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Tang L, Fu C, Zhang A, Li X, Cao Y, Feng J, Liu H, Dong H, Wang W. Harnessing nanobiotechnology for cerebral ischemic stroke management. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:791-812. [PMID: 36545758 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01790c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke remains one of the most serious neurological disorders that pose threats to human health, causing a large amount of long-term disability or even death throughout the world. Based on its physiologic and pathological features, there are limited available therapeutic options for effective ischemic stroke management. Encouragingly, a rapid advancement of nanobiotechnology is bringing new insights into exploring more alternative strategies against cerebral ischemic stroke, which can cleverly overcome the limitations related to conventional treatment methods. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent achievements of nanobiotechnology for ischemic stroke management, which emphasizes diverse targeted delivery strategies using various nanoplatforms including liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, inorganic nanomaterials, and cell-derived nano-vectors based on the pathophysiological features of ischemic stroke. Moreover, different therapeutic approaches against ischemic stroke such as neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, thrombolysis, increased blood-brain barrier penetration and reactive oxygen species scavenging are highlighted. Meanwhile, this review discusses how these versatile nanoplatforms were designed to assist in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Based on this, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives using nanobiotechnology through rational design for effective ischemic stroke management are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Cong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Aining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Xiyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Yuqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Jingwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Hening Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Haijuan Dong
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Hayward KS, Ferris JK, Lohse KR, Borich MR, Borstad A, Cassidy JM, Cramer SC, Dukelow SP, Findlater SE, Hawe RL, Liew SL, Neva JL, Stewart JC, Boyd LA. Observational Study of Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Severe Upper Limb Impairment After Stroke. Neurology 2022; 99:e402-e413. [PMID: 35550551 PMCID: PMC9421772 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is difficult to predict poststroke outcome for individuals with severe motor impairment because both clinical tests and corticospinal tract (CST) microstructure may not reliably indicate severe motor impairment. Here, we test whether imaging biomarkers beyond the CST relate to severe upper limb (UL) impairment poststroke by evaluating white matter microstructure in the corpus callosum (CC). In an international, multisite hypothesis-generating observational study, we determined if (1) CST asymmetry index (CST-AI) can differentiate between individuals with mild-moderate and severe UL impairment and (2) CC biomarkers relate to UL impairment within individuals with severe impairment poststroke. We hypothesized that CST-AI would differentiate between mild-moderate and severe impairment, but CC microstructure would relate to motor outcome for individuals with severe UL impairment. METHODS Seven cohorts with individual diffusion imaging and motor impairment (Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb) data were pooled. Hand-drawn regions-of-interest were used to seed probabilistic tractography for CST (ipsilesional/contralesional) and CC (prefrontal/premotor/motor/sensory/posterior) tracts. Our main imaging measure was mean fractional anisotropy. Linear mixed-effects regression explored relationships between candidate biomarkers and motor impairment, controlling for observations nested within cohorts, as well as age, sex, time poststroke, and lesion volume. RESULTS Data from 110 individuals (30 with mild-moderate and 80 with severe motor impairment) were included. In the full sample, greater CST-AI (i.e., lower fractional anisotropy in the ipsilesional hemisphere, p < 0.001) and larger lesion volume (p = 0.139) were negatively related to impairment. In the severe subgroup, CST-AI was not reliably associated with impairment across models. Instead, lesion volume and CC microstructure explained impairment in the severe group beyond CST-AI (p's < 0.010). DISCUSSION Within a large cohort of individuals with severe UL impairment, CC microstructure related to motor outcome poststroke. Our findings demonstrate that CST microstructure does relate to UL outcome across the full range of motor impairment but was not reliably associated within the severe subgroup. Therefore, CC microstructure may provide a promising biomarker for severe UL outcome poststroke, which may advance our ability to predict recovery in individuals with severe motor impairment after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Hayward
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
| | - Jennifer K Ferris
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Keith R Lohse
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Michael R Borich
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Alexandra Borstad
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jessica M Cassidy
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Steven C Cramer
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Sean P Dukelow
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Sonja E Findlater
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Rachel L Hawe
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Sook-Lei Liew
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jason L Neva
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jill C Stewart
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Lara A Boyd
- From the Departments of Physiotherapy (K.S.H.), Medicine and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Research Program (J.K.F., L.A.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neurology (K.R.L.), Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, MO; Division of Physical Therapy (M.R.B.), Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; School of Health Sciences (A.B.), Department of Physical Therapy, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN; Department of Allied Health Sciences (J.M.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California Los Angeles; California Rehabilitation Institute (S.C.C.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.P.D., S.E.F.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; School of Kinesiology (R.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (S.-L.L.), Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Université de Montréal (J.L.N.), École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, and Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Physical Therapy Program (J.C.S.), Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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