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Saberniak J, Skrebelyte-Strøm L, Orstad EB, Hilde JM, Solberg MG, Rønning OM, Kjekshus H, Steine K. Left atrial appendage strain predicts subclinical atrial fibrillation in embolic strokes of undetermined source. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead039. [PMID: 37180468 PMCID: PMC10171229 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Aims Left atrial (LA) strain is promising in prediction of clinical atrial fibrillation (AF) in stroke patients. However, prediction of subclinical AF is critical in patients with embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS). The aim of this prospective study was to investigate novel LA and left atrial appendage (LAA) strain markers in prediction of subclinical AF in ESUS patients. Methods and results A total of 185 patients with ESUS, mean age 68 ± 13years, 33% female, without diagnosed AF, were included. LAA and LA function by conventional echocardiographic parameters and reservoir strain (Sr), conduit strain (Scd), contraction strain (Sct), and mechanical dispersion (MD) of Sr were assessed with transoesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography. Subclinical AF was detected by insertable cardiac monitors during follow-up. LAA strain was impaired in 60 (32%) patients with subclinical AF compared to those with sinus rhythm: LAA-Sr, 19.2 ± 4.5% vs. 25.6 ± 6.5% (P < 0.001); LAA-Scd, -11.0 ± 3.1% vs. -14.4 ± 4.5% (P < 0.001); and LAA-Sct, -7.9 ± 4.0% vs. -11.2 ± 4% (P < 0.001), respectively, while LAA-MD was increased, 34 ± 24 ms vs. 26 ± 20 ms (P = 0.02). However, there was no significant difference in phasic LA strain or LA-MD. By ROC analyses, LAA-Sr was highly significant in prediction of subclinical AF and showed the best AUC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.73-0.87) with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 73% (P < 0.001). LAA-Sr and LAA-MD were both independent and incremental markers of subclinical AF in ESUS patients. Conclusion LAA function by strain and mechanical dispersion predicted subclinical AF in ESUS patients. These novel echocardiographic markers may improve risk stratification in ESUS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eivind Bjørkan Orstad
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, 1474 Nordbyhagen, PO box 1000, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
| | - Janne Mykland Hilde
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, 1474 Nordbyhagen, PO box 1000, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
| | - Magnar Gangås Solberg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Ole Morten Rønning
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Kjekshus
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, 1474 Nordbyhagen, PO box 1000, Lørenskog 1478, Norway
| | - Kjetil Steine
- Corresponding author. Tel: +47 99585554, Fax: +47 67962185,
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2
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Ma C, Du X, He Y, Li H. Left atrial deformation and risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32745. [PMID: 36705350 PMCID: PMC9875984 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) remodeling is closely related to the occurrence of cerebral stroke; however, the relationship between early-stage impaired deformability of the left atrium and stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in LA deformability and to assess its relationship with stroke/TIA events using speckle tracking echocardiography. A total of 365 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (non-stroke/TIA [n = 318]; stroke/TIA [n = 47]) underwent comprehensive echocardiography with speckle tracking imaging to calculate mean LA longitudinal strain and strain rate values from apical 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and 3-chamber views. The stroke/TIA group was older, had a greater proportion of males, and had lower LA strain rate during left ventricular early diastole (SRE), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). On univariate linear regression analysis, the following clinical and conventional echocardiographic parameters showed a significant linear correlation (P < .001) with SRE: E/A ratio; LA volume index (VI); body mass index; mean E/e'; left ventricular ejection fraction; age; and hypertension. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a linear dependence between SRE and E/A ratio, LA VI, and body mass index. The regression equation was y = -1.430-0.394X1 + 0.012X2 + 0.019X3 (P < .001) (y, SRE; X1, E/A ratio; X2, LA VI; X3, body mass index). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, SRE and sex ratio were independent risk factors for stroke/TIA (SRE, odds ratio 2.945 [95% confidence interval 1.092-7.943]; P = .033; sex, odds ratio 0.462 [95% confidence interval 0.230-0.930]; P = .031). Among patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, SRE reflected impaired deformability of the left atrium in the early stages and was associated with the risk of stroke/TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Echocardiography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Fetal Heart Disease and Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Laboratories, Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua He
- Fetal Heart Disease and Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Laboratories, Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * Correspondence: Hong Li, Fetal Heart Disease and Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Laboratories, Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China (e-mail: )
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Ultrasound. The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, China
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Kim SE, Kim DY, Seo J, Cho I, Hong GR, Ha JW, Shim CY. Left atrial strain and clinical outcome in patients with significant mitral regurgitation after surgical mitral valve repair. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:985122. [PMID: 36267639 PMCID: PMC9577607 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.985122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of left atrial (LA) strain in patients with significant mitral regurgitation (MR) after surgical mitral valve (MV) repair. Methods A total of 169 patients (age 55 ± 15 years, 88 men) with moderate or severe MR on echocardiogram at least 6 months after surgical MV repair for primary MR were studied. Two-dimensional, Doppler, and speckle tracking echocardiography including MR quantitative measures, chamber size, and LA strain were comprehensively analyzed. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, and MV reoperation. Results During a median of 44.4 months [interquartile range (IQR): 18.7-70.3 months] of follow-up, 44 patients (26%) experienced clinical events; these patients had greater MR volume, elevated mean diastolic pressure gradient and pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and enlarged chamber size compared with patients who did not experience events. Patients with events showed significantly lower LA strain [13.3% (IQR: 9.3-23.8%) vs. 24.0% (IQR: 13.1-31.4%), p = 0.003] and higher MR volume/LA strain [3.09 ml/% (IQR: 2.06-5.80 ml/%) vs. 1.57 ml/% (IQR: 1.04-2.72 ml/%), p < 0.001] than those without events. MR volume/LA strain was a good predictor of clinical outcomes (cut-off 1.57 ml/%, area under the curve 0.754, p < 0.001). On multivariable Cox proportional analysis, MR volume/LA strain was independently associated with clinical outcomes (hazard ratio: 1.269, 95% confidence interval: 1.109-1.452, p < 0.001) along with pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Conclusion A measure of LA mechanical function relative to MR volume is associated with clinical outcomes in patients with significant MR after surgical MV repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Iksung Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geu-Ru Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Ha
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Young Shim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Chi Young Shim,
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4
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Bhat A, Chen HHL, Khanna S, Mahajan V, Gupta A, Burdusel C, Wolfe N, Lee L, Gan GCH, Dobbins T, MacIntyre CR, Tan TC. Diagnostic And Prognostic Value Of Left Atrial Function In Identification Of Cardioembolism And Prediction Of Outcomes In Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2022; 35:1064-1076. [PMID: 35691457 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strokes of undetermined source, commonly termed cryptogenic stroke (CS), account for a significant proportion of ischemic stroke etiology and have high rates of stroke recurrence. The heterogeneous etiology of CS makes decisions regarding treatment for such patients challenging. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of left atrial (LA) function in identification of cardioembolism and prediction of outcomes in patients with CS. METHODS Consecutive patients admitted to our tertiary institution with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography were recruited with comprehensive evaluation of LA metrics including LA strain. Ischemic strokes / TIAs were classified as non-cardioembolic, cryptogenic and cardioembolic. A total of 709 patients (66.0±15.1 years, 55% male) were recruited. 291 patients had CS, 189 had non-cardioembolic stroke and 229 had cardioembolic stroke. Patients with CS were followed for 20.0±13.8 months for recurrent ischemic stroke / TIA. RESULTS Receiver-operating characteristic curves showed LA reservoir (LASr) and contractile (LASct) strains to be strong discriminators of cardioembolic strokes and log rank tests showed both measures to be significantly associated with the distribution of time to recurrent ischemic stroke / TIA in patients with CS. Multivariable hazards models showed LASr and LASct to be independent predictors of recurrent ischemic stroke / TIA in CS patients in addition to eGFR and active smoking. CONCLUSIONS LASr and LASct were strong discriminators of cardioembolic stroke and independently predicted recurrent ischemic stroke / TIA in patients with CS. Use of LA strain may improve risk stratification and decision-making in patients with CS, with particular regards to prolonged ambulatory heart rhythm monitoring and/or empiric anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhat
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Henry H L Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Shaun Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Vipul Mahajan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Arnav Gupta
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Camelia Burdusel
- Stroke, Rehabilitation & Aged Care Services, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Nigel Wolfe
- Stroke, Rehabilitation & Aged Care Services, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Lina Lee
- Stroke, Rehabilitation & Aged Care Services, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Gary C H Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Timothy Dobbins
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2148, Australia.
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5
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Vincenti A, Porcu L, Sonaglioni A, Genovesi S. Proposal for a clinical and an echocardiographic score for prediction of left atrial thrombosis in atrial fibrillation patients undergoing early electrical cardioversion. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14706. [PMID: 34363727 PMCID: PMC9286836 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Left atrial thrombosis (LAT) is usually detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The aim of the present study was to identify clinical and echocardiographic factors associated with left atrial thrombosis in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing early electrical cardioversion (ECV) in order to create scores that can predict LAT, in a non-invasive way. METHODS A consecutive cohort of patients with persistent AF scheduled for ECV was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography and TEE. By a logistic regression model, variables significantly associated with LAT were assessed and introduced in predictive models to develop both a clinical and an echocardiographic prediction score for the presence of LAT. RESULTS In total, 125 patients [median 71 (range 49-88) years, 60.0% males] were enrolled. Transesophageal echocardiography showed LAT in 35 patients (28%). The clinical variables significantly associated with LAT were previous stroke (OR = 4.17), higher CHA2 DS2 -VASc score (OR = 1.93), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR = 0.80), and higher brain natriuretic peptide levels (OR = 1.44). Among echocardiographic parameters, E/e' ratio was directly associated with LAT (OR = 2.25), while an inverse correlation was detected with left ventricular ejection fraction (OR = 0.43) and total global left atrial strain (OR = 0.59). Two prediction scores (clinical and echocardiographic) were developed. The positive predictive values of the clinical and the echocardiographic score were 80% and 100%, respectively, while the negative predictive values were 98% and 94%, respectively. Combined use of the scores reached a positive and negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSIONS When providing concordant information the two scores are able to correctly identify patients with or without LAT. An external validation is necessary to demonstrate their usefulness in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vincenti
- Department of CardiologyOspedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Luca Porcu
- Department of OncologyIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Andrea Sonaglioni
- Department of CardiologyOspedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Simonetta Genovesi
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano ‐ BicoccaMilanItaly
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural, and Metabolic SciencesIstituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCSMilanItaly
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6
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Bhat A, Mahajan V, Chen HHL, Gan GCH, Pontes-Neto OM, Tan TC. Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: Approaches in Risk Stratification for Cardioembolism. Stroke 2021; 52:e820-e836. [PMID: 34706562 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Embolic stroke of undetermined source has been recently proposed to categorize nonlacunar ischemic strokes without confirmed etiology after adequate investigation with a likely embolic stroke mechanism. A strategy of empirical anticoagulation for embolic stroke of undetermined source patients is attractive but may only be beneficial in a select subset of patients. Strategies which would help identify the subset of embolic stroke of undetermined source patients most likely to have cardioembolic origin of stroke, and hence benefit from anticoagulation, are needed. This article will review current evidence which may be useful in the development of a risk stratification approach based on arrhythmia monitoring, cardiac imaging, and clinical risk stratification. This approach may be beneficial in clinical practice in improving patient outcomes and reducing stroke recurrence in this population; however, further work is required with active trials underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhat
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia (A.B., V.M., H.H.L.C., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine (A.B., T.C.T.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Australia (A.B., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.)
| | - Vipul Mahajan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia (A.B., V.M., H.H.L.C., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.)
| | - Henry H L Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia (A.B., V.M., H.H.L.C., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.)
| | - Gary C H Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia (A.B., V.M., H.H.L.C., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.).,School of Medicine (G.C.H.G.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Australia (A.B., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.)
| | - Octavio M Pontes-Neto
- Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil (O.M.P.-N.)
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia (A.B., V.M., H.H.L.C., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine (A.B., T.C.T.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Australia (A.B., G.C.H.G., T.C.T.)
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7
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Kamel H, Bartz TM, Longstreth WT, Elkind MSV, Gottdiener J, Kizer JR, Gardin JM, Kim J, Shah S. Cardiac mechanics and incident ischemic stroke: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17358. [PMID: 34462469 PMCID: PMC8405795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that our understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and ischemic stroke remains incomplete. The Cardiovascular Health Study enrolled community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 years old. We included participants with speckle-tracking data from digitized baseline study echocardiograms. Exposures were left atrial reservoir strain (primary), left ventricular longitudinal strain, left ventricular early diastolic strain rate, septal e’ velocity, and lateral e’ velocity. The primary outcome was incident ischemic stroke. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for demographics, image quality, and risk factors including left ventricular ejection fraction and incident atrial fibrillation. Among 4,000 participants in our analysis, lower (worse) left atrial reservoir strain was associated with incident ischemic stroke (HR per SD absolute decrease, 1.14; 95% CI 1.04–25). All secondary exposure variables were significantly associated with the outcome. Left atrial reservoir strain was associated with cardioembolic stroke (HR per SD absolute decrease, 1.42; 95% CI 1.21–1.67) and cardioembolic stroke related to incident atrial fibrillation (HR per SD absolute decrease, 1.60; 1.32–1.95). Myocardial dysfunction that can ultimately lead to stroke may be identifiable at an early stage. This highlights opportunities to identify cerebrovascular risk earlier and improve stroke prevention via therapies for early myocardial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Kamel
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY, USA. .,Division of Neurocritical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, 420 East 70th St, LH-413, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Departments of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Gottdiener
- Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, and Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julius M Gardin
- Division of Cardiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjiv Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Cohen A, Donal E, Delgado V, Pepi M, Tsang T, Gerber B, Soulat-Dufour L, Habib G, Lancellotti P, Evangelista A, Cujec B, Fine N, Andrade MJ, Sprynger M, Dweck M, Edvardsen T, Popescu BA. EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:e24-e57. [PMID: 33709114 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioaortic embolism to the brain accounts for approximately 15-30% of ischaemic strokes and is often referred to as 'cardioembolic stroke'. One-quarter of patients have more than one cardiac source of embolism and 15% have significant cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. After a careful work-up, up to 30% of ischaemic strokes remain 'cryptogenic', recently redefined as 'embolic strokes of undetermined source'. The diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke remains difficult because a potential cardiac source of embolism does not establish the stroke mechanism. The role of cardiac imaging-transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), cardiac computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-in the diagnosis of potential cardiac sources of embolism, and for therapeutic guidance, is reviewed in these recommendations. Contrast TTE/TOE is highly accurate for detecting left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation, valvular and prosthesis vegetations and thrombosis, aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and intracardiac tumours. Both CT and MRI are highly accurate for detecting cavity thrombosis, intracardiac tumours, and valvular prosthesis thrombosis. Thus, CT and cardiac magnetic resonance should be considered in addition to TTE and TOE in the detection of a cardiac source of embolism. We propose a diagnostic algorithm where vascular imaging and contrast TTE/TOE are considered the first-line tool in the search for a cardiac source of embolism. CT and MRI are considered as alternative and complementary tools, and their indications are described on a case-by-case approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Cohen
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, Department of Cardiology, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM unit UMRS-ICAN 1166; Sorbonne-Université, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Donal
- University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro Pepi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Tsang
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernhard Gerber
- Service de Cardiologie, Département Cardiovasculaire, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, Division CARD, Institut de Recherche Expérimental et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvainAv Hippocrate 10/2803, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurie Soulat-Dufour
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, Department of Cardiology, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM unit UMRS-ICAN 1166; Sorbonne-Université, Paris, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Cardiology Department, Marseille, France
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, CHU SartTilman, Liège, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, and Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Arturo Evangelista
- Servei de Cardiologia. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-VHIR. CIBER-CV. Pº Vall d'Hebron 119. 08035. Barcelona. Spain
| | - Bibiana Cujec
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, 2C2.50 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - Nowell Fine
- University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, South Health Campus, 4448 Front Street Southeast, Calgary, Alberta T3M 1M4, Canada
| | - Maria Joao Andrade
- Maria Joao Andrade Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz-Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Muriel Sprynger
- Department of Cardiology-Angiology, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Dweck
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh and Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thor Edvardsen
- Faculty of medicine, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bogdan A Popescu
- Cardiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu', Sos. Fundeni 258, sector 2, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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9
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Echocardiographic Predictors of Successful Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Weaning After Refractory Cardiogenic Shock. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2021; 34:414-422.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Gazagnes J, Gollion C, Fournier P, Cariou E, Larrue V, Lairez O. Left Atrial Function in Young Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale: A Left Atrial Longitudinal Strain Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:536612. [PMID: 33250839 PMCID: PMC7674925 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.536612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study of left atrial (LA) longitudinal strain by speckle tracking is a reliable method for analyzing LA function that could provide relevant information in young patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) impacts the LA longitudinal strain in a population of young patients with first CS. Methods and Results: Patients aged 18 to 54 years, treated consecutively in a university hospital for first CS, were included in this study. The presence of a PFO and an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) was investigated using transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler. Speckle tracking analysis was performed on transthoracic echocardiography, allowing the measurement of global, passive, and active longitudinal LA strain, corresponding to the reservoir, conduit, and contractile function, respectively. A total of 51 patients were included in the study. In a multivariable analysis, overweight was associated with reduced global and passive LA longitudinal strain (P = 0.013 and P = 0.018, respectively), and hypertension was associated with reduced active LA longitudinal strain (P = 0.049). LA longitudinal strain was not different between patients with PFO or PFO plus ASA and patients without PFO. Conclusion: LA longitudinal strain in young subjects with CS was impaired in the presence of overweight and hypertension, but not of PFO or PFO plus ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gazagnes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Gollion
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Fournier
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Cariou
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Larrue
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Vincent Larrue
| | - Olivier Lairez
- Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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11
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Left atrial appendage morphology and cardiac function in patients with sinus rhythm. J Echocardiogr 2020; 18:117-124. [PMID: 31950356 DOI: 10.1007/s12574-020-00462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The left atrial appendage (LAA) is one of the major sources of cardiac thrombus formation. The morphology of the LAA correlates with stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between LAA morphology and cardiac function by transthoracic echocardiography in patients with sinus rhythm. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 55 patients (36 men, 70 ± 11 years) who underwent cardiac computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography. The following 4 different morphologies were used to categorize LAA by computed tomography: chicken wing (CW), windsock, cactus, and cauliflower. These morphologies were also classified into CW and non-CW (nonCW) types. There were no significant differences in the left ventricular ejection fraction (63% vs 62%), left atrial (LA) volume (22.2 vs 25.5 ml/m2), and LAA volume (4.3 vs 4.7 ml/m2) between nonCW and CW. Patients with nonCW showed a lower A' velocity (8.0 vs 9.3 cm/s, p < 0.01), worse global longitudinal strain (- 17.2 vs - 20.2%, p < 0.01), lower tissue mitral annular displacement (9.7 vs 11.1 mm, p = 0.01), and lower LAS strain (22.6 vs 34.5%, p < 0.01) by speckle tracking echocardiography than did those with CW. Multiple logistic analysis showed that nonCW LAA morphology was closely associated with lower LAS strain. Furthermore, a change in volume of the LAA during the cardiac cycle was lower in nonCW than in CW. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that impaired LA and LAA functions are related to changes of the LAA in patients with sinus rhythm.
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Wang Y, Li M, Zhong L, Ren S, Li H, Tang Y, Li Z, Fei H. Left Atrial Strain as Evaluated by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Predicts Left Atrial Appendage Dysfunction in Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:5867617. [PMID: 32274210 PMCID: PMC7115138 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5867617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Left atrial appendage (LAA) dysfunction identified by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a powerful predictor of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of our study is to assess if there is a correlation between the left atrial (LA) functional parameter and LAA dysfunction in the AF patients. This cross-sectional study included a total of 249 Chinese AF patients who did not have cardiac valvular diseases and were undergoing cardiac ablation. TEE was performed in all the patients who were categorized into two groups according to their left atrial appendage (LAA) function. A total of 120 of the 249 AF patients had LAA dysfunction. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to assess the independent factors that correlated with the LAA dysfunction. Different predictive models for the LAA dysfunction were compared with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The final ROC curve on the development and validation datasets was drawn based on the calculation of each area under the curves (AUC). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that the peak left atrial strain (PLAS) was the most significant factor that correlated with the LAA dysfunction. PLAS did not show inferiority amongst all the models and revealed strong discrimination ability on both the development and validation datasets with AUC 0.818 and 0.817. Our study showed that a decrease in PLAS is independently associated with LAA dysfunction in the AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, China
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, China
| | - Lishan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Siqi Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Hezhi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Yongwen Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Zhilian Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 515000, China
| | - Hongwen Fei
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
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13
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Bhat A, Khanna S, Chen HH, Lee L, Gan GCH, Negishi K, MacIntyre CR, Nunes MCP, Tan TC. Impairment of left atrial function and cryptogenic stroke: Potential insights in the pathophysiology of stroke in the young. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2019; 26:100454. [PMID: 31909178 PMCID: PMC6938855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Young patients with cryptogenic strokes have preserved left atrial size. Left atrial dysfunction is present in young patients with cryptogenic stroke. Left atrial strain is a discriminator of atrial dysfunction in cryptogenic stroke. Young paroxysmal AF have abnormal left atrial size and function.
Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality with a significant percentage classified as cryptogenic. Left atrial (LA) remodelling, a substrate for atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke development, may play a role in identification of the aetiology of cryptogenic stroke. We aimed to examine LA function to gain mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of cryptogenic stroke in young patients otherwise at low risk for cardiovascular disease. Methods Patients aged <60 years without traditional cardiovascular risk factors and who were diagnosed with ischaemic cryptogenic stroke or TIA were evaluated and compared to healthy controls and patients with paroxysmal AF with a CHA2DS2-VA score of 0. Conventional and novel left ventricular (LV) and LA echocardiographic parameters between the three groups were assessed. Results Each group consisted of thirty patients. There were no significant differences in LV parameters (LVEF, LV endoGLS) between groups. LA strain in stroke patients was significantly lower compared to the controls (median 33%; interquartile range (IQ) [32/39] vs 31 [27/34]; p = 0.008). LA strain was significantly lower in AF patients compared to stroke patients (median 21% [19/22] vs 31% [27/34]; p < 0.0001). Conclusion A stepwise reduction in measures of LA function was appreciated between controls, young stroke and paroxysmal AF groups. This may indicate dynamic LA remodelling occurring in the young stroke population and suggest a shared causal mechanism for stroke development in this group. LA strain may further refine the risk for cardioembolic stroke.
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Key Words
- Atrial fibrillation
- LA GLS, Left atrial global longitudinal strain
- LA, Left atrial
- LAEF, Left atrial ejection fraction
- LV GLS, Left ventricular global longitudinal strain
- LVEDD, Left ventricular end diastolic diameter
- LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVESD, Left ventricular end systolic diameter
- Left atrial function
- RA, Right atrial
- RV, Right ventricle
- RVSP, Right ventricular systolic pressure
- Stroke
- TAPSE, Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhat
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Shaun Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Henry H Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Lina Lee
- Geriatric Medicine, Rehabilitation & Aged Care Services, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Gary C H Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Kazuaki Negishi
- Nepean Hospital Clinical School, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Carmo P Nunes
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia.,Western Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Left Atrial Mechanical Function and Incident Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events Independent of AF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:2417-2427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Ho JS, Tan BY, Sia CH. Letter by Ho et al Regarding Article, “Left Atrial Volume Index Is Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Detection After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source”. Stroke 2019; 50:e331. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S.Y. Ho
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Y.Q. Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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Kim D, Shim CY, Cho YJ, Park S, Lee CJ, Park JH, Cho HJ, Ha JW, Hong GR. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Restores Cardiac Mechanical Function in Patients With Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:826-835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Hashimoto N, Watanabe T, Tamura H, Tsuchiya H, Wanezaki M, Kato S, Nishiyama S, Arimoto T, Takahashi H, Shishido T, Watanabe M. Left atrial remodeling index is a feasible predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Heart Vessels 2019; 34:1936-1943. [PMID: 31168655 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) functional remodeling as well as LA structural remodeling are associated with incident LA appendage (LAA) thrombus formation. This study aimed to elucidate whether combined assessment of LA functional and structural remodeling can predict LAA dysfunction and recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We performed transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in 196 patients within 7 days after acute ischemic stroke. Peak systolic LA strain was evaluated using 2D speckle tracking imaging. We defined the ratio of LA peak systolic strain to LA volume index (LAVI) as the LA remodeling index (LARI). All patients were prospectively followed for recurrent cerebrovascular events. We divided patients into four groups according based on the LARI quartile. LAA dysfunction increased with decreasing LARI. In total, 52 recurrent cerebrovascular events were noted during the median follow-up period of 700 days. Patients with recurrent cerebrovascular events had lower LARI than those without recurrent events (0.50 ± 0.45 vs. 1.10 ± 0.95, P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with lower LARI were more susceptible to recurrent cerebrovascular events than those with higher LARI. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that LARI was an independent predictor of recurrent cerebrovascular events after adjustment for confounding factors. Net reclassification index improved with the addition of LARI to basic predictors. LARI is a novel feasible parameter for LAA dysfunction and can predict recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Harutoshi Tamura
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuchiya
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wanezaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takanori Arimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shishido
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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18
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Johansen MC, Lin M, Nazarian S, Gottesman RF. Associations of echocardiographic features with stroke in those without atrial fibrillation. Neurology 2019; 92:e924-e932. [PMID: 30674593 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations between transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) cardiac structure/function measures and cardioembolic stroke (CES) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients without known AF. METHODS Inpatients at a single institution (2013-2015) with imaging-confirmed ischemic stroke, no AF, and TTE within the 1st week were included. TTE structure/function variables were abstracted. Stroke subtype (CES vs other) was defined according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, blinded to TTE results. New AF was defined as any duration of AF on ECG, telemetry, or event monitor. Separate multivariable logistic regression models defined associations between CES or new-onset AF and TTE measures, adjusting for demographic and vascular risk factors. RESULTS Of 322 participants (mean age 60 years), 55% were male and 56% African American. In adjusted models (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval), odds of CES increased per 0.1 cm increase in left atrial (LA) systolic diameter (1.06, 1.02-1.11), 1 cm/s in mitral E point velocity (1.03, 1.02-1.05), with presence of mitral valve dysfunction (3.78, 1.42-10.02), and with wall motion abnormality (2.00, 1.13-3.55). As ejection fraction increased (per 10%), odds of CES decreased (0.65, 0.53-0.79). New-onset AF was also associated with increasing LA systolic diameter (1.13, 1.04-1.22). CONCLUSIONS Cardiac structural changes independent of AF and detectable on TTE may be on the CES causal pathway. Confirming these results could have implications for future use of TTE and decisions about antithrombotic vs anticoagulant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Johansen
- From the Department of Neurology (M.C.J., M.L., R.F.G.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and the Department of Cardiology (S.N.), The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
| | - Michelle Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (M.C.J., M.L., R.F.G.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and the Department of Cardiology (S.N.), The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Saman Nazarian
- From the Department of Neurology (M.C.J., M.L., R.F.G.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and the Department of Cardiology (S.N.), The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- From the Department of Neurology (M.C.J., M.L., R.F.G.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and the Department of Cardiology (S.N.), The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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19
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Killu AM, Granger CB, Gersh BJ. Risk stratification for stroke in atrial fibrillation: a critique. Eur Heart J 2018; 40:1294-1302. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar M Killu
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christopher B Granger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
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20
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Voskoboinik A, Costello BT, Kalman E, Prabhu S, Sugumar H, Wong G, Nalliah C, Ling LH, McLellan A, Hettige T, Springer F, La Gerche A, Kalman JM, Taylor AJ, Kistler PM. Regular Alcohol Consumption Is Associated With Impaired Atrial Mechanical Function in the Atrial Fibrillation Population. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 4:1451-1459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Giannopoulos G, Kekeris V, Vrachatis D, Kossyvakis C, Ntavelas C, Tsitsinakis G, Koutivas A, Tolis C, Angelidis C, Deftereos S. Effect of pulmonary vein isolation on left atrial appendage flow in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2018; 41:1129-1135. [PMID: 30028029 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial appendage (LAA) functional modification in the context of pulmonary vein isolation has been a focus point of research and LAA emptying flow velocity (LAAEFV) is considered to reflect LAA contractility, stunning, and fibrosis. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we sought to prospectively evaluate short-term LAAEFV changes after radiofrequency (RF) or cryoballoon ablation in paroxysmal AF. METHODS This was a prospective substudy of the Effect of Cryoballoon and RF Ablation on Left Atrial Function (CryoLAEF) study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02611869). Thirty patients, randomly assigned to RF or cryoablation, were prospectively followed. Transesophageal echocardiograms were performed at baseline and at 3 months postablation to measure LAAEFV. RESULTS All measurements were performed in sinus rhythm. Overall, LAAEFV was 44.2 [38.5-62.8] cm/s at baseline and was increased to 70.8 [64.8-77.6] cm/s at 3 months' postablation (P < 0.001). Baseline LAAEFV was 52.5 [37.7-68.0] cm/s in the RF group and 42.8 [38.7-52.9] cm/s in the CryoBalloon group (P = 0.653). At 3 months, the corresponding values were 68.5 [61.9-76.6] cm/s and 73.9 [69.2-79.9] cm/s, respectively (P = 0.081 for the difference between the two groups at 3 months). The median change in LAAEFV was 11.0 [4.7-26.2] cm/s in the RF group versus 29.6 [15.8-37.0] cm/s in the CryoBalloon group (P = 0.033). CONCLUSION LAA function is improved after catheter ablation with RF or balloon cryoablation in patients with paroxysmal AF, evaluated while in sinus rhythm both at baseline and on follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Giannopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece.,2nd Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Kekeris
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vrachatis
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Charalampos Ntavelas
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsitsinakis
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Koutivas
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Tolis
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Angelidis
- Department of Cardiology, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Deftereos
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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22
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Differences in left ventricular functional adaptation to arterial stiffness and neurohormonal activation in patients with hypertension: a study with two-dimensional layer-specific speckle tracking echocardiography. Clin Hypertens 2017; 23:21. [PMID: 29119005 PMCID: PMC5667034 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-017-0078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial stiffness increases pressure load to the left ventricle (LV), leading to LV hypertrophy and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormones stimulate myocardial fibrosis and LV dysfunction. We aimed to explore the associations of arterial stiffness and plasma aldosterone with multi-directional, layer-specific LV, and left atrial (LA) mechanical function in hypertensive patients. Methods Layer-specific LV global longitudinal strain (GLS-trans, GLS-endo, GLS-epi), global circumferential strain (GCS-trans, GCS-endo, GCS-epi), LV torsional parameters, and LA global longitudinal strain (LA GLS) were analyzed by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in 195 hypertensive patients (110 men, mean age 55 years). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was analyzed as a measure of arterial stiffness, and plasma aldosterone was measured for evaluation of neurohormonal activation. Results In a simple correlation, PWV significantly correlated with LV GLS-endo and LA GLS. Log aldosterone correlated with both LV GCS-endo and LV GCS-trans. Multiple regression analysis revealed that LV GLS-endo (β = 0.223, p = 0.031) and LA GLS (β = −0.311, p = 0.002) were independently correlated with PWV even after controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions In hypertensive patients without clinically apparent target organ damage, LV GLS, especially endocardium, and LA GLS were more dominantly affected by arterial stiffness because, among the three myocardial layers, the endocardium is most susceptible to pressure overload. Two-dimensional layer-specific speckle-tracking echocardiography sensitively detects LV mechanical dysfunction and provides pathophysiologic insights into LV mechanical adaptations in hypertension.
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Thijs V. Atrial Fibrillation Detection: Fishing for An Irregular Heartbeat Before and After Stroke. Stroke 2017; 48:2671-2677. [PMID: 28916671 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Thijs
- From the Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, and Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Association between left atrial function assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography and the presence of left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anatol J Cardiol 2017; 18:15-22. [PMID: 28559531 PMCID: PMC5512193 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2017.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate whether the deformation of left atrium (LA) measured by speckle-tracking analysis (STE) is associated with the presence of LA appendage thrombus (LAAT) during non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: Eighty-seven patients (mean age 67 years, 59% men) were included to retrospective cross-sectional study. On top of standard echocardiography we assessed: LA longitudinal systolic strain (LS), systolic (LSSR) and early diastolic strain rate (LESR) in four-chamber and two-chamber apical views. All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography disclosing LAAT in 36 (41%) patients. Results: Subgroups with and without thrombi did not differ with regard to clinical characteristics. Univariate factors associated with LAAT were as follows: CH2ADS2-VASc Score, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV mass, and STE measurements. In a multivariate model only LVEF (p=0.002), LS (p=0.02), LESR (p=0.008), and LSSR (p=0.045) were independently associated with LAAT presence. Moreover, LVEF and LA STE measurements provided incremental value over the CH2ADS2-VASc Score. Conclusion: Speckle-tracking TTE may be used to describe LA reservoir and conduit function during AF, allowing the identification of patients with higher risk of LAAT and providing incremental value over the CH2ADS2-VASc Score.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Labovitz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - John Meriwether
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
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