (Y.M.)
| | - Enzhi Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.Z.); (E.J.); Tel.: +86-13951623205 (E.J.); +86-13809049659 (J.Z.); +86-13899798859 (Y.M.)
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Wei W, Chen S, Huang J, Tong Y, Zhang J, Qiu X, Zhang W, Chen H, Huang R, Cai J, Tu M. Serum Legumain Is Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5651469. [PMID: 34961842 PMCID: PMC8710170 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5651469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumain is related to carotid atherosclerotic plaques and may be a new biomarker of carotid atherosclerosis. However, the association between legumain and peripheral artery disease (PAD) of lower extremity has been less studied. This study is aimed at exploring the potential link between legumain and PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 483 hospitalized T2DM patients. The serum legumain level was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PAD was evaluated by color Doppler sonography. The association between legumain and PAD was tested by logistic regression. The predictive power of legumain for PAD was evaluated with the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Overall, 201 (41.6%) patients suffered from PAD. Patients with PAD had significantly higher serum legumain level than those without PAD [11.9 (6.3, 17.9) μg/L vs. 7.6 (3.2, 14.2) μg/L, p < 0.001]. Logistic regression showed that a higher serum legumain level was independently associated with a greater risk of PAD in T2DM patients [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.06]. The area under the ROC curve was 0.634 (95% CI, 0.585 to 0.684). CONCLUSION High serum legumain level was significantly correlated with an increased risk of PAD in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shujin Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jianqing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jushun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Xiuping Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hangju Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Mei Tu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
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Gregersen I, Michelsen AE, Lunde NN, Åkerblom A, Lakic TG, Skjelland M, Ryeng Skagen K, Becker RC, Lindbäck J, Himmelmann A, Solberg R, Johansen HT, James SK, Siegbahn A, Storey RF, Kontny F, Aukrust P, Ueland T, Wallentin L, Halvorsen B. Legumain in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Substudy of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016360. [PMID: 32809893 PMCID: PMC7660754 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The cysteine protease legumain is increased in patients with atherosclerosis, but its causal role in atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease is still unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of legumain with clinical outcome in a large cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods and Results Serum levels of legumain were analyzed in 4883 patients with acute coronary syndrome from a substudy of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial. Levels were analyzed at admission and after 1 month follow-up. Associations between legumain and a composite of cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction or stroke, and its individual components were assessed by multivariable Cox regression analyses. At baseline, a 50% increase in legumain level was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13 (95% CI, 1.04-1.21), P=0.0018, for the primary composite end point, adjusted for randomized treatment. The association remained significant after adjustment for important clinical and demographic variables (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19; P=0.013) but not in the fully adjusted model. Legumain levels at 1 month were not associated with the composite end point but were negatively associated with stroke (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44-0.88; P=0.0069), including in the fully adjusted model (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.88; P=0.0114). Conclusions Baseline legumain was associated with the primary outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but not in the fully adjusted model. The association between high levels of legumain at 1 month and decreased occurrence of stroke could be of interest from a mechanistic point of view, illustrating the potential dual role of legumain during atherogenesis and acute coronary syndrome. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00391872.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Norway
| | - Axel Åkerblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tatevik G Lakic
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
| | | | - Richard C Becker
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute Academic Health Center Cincinnati OH
| | - Johan Lindbäck
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Rigmor Solberg
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Norway
| | - Harald T Johansen
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Norway
| | - Stefan K James
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Robert F Storey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Kontny
- Department of Cardiology Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway.,Drammen Heart Center Drammen Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,K.G. Jebsen TREC The Faculty of Health Sciences The Arctic University of Tromsø Tromsø Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway.,K.G. Jebsen TREC The Faculty of Health Sciences The Arctic University of Tromsø Tromsø Norway
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway
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