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Koziol KJ, Isath A, Aronow WS, Frishman W, Ranjan P. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease in Pregnancy: A Review of Pathophysiology and Management. Cardiol Rev 2024; 32:348-355. [PMID: 36716356 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of medical treatment and surgical technique, along with the invention of cardiopulmonary bypass, has allowed for long-term survival of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD)-with many women with CHD now reaching child-bearing age and wishing to become pregnant. Pregnancy in these women is a major concern as the physiologic adaptations of pregnancy, including an increased circulating volume, increased cardiac output, reduced systemic vascular resistance, and decreased blood pressure, place a substantial load on the cardiovascular system. These changes are essential to meet the increased maternal and fetal metabolic demands and allow for sufficient placental circulation during gestation. However, in women with underlying structural heart conditions, they place an additional hemodynamic burden on the maternal body. Overall, with appropriate risk stratification, pre-conception counseling, and management by specialized cardiologists and high-risk obstetricians, most women with surgically corrected CHDs are expected to carry healthy pregnancies to term with optimization of both maternal and fetal risks. In this article, we describe the current understanding of 5 cyanotic CHDs-Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Truncus Arteriosus, Ebstein's Anomaly, and Eisenmenger Syndrome-and explore the specific hemodynamic consequences, maternal and fetal risks, current guidelines, and outcomes of pregnancy in women with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia J Koziol
- From the New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY
| | - Ameesh Isath
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- From the New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - William Frishman
- From the New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Pragya Ranjan
- From the New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Wander G, van der Zande JA, Patel RR, Johnson MR, Roos-Hesselink J. Pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a focus on management and preventing the risk of complications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 21:587-599. [PMID: 37470417 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2237886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common cardiac disorder in pregnancy in the western world (around 80%). Due to improvements in surgical interventions more women with CHD are surviving to adulthood and choosing to become pregnant. AREAS COVERED Preconception counseling, antenatal management of CHDs and strategies to prevent maternal and fetal complications.Preconception counseling should start early, before the transition to adult care and be offered to both men and women. It should include the choice of contraception, lifestyle modifications, pre-pregnancy optimization of cardiac state, the chance of the child inheriting a similar cardiac lesion, the risks to the mother, and long-term prognosis. Pregnancy induces marked physiological changes in the cardiovascular system that may precipitate cardiac complications. Risk stratification is based on the underlying cardiac disease and data from studies including CARPREG, ZAHARA, and ROPAC. EXPERT OPINION Women with left to right shunts, regurgitant lesions, and most corrected CHDs are at lower risk and can be managed in secondary care. Complex CHD, including systemic right ventricle need expert counseling in a tertiary center. Those with severe stenotic lesions, pulmonary artery hypertension, and Eisenmenger's syndrome should avoid pregnancy, be given effective contraception and managed in a tertiary center if pregnancy does happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurleen Wander
- Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Johanna A van der Zande
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roshni R Patel
- Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jolien Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Halpern DG, Penfield CA, Feinberg JL, Small AJ. Reproductive Health in Congenital Heart Disease: Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050186. [PMID: 37233153 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) in pregnancy is rising due to the improved survival of patients with CHD into childbearing age. The profound physiological changes that occur during pregnancy may worsen or unmask CHD, affecting both mother and fetus. Successful management of CHD during pregnancy requires knowledge of both the physiological changes of pregnancy and the potential complications of congenital heart lesions. Care of the CHD patient should be based on a multidisciplinary team approach beginning with preconception counseling and continuing into conception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods. This review summarizes the published data, available guidelines and recommendations for the care of CHD during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Halpern
- NYU Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christina A Penfield
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jodi L Feinberg
- NYU Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam J Small
- NYU Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Meng ML, Arendt KW, Banayan JM, Bradley EA, Vaught AJ, Hameed AB, Harris J, Bryner B, Mehta LS. Anesthetic Care of the Pregnant Patient With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 147:e657-e673. [PMID: 36780370 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The pregnancy-related mortality rate in the United States is excessively high. The American Heart Association is dedicated to fighting heart disease and recognizes that cardiovascular disease, preexisting or acquired during pregnancy, is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the United States. Comprehensive scientific statements from cardiology and obstetrics experts guide the treatment of cardio-obstetric patients before, during, and after pregnancy. This scientific statement aims to highlight the role of specialized cardio-obstetric anesthesiology care, presenting a systematic approach to the care of these patients from the anesthesiology perspective. The anesthesiologist is a critical part of the pregnancy heart team as the perioperative physician who is trained to prevent or promptly recognize and treat patients with peripartum cardiovascular decompensation. Maternal morbidity is attenuated with expert anesthesiology peripartum care, which includes the management of neuraxial anesthesia, inotrope and vasopressor support, transthoracic echocardiography, optimization of delivery location, and consideration of advanced critical care and mechanical support when needed. Standardizing the anesthesiology approach to patients with high peripartum cardiovascular risk and ensuring that cardio-obstetrics patients have access to the appropriate care team, facilities, and advanced cardiovascular therapies will contribute to improving peripartum morbidity and mortality.
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Pizula J, Devera J, Ng TMH, Yeung SL, Thangathurai J, Herrick N, Chatfield AJ, Mehra A, Elkayam U. Outcome of Pregnancy in Women With D-Transposition of the Great Arteries: A Systematic Review. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026862. [PMID: 36444833 PMCID: PMC9851445 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Information on maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in women with D-transposition of the great arteries is limited. We conducted a systematic literature review on pregnancies in women with transposition of the great arteries after atrial and arterial switch operations to better define maternal and fetal risk. Methods and Results A systematic review was performed on studies between 2000 and 2021 that identified 676 pregnancies in 444 women with transposition of the great arteries. A total of 556 pregnancies in women with atrial switch operation were tolerated by most cases with low mortality (0.6%). Most common maternal complications, however, were arrhythmias (9%) and heart failure (8%) associated with serious morbidity in some patients. Worsening functional capacity, right ventricular function, and tricuspid regurgitation occurred in ≈20% of the cases. Rate of fetal and neonatal mortality was 1.4% and 0.8%, respectively, and rate of prematurity was 32%. A total of 120 pregnancies in women with arterial switch operation were associated with no maternal mortality, numerically lower rates of arrhythmias and heart failure (6% and 5%, respectively), significantly lower rate of prematurity (11%; P<0.001), and only 1 fetal loss. Conclusions Pregnancy is tolerated by most women with transposition of the great arteries and atrial switch operation with low mortality but important morbidity. Most common maternal complications were arrhythmias, heart failure, worsening of right ventricular function, and tricuspid regurgitation. There was also a high incidence of prematurity and increased rate of fetal loss and neonatal mortality. Outcome of pregnancy in women after arterial switch operations is more favorable, with reduced incidence of maternal complications and fetal outcomes similar to women without underlying cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena Pizula
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Justin Devera
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Tien M. H. Ng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA,School of PharmacyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | | | - Jenica Thangathurai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Nichole Herrick
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Amy J. Chatfield
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Anil Mehra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Uri Elkayam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA,Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
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Venkataramani R, Lewis AE, Santos JI, Dhondu HS, Ramakrishna H. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:3676-3684. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Selección de lo mejor del año 2021 en cardiopatías congénitas. REC: CARDIOCLINICS 2022. [PMCID: PMC8628611 DOI: 10.1016/j.rccl.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
En este artículo se muestran las publicaciones que consideramos más relevantes sobre cardiopatías congénitas (CC) en el último año. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha seguido marcando la actividad científica en este periodo, y ya desde el inicio se ha especulado sobre el riesgo de complicaciones por la COVID-19 entre los adultos con CC. Asimismo, se ha estudiado la afectación de los niños con CC. En este año destaca la publicación de la guía europea para el tratamiento de las CC, segunda edición tras 10 años, que será de gran utilidad en la estandarización del tratamiento de estos pacientes complejos. Entre las publicaciones originales destacan las relacionadas con los temas que más preocupan a los cardiólogos de CC: el avance en la prevención primaria de las arritmias ventriculares, la hepatopatía del Fontan, el avance en las técnicas percutáneas de valvulación pulmonar, la aplicación de nuevos fármacos para la insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada en las CC complejas y en ventrículo derecho sistémico y las complicaciones a largo plazo de los adultos jóvenes con transposición de grandes arterias sometidos a cirugía de switch arterial.
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Merlo AC, Rosa GM, Porto I. Pregnancy-related acute myocardial infarction: a review of the recent literature. Clin Res Cardiol 2021; 111:723-731. [PMID: 34510263 PMCID: PMC9242969 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-021-01937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-related acute myocardial infarction is a rare and potentially life-threatening cardiovascular event, the incidence of which is growing due to the heightened prevalence of several risk factors, including increased maternal age. Its main aetiology is spontaneous coronary artery dissection, which particularly occurs in pregnancy and may engender severe clinical scenarios. Therefore, despite frequently atypical and deceptive presentations, early recognition of such a dangerous complication of gestation is paramount. Notwithstanding diagnostic and therapeutic improvements, pregnancy-related acute myocardial infarction often carries unfavourable outcomes, as emergent management is difficult owing to significant limitations in the use of ionising radiation-e.g. during coronary angiography, potentially harmful to the foetus even at low doses. Notably, however, maternal mortality has steadily decreased in recent decades, indicating enhanced awareness and major medical advances in this field. In our paper, we review the recent literature on pregnancy-related acute myocardial infarction and highlight the key points in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carlo Merlo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Chair of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Chair of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, DICATOV-Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Italo Porto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Chair of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Cardiology Unit, DICATOV-Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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Lindley KJ, Bairey Merz CN, Asgar AW, Bello NA, Chandra S, Davis MB, Gomberg-Maitland M, Gulati M, Hollier LM, Krieger EV, Park K, Silversides C, Wolfe NK, Pepine CJ. Management of Women With Congenital or Inherited Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 2/5. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:1778-1798. [PMID: 33832605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal morbidity and mortality continue to rise in the United States, with cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of maternal deaths. Congenital heart disease is now the most common cardiovascular condition encountered during pregnancy, and its prevalence will continue to grow. In tandem with these trends, maternal cardiovascular health is becoming increasingly complex. The identification of women at highest risk for cardiovascular complications is essential, and a team-based approach is recommended to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes. This document, the second of a 5-part series, will provide practical guidance from pre-conception through postpartum for cardiovascular conditions that are predominantly congenital or heritable in nature, including aortopathies, congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Lindley
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - C Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anita W Asgar
- Division of Cardiology, Institut de Cardiologie de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie A Bello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sonal Chandra
- Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melinda B Davis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mardi Gomberg-Maitland
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martha Gulati
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Arizona-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa M Hollier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric V Krieger
- Seattle Adult Congenital Heart Service, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ki Park
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Candice Silversides
- Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto Pregnancy and Heart Disease Program, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha K Wolfe
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Tutarel O, Ramlakhan KP, Baris L, Subirana MT, Bouchardy J, Nemes A, Vejlstrup NG, Osipova OA, Johnson MR, Hall R, Roos-Hesselink JW. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women After Arterial Switch Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries: Results From ROPAC (Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease) of the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 10:e018176. [PMID: 33350866 PMCID: PMC7955508 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background In the past 3 decades, the arterial switch procedure has replaced the atrial switch procedure as treatment of choice for transposition of the great arteries. Although survival is superior after the arterial switch procedure, data on pregnancy outcomes are scarce and transposition of the great arteries after arterial switch is not yet included in the modified World Health Organization classification of maternal cardiovascular risk. Methods and Results The ROPAC (Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease) is an international prospective registry of pregnant women with cardiac disease, part of the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme. Pregnancy outcomes in all women after an arterial switch procedure for transposition of the great arteries are described. The primary end point was a major adverse cardiovascular event, defined as combined end point of maternal death, supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias requiring treatment, heart failure, aortic dissection, endocarditis, ischemic coronary events, and thromboembolic events. Altogether, 41 pregnant women (mean age, 26.7±3.9 years) were included, and there was no maternal mortality. A major adverse cardiovascular event occurred in 2 women (4.9%): heart failure in one (2.4%) and ventricular tachycardia in another (2.4%). One woman experienced fetal loss, whereas no neonatal mortality was observed. Conclusions Women after an arterial switch procedure for transposition of the great arteries tolerate pregnancy well, with a favorable maternal and fetal outcome. During counseling, most women should be reassured that the risk of pregnancy is low. Classification as modified World Health Organization risk class II seems appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Tutarel
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology German Heart Centre MunichTechnical University of Munich School of MedicineTechnical University of Munich Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance Munich Germany
| | - Karishma P Ramlakhan
- Department of Cardiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Lucia Baris
- Department of Cardiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Maria T Subirana
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit Vall d'Hebrón-Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
| | - Judith Bouchardy
- Service of Cardiology University Hospital Lausanne and University of Lausanne Switzerland.,Service of Cardiology University of Geneva Switzerland
| | - Attila Nemes
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Centre Medical Faculty Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center University of Szeged Hungary
| | - Niels G Vejlstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Olga A Osipova
- Department of Pregnancy Pathology Perinatal Centre of Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St Iosaph Belgorod Russia.,Belgorod State University Belgorod Russia
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Department of Obstetric Medicine Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hall
- Department of Cardiology University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom
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