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Bertoni S, Andreola C, Mascheretti S, Franceschini S, Ruffino M, Trezzi V, Molteni M, Sali ME, Salandi A, Gaggi O, Palazzi C, Gori S, Facoetti A. Action video games normalise the phonemic awareness in pre-readers at risk for developmental dyslexia. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:25. [PMID: 38514689 PMCID: PMC10957868 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Action video-games (AVGs) could improve reading efficiency, enhancing not only visual attention but also phonological processing. Here we tested the AVG effects upon three consolidated language-based predictors of reading development in a sample of 79 pre-readers at-risk and 41 non-at-risk for developmental dyslexia. At-risk children were impaired in either phonemic awareness (i.e., phoneme discrimination task), phonological working memory (i.e., pseudoword repetition task) or rapid automatized naming (i.e., RAN of colours task). At-risk children were assigned to different groups by using an unequal allocation randomization: (1) AVG (n = 43), (2) Serious Non-Action Video Game (n = 11), (3) treatment-as-usual (i.e., speech therapy, n = 11), and (4) waiting list (n = 14). Pre- and post-training comparisons show that only phonemic awareness has a significantly higher improvement in the AVG group compared to the waiting list, the non-AVG, and the treatment-as-usual groups, as well as the combined active groups (n = 22). This cross-modal plastic change: (i) leads to a recovery in phonemic awareness when compared to the not-at-risk pre-readers; (ii) is present in more than 80% of AVG at-risk pre-readers, and; (iii) is maintained at a 6-months follow-up. The present findings indicate that this specific multisensory attentional training positively affects how phonemic awareness develops in pre-readers at risk for developmental dyslexia, paving the way for innovative prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bertoni
- Università di Bergamo, Department of Human and Social Sciences, Bergamo, Italy.
- Università di Padova, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Andreola
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Psychologie de Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), UMR CNRS 8240, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mascheretti
- Università di Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Pavia, Italy
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Child Psychopathology Unit, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Milena Ruffino
- ASST Valle Olona, Neuropsychiatric Unit, Saronno, Varese, Italy
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Child Psychopathology Unit, Lecco, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Child Psychopathology Unit, Lecco, Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Sali
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Child Psychopathology Unit, Lecco, Italy
| | - Antonio Salandi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Child Psychopathology Unit, Lecco, Italy
| | | | | | - Simone Gori
- Università di Bergamo, Department of Human and Social Sciences, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Università di Padova, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, Padova, Italy.
- Sigmund Freud University, Milano, Italy.
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Centanni TM, Beach SD, Ozernov-Palchik O, May S, Pantazis D, Gabrieli JDE. Categorical perception and influence of attention on neural consistency in response to speech sounds in adults with dyslexia. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2022; 72:56-78. [PMID: 34495457 PMCID: PMC8901776 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-021-00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with alterations in the behavioral and neural processing of speech sounds, but the scope and nature of that association is uncertain. It has been proposed that more variable auditory processing could underlie some of the core deficits in this disorder. In the current study, magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were acquired from adults with and without dyslexia while they passively listened to or actively categorized tokens from a /ba/-/da/ consonant continuum. We observed no significant group difference in active categorical perception of this continuum in either of our two behavioral assessments. During passive listening, adults with dyslexia exhibited neural responses that were as consistent as those of typically reading adults in six cortical regions associated with auditory perception, language, and reading. However, they exhibited significantly less consistency in the left supramarginal gyrus, where greater inconsistency correlated significantly with worse decoding skills in the group with dyslexia. The group difference in the left supramarginal gyrus was evident only when neural data were binned with a high temporal resolution and was only significant during the passive condition. Interestingly, consistency significantly improved in both groups during active categorization versus passive listening. These findings suggest that adults with dyslexia exhibit typical levels of neural consistency in response to speech sounds with the exception of the left supramarginal gyrus and that this consistency increases during active versus passive perception of speech sounds similarly in the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Centanni
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - S D Beach
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - O Ozernov-Palchik
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S May
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Pantazis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Valkonen K, Mäkelä JP, Airaksinen K, Nurminen J, Kivisaari R, Renvall H, Pekkonen E. Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus modulates cortical auditory processing in advanced Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264333. [PMID: 35202426 PMCID: PMC8870490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven its clinical efficacy in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but its exact mechanisms and cortical effects continue to be unclear. Subthalamic (STN) DBS acutely modifies auditory evoked responses, but its long-term effect on auditory cortical processing remains ambiguous. We studied with magnetoencephalography the effect of long-term STN DBS on auditory processing in patients with advanced PD. DBS resulted in significantly increased contra-ipsilateral auditory response latency difference at ~100 ms after stimulus onset compared with preoperative state. The effect is likely due to normalization of neuronal asynchrony in the auditory pathways. The present results indicate that STN DBS in advanced PD patients has long-lasting effects on cortical areas outside those confined to motor processing. Whole-head magnetoencephalography provides a feasible tool to study motor and non-motor neural networks in PD, and to track possible changes related to cortical reorganization or plasticity induced by DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Valkonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Hospital Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P. Mäkelä
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Hospital Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Airaksinen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Nurminen
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Hospital Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Renvall
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Hospital Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Eero Pekkonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Mascheretti S, Peruzzo D, Andreola C, Villa M, Ciceri T, Trezzi V, Marino C, Arrigoni F. Selecting the Most Relevant Brain Regions to Classify Children with Developmental Dyslexia and Typical Readers by Using Complex Magnocellular Stimuli and Multiple Kernel Learning. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060722. [PMID: 34071649 PMCID: PMC8228080 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the presence of deficits in the visual magnocellular (M) system in developmental dyslexia (DD). The M system is related to the fronto-parietal attentional network. Previous neuroimaging studies have revealed reduced/absent activation within the visual M pathway in DD, but they have failed to characterize the extensive brain network activated by M stimuli. We performed a multivariate pattern analysis on a Region of Interest (ROI) level to differentiate between children with DD and age-matched typical readers (TRs) by combining full-field sinusoidal gratings, controlled for spatial and temporal frequencies and luminance contrast, and a coherent motion (CM) sensitivity task at 6%-CML6, 15%-CML15 and 40%-CML40. ROIs spanning the entire visual dorsal stream and ventral attention network (VAN) had higher discriminative weights and showed higher act1ivation in TRs than in children with DD. Of the two tasks, CM had the greatest weight when classifying TRs and children with DD in most of the ROIs spanning these streams. For the CML6, activation within the right superior parietal cortex positively correlated with reading skills. Our approach highlighted the dorsal stream and the VAN as highly discriminative areas between children with DD and TRs and allowed for a better characterization of the "dorsal stream vulnerability" underlying DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Denis Peruzzo
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (D.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Chiara Andreola
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martina Villa
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
| | - Tommaso Ciceri
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (D.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
| | - Cecilia Marino
- The Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (D.P.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.A.)
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Mascheretti S, Riva V, Feng B, Trezzi V, Andreola C, Giorda R, Villa M, Dionne G, Gori S, Marino C, Facoetti A. The Mediation Role of Dynamic Multisensory Processing Using Molecular Genetic Data in Dyslexia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120993. [PMID: 33339203 PMCID: PMC7765588 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although substantial heritability has been reported and candidate genes have been identified, we are far from understanding the etiopathogenetic pathways underlying developmental dyslexia (DD). Reading-related endophenotypes (EPs) have been established. Until now it was unknown whether they mediated the pathway from gene to reading (dis)ability. Thus, in a sample of 223 siblings from nuclear families with DD and 79 unrelated typical readers, we tested four EPs (i.e., rapid auditory processing, rapid automatized naming, multisensory nonspatial attention and visual motion processing) and 20 markers spanning five DD-candidate genes (i.e., DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, ROBO1 and GRIN2B) using a multiple-predictor/multiple-mediator framework. Our results show that rapid auditory and visual motion processing are mediators in the pathway from ROBO1-rs9853895 to reading. Specifically, the T/T genotype group predicts impairments in rapid auditory and visual motion processing which, in turn, predict poorer reading skills. Our results suggest that ROBO1 is related to reading via multisensory temporal processing. These findings support the use of EPs as an effective approach to disentangling the complex pathways between candidate genes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Valentina Riva
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Bei Feng
- École de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Chiara Andreola
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Universitè de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (R.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (R.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Ginette Dionne
- École de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Simone Gori
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24100 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- The Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (A.F.)
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Auditory Mapping With MEG: An Update on the Current State of Clinical Research and Practice With Considerations for Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:574-584. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Dikker S, Assaneo MF, Gwilliams L, Wang L, Kösem A. Magnetoencephalography and Language. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2020; 30:229-238. [PMID: 32336409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of research that uses magnetoencephalography to understand the brain basis of human language. The cognitive processes and brain networks that have been implicated in written and spoken language comprehension and production are discussed in relation to different methodologies: we review event-related brain responses, research on the coupling of neural oscillations to speech, oscillatory coupling between brain regions (eg, auditory-motor coupling), and neural decoding approaches in naturalistic language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Dikker
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place #275, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - M Florencia Assaneo
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place #275, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Laura Gwilliams
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place #275, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi Research Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, #2306, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anne Kösem
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), CH Le Vinatier Bâtiment 452, 95, BD Pinel, Bron, Lyon 69675, France
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Cognitive basis of individual differences in speech perception, production and representations: The role of domain general attentional switching. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:945-963. [PMID: 28144832 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether individual differences in cognitive functions, attentional abilities in particular, were associated with individual differences in the quality of phonological representations, resulting in variability in speech perception and production. To do so, we took advantage of a tone merging phenomenon in Cantonese, and identified three groups of typically developed speakers who could differentiate the two rising tones (high and low rising) in both perception and production [+Per+Pro], only in perception [+Per-Pro], or in neither modalities [-Per-Pro]. Perception and production were reflected, respectively, by discrimination sensitivity d' and acoustic measures of pitch offset and rise time differences. Components of event-related potential (ERP)-the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the ERPs to amplitude rise time-were taken to reflect the representations of the acoustic cues of tones. Components of attention and working memory in the auditory and visual modalities were assessed with published test batteries. The results show that individual differences in both perception and production are linked to how listeners encode and represent the acoustic cues (pitch contour and rise time) as reflected by ERPs. The present study has advanced our knowledge from previous work by integrating measures of perception, production, attention, and those reflecting quality of representation, to offer a comprehensive account for the underlying cognitive factors of individual differences in speech processing. Particularly, it is proposed that domain-general attentional switching affects the quality of perceptual representations of the acoustic cues, giving rise to individual differences in perception and production.
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Mascheretti S, Gori S, Trezzi V, Ruffino M, Facoetti A, Marino C. Visual motion and rapid auditory processing are solid endophenotypes of developmental dyslexia. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:70-81. [PMID: 28834383 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although a genetic component is known to have an important role in the etiology of developmental dyslexia (DD), we are far from understanding the molecular etiopathogenetic pathways. Reduced measures of neurobiological functioning related to reading (dis)ability, i.e. endophenotypes (EPs), are promising targets for gene finding and the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms. In a sample of 100 nuclear families with DD (229 offspring) and 83 unrelated typical readers, we tested whether a set of well-established, cognitive phenotypes related to DD [i.e. rapid auditory processing (RAP), rapid automatized naming (RAN), multisensory nonspatial attention and visual motion processing] fulfilled the criteria of the EP construct. Visual motion and RAP satisfied all testable criteria (i.e. they are heritable, associate with the disorder, co-segregate with the disorder within a family and represent reproducible measures) and are therefore solid EPs of DD. Multisensory nonspatial attention satisfied three of four criteria (i.e. it associates with the disorder, co-segregates with the disorder within a family and represents a reproducible measure) and is therefore a potential EP for DD. Rapid automatized naming is heritable but does not meet other criteria of the EP construct. We provide the first evidence of a methodologically and statistically sound approach for identifying EPs for DD to be exploited as a solid alternative basis to clinical phenotypes in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
| | - S. Gori
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
- Department of Human and Social Sciences; University of Bergamo; Bergamo Italy
| | - V. Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
| | - M. Ruffino
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
| | - A. Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - C. Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; University of Toronto; ON Canada
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Zoubrinetzky R, Collet G, Serniclaes W, Nguyen-Morel MA, Valdois S. Relationships between Categorical Perception of Phonemes, Phoneme Awareness, and Visual Attention Span in Developmental Dyslexia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151015. [PMID: 26950210 PMCID: PMC4780782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the categorical perception deficit of speech sounds in developmental dyslexia is related to phoneme awareness skills, whereas a visual attention (VA) span deficit constitutes an independent deficit. Phoneme awareness tasks, VA span tasks and categorical perception tasks of phoneme identification and discrimination using a d/t voicing continuum were administered to 63 dyslexic children and 63 control children matched on chronological age. Results showed significant differences in categorical perception between the dyslexic and control children. Significant correlations were found between categorical perception skills, phoneme awareness and reading. Although VA span correlated with reading, no significant correlations were found between either categorical perception or phoneme awareness and VA span. Mediation analyses performed on the whole dyslexic sample suggested that the effect of categorical perception on reading might be mediated by phoneme awareness. This relationship was independent of the participants’ VA span abilities. Two groups of dyslexic children with a single phoneme awareness or a single VA span deficit were then identified. The phonologically impaired group showed lower categorical perception skills than the control group but categorical perception was similar in the VA span impaired dyslexic and control children. The overall findings suggest that the link between categorical perception, phoneme awareness and reading is independent from VA span skills. These findings provide new insights on the heterogeneity of developmental dyslexia. They suggest that phonological processes and VA span independently affect reading acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zoubrinetzky
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Pôle Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory Collet
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Serniclaes
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS, UMR 8242, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Nguyen-Morel
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Pôle Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylviane Valdois
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Pôle Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS, UMR 5105, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
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“Shall We Play a Game?”: Improving Reading Through Action Video Games in Developmental Dyslexia. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-015-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Kronschnabel J, Brem S, Maurer U, Brandeis D. The level of audiovisual print-speech integration deficits in dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:245-61. [PMID: 25084224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The classical phonological deficit account of dyslexia is increasingly linked to impairments in grapho-phonological conversion, and to dysfunctions in superior temporal regions associated with audiovisual integration. The present study investigates mechanisms of audiovisual integration in typical and impaired readers at the critical developmental stage of adolescence. Congruent and incongruent audiovisual as well as unimodal (visual only and auditory only) material was presented. Audiovisual presentations were single letters and three-letter (consonant-vowel-consonant) stimuli accompanied by matching or mismatching speech sounds. Three-letter stimuli exhibited fast phonetic transitions as in real-life language processing and reading. Congruency effects, i.e. different brain responses to congruent and incongruent stimuli were taken as an indicator of audiovisual integration at a phonetic level (grapho-phonological conversion). Comparisons of unimodal and audiovisual stimuli revealed basic, more sensory aspects of audiovisual integration. By means of these two criteria of audiovisual integration, the generalizability of audiovisual deficits in dyslexia was tested. Moreover, it was expected that the more naturalistic three-letter stimuli are superior to single letters in revealing group differences. Electrophysiological and hemodynamic (EEG and fMRI) data were acquired simultaneously in a simple target detection task. Applying the same statistical models to event-related EEG potentials and fMRI responses allowed comparing the effects detected by the two techniques at a descriptive level. Group differences in congruency effects (congruent against incongruent) were observed in regions involved in grapho-phonological processing, including the left inferior frontal and angular gyri and the inferotemporal cortex. Importantly, such differences also emerged in superior temporal key regions. Three-letter stimuli revealed stronger group differences than single letters. No significant differences in basic measures of audiovisual integration emerged. Convergence of hemodynamic and electrophysiological signals appeared to be limited and mainly occurred for highly significant and large effects in visual cortices. The findings suggest efficient superior temporal tuning to audiovisual congruency in controls. In impaired readers, however, grapho-phonological conversion is effortful and inefficient, although basic audiovisual mechanisms seem intact. This unprecedented demonstration of audiovisual deficits in adolescent dyslexics provides critical evidence that the phonological deficit might be explained by impaired audiovisual integration at a phonetic level, especially for naturalistic and word-like stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kronschnabel
- University Clinics of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Brem
- University Clinics of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Maurer
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- University Clinics of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Ruffino M, Gori S, Boccardi D, Molteni M, Facoetti A. Spatial and temporal attention in developmental dyslexia. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:331. [PMID: 24904371 PMCID: PMC4033052 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the dominant view posits that developmental dyslexia (DD) arises from a deficit in phonological processing, emerging evidence suggest that DD could result from a more basic cross-modal letter-to-speech sound integration deficit. Letters have to be precisely selected from irrelevant and cluttering letters by rapid orienting of visual attention before the correct letter-to-speech sound integration applies. In the present study the time-course of spatial attention was investigated measuring target detection reaction times (RTs) in a cuing paradigm, while temporal attention was investigated by assessing impaired identification of the first of two sequentially presented masked visual objects. Spatial and temporal attention were slower in dyslexic children with a deficit in pseudoword reading (N = 14) compared to chronological age (N = 43) and to dyslexics without a deficit in pseudoword reading (N = 18), suggesting a direct link between visual attention efficiency and phonological decoding skills. Individual differences in these visual attention mechanisms were specifically related to pseudoword reading accuracy in dyslexics. The role of spatial and temporal attention in the graphemic parsing process might be related to a basic oscillatory "temporal sampling" dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ruffino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea Lecco, Italy
| | - Simone Gori
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea Lecco, Italy ; Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Boccardi
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea Lecco, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea Lecco, Italy ; Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
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14
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Varvara P, Varuzza C, Sorrentino ACP, Vicari S, Menghini D. Executive functions in developmental dyslexia. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:120. [PMID: 24639640 PMCID: PMC3945518 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating different aspects of Executive Functions (EF) in children with Developmental Dyslexia (DD). A neuropsychological battery tapping verbal fluency, spoonerism, attention, verbal shifting, short-term and working memory was used to assess 60 children with DD and 65 with typical reading (TR) abilities. Compared to their controls, children with DD showed deficits in several EF domains such as verbal categorical and phonological fluency, visual-spatial and auditory attention, spoonerism, verbal and visual short-term memory, and verbal working memory. Moreover, exploring predictive relationships between EF measures and reading, we found that spoonerism abilities better explained word and non-word reading deficits. Although to a lesser extent, auditory and visual-spatial attention also explained the increased percentage of variance related to reading deficit. EF deficits found in DD are interpreted as an expression of a deficient functioning of the Central Executive System and are discussed in the context of the recent temporal sampling theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Varvara
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù Rome, Italy ; Psychology Department, Libera Università Maria Ss. Assunta Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Varuzza
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Vicari
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù Rome, Italy
| | - Deny Menghini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù Rome, Italy
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15
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Fitch RH, Alexander ML, Threlkeld SW. Early neural disruption and auditory processing outcomes in rodent models: implications for developmental language disability. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:58. [PMID: 24155699 PMCID: PMC3800847 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most researchers in the field of neural plasticity are familiar with the "Kennard Principle," which purports a positive relationship between age at brain injury and severity of subsequent deficits (plateauing in adulthood). As an example, a child with left hemispherectomy can recover seemingly normal language, while an adult with focal injury to sub-regions of left temporal and/or frontal cortex can suffer dramatic and permanent language loss. Here we present data regarding the impact of early brain injury in rat models as a function of type and timing, measuring long-term behavioral outcomes via auditory discrimination tasks varying in temporal demand. These tasks were created to model (in rodents) aspects of human sensory processing that may correlate-both developmentally and functionally-with typical and atypical language. We found that bilateral focal lesions to the cortical plate in rats during active neuronal migration led to worse auditory outcomes than comparable lesions induced after cortical migration was complete. Conversely, unilateral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injuries (similar to those seen in premature infants and term infants with birth complications) led to permanent auditory processing deficits when induced at a neurodevelopmental point comparable to human "term," but only transient deficits (undetectable in adulthood) when induced in a "preterm" window. Convergent evidence suggests that regardless of when or how disruption of early neural development occurs, the consequences may be particularly deleterious to rapid auditory processing (RAP) outcomes when they trigger developmental alterations that extend into subcortical structures (i.e., lower sensory processing stations). Collective findings hold implications for the study of behavioral outcomes following early brain injury as well as genetic/environmental disruption, and are relevant to our understanding of the neurologic risk factors underlying developmental language disability in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holy Fitch
- 1Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
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16
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Mascheretti S, Bureau A, Battaglia M, Simone D, Quadrelli E, Croteau J, Cellino MR, Giorda R, Beri S, Maziade M, Marino C. An assessment of gene-by-environment interactions in developmental dyslexia-related phenotypes. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 12:47-55. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mascheretti
- The Academic Centre for the study of Behavioural Plasticity; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan; 20132; Italy
| | | | | | - D. Simone
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Scientific Institute Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini; Lecco; 23842; Italy
| | - E. Quadrelli
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Scientific Institute Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini; Lecco; 23842; Italy
| | - J. Croteau
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Québec; G1J 2 G3; Canada
| | - M. R. Cellino
- Centro Regionale di Riferimento per i Disturbi dell'Apprendimento - CRRDA, ULSS 20; Verona; 37122; Italy
| | - R. Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory; Scientific Institute Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini; Lecco; 23842; Italy
| | - S. Beri
- Molecular Biology Laboratory; Scientific Institute Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini; Lecco; 23842; Italy
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17
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Li W, Meekins K, Schirillo J. Magno and parvo stimuli affect illusory directional hearing in normal and dyslexic readers. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:2068-74. [PMID: 22609575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an experimental paradigm adapted from Hari (1995), forty observers listened via headphones to 8 binaural clicks: 4 left-ear leading followed by 4 right-ear leading with either 38 or 140 ms interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Concurrently, they viewed either foveal or peripheral visual stimuli designed to activate either the parvocellular or magnocellular pathway. They then reported the perceived location of each click-pair. Our results replicated Hari's finding that observers mistake the perceived location of short ISI click-pairs more often than long. That is, when ISIs were short, the sounds seemed to play across the inside of the head in a phenomenon called illusory directional hearing. However, when click-pairs were accompanied by peripheral visual stimuli that activated the magnocellular pathway, observers were more accurate than when there were no visual stimuli. Conversely, parvocellular-activating foveal visual stimuli produced more illusory hearing than when there were no visual stimuli. These findings suggest that activating the slow sustained parvocellular system may result in a longer processing window. Thirty dyslexic observers who repeated the experimental paradigm had an even longer processing window than control observers indicating that dyslexics may have a magnocellular system deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Li
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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18
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Reading skill and neural processing accuracy improvement after a 3-hour intervention in preschoolers with difficulties in reading-related skills. Brain Res 2012; 1448:42-55. [PMID: 22364735 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Hämäläinen JA, Fosker T, Szücs D, Goswami U. N1, P2 and T-complex of the auditory brain event-related potentials to tones with varying rise times in adults with and without dyslexia. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Ruffino M, Trussardi AN, Gori S, Finzi A, Giovagnoli S, Menghini D, Benassi M, Molteni M, Bolzani R, Vicari S, Facoetti A. Attentional engagement deficits in dyslexic children. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3793-801. [PMID: 20833191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Facoetti A, Trussardi AN, Ruffino M, Lorusso ML, Cattaneo C, Galli R, Molteni M, Zorzi M. Multisensory Spatial Attention Deficits Are Predictive of Phonological Decoding Skills in Developmental Dyslexia. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:1011-25. [PMID: 19366290 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although the dominant approach posits that developmental dyslexia arises from deficits in systems that are exclusively linguistic in nature (i.e., phonological deficit theory), dyslexics show a variety of lower level deficits in sensory and attentional processing. Although their link to the reading disorder remains contentious, recent empirical and computational studies suggest that spatial attention plays an important role in phonological decoding. The present behavioral study investigated exogenous spatial attention in dyslexic children and matched controls by measuring RTs to visual and auditory stimuli in cued-detection tasks. Dyslexics with poor nonword decoding accuracy showed a slower time course of visual and auditory (multisensory) spatial attention compared with both chronological age and reading level controls as well as compared with dyslexics with slow but accurate nonword decoding. Individual differences in the time course of multisensory spatial attention accounted for 31% of unique variance in the nonword reading performance of the entire dyslexic sample after controlling for age, IQ, and phonological skills. The present study suggests that multisensory “sluggish attention shifting”—related to a temporoparietal dysfunction—selectively impairs the sublexical mechanisms that are critical for reading development. These findings may offer a new approach for early identification and remediation of developmental dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Facoetti
- 1Università di Padova, Italy
- 2Istituto Scientifico “E. Medea” di Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Milena Ruffino
- 1Università di Padova, Italy
- 2Istituto Scientifico “E. Medea” di Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Cattaneo
- 2Istituto Scientifico “E. Medea” di Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Raffaella Galli
- 2Istituto Scientifico “E. Medea” di Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- 2Istituto Scientifico “E. Medea” di Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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22
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Hirai M, Kaneoke Y, Nakata H. Neural responses related to point-light walker perception: A magnetoencephalographic study. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:2775-84. [PMID: 18930697 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hirai
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myoudaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan
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23
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Cohen-Mimran R, Sapir S. Relationship between central auditory processing and reading skills: preliminary observations in Hebrew speaking children. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 19:261-79. [PMID: 19025036 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2008.19.3-4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the relationships between central auditory processing (CAP) of sinusoidally modulated speech-like and non-speech acoustic signals and reading skills in shallow (pointed) and deep (unpointed) Hebrew orthographies. METHODS Twenty unselected fifth-grade Hebrew speakers performed a rate change detection (RCD) task using the aforementioned acoustic signals. They also performed reading and general ability (IQ) tests. RESULTS After controlling for general ability, RCD tasks contributed a significant unique variance to the decoding skills. In addition, there was a fairly strong correlation between the score on the RCD with the speech-like stimuli and the unpointed text reading score. CONCLUSIONS CAP abilities may affect reading skills, depending on the nature of orthography (deep vs shallow), at least in the Hebrew language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Cohen-Mimran
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 39105, Israel.
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24
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Sluggish engagement and disengagement of non-spatial attention in dyslexic children. Cortex 2008; 44:1221-33. [PMID: 18761136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Lassus-Sangosse D, N’guyen-Morel MA, Valdois S. Sequential or simultaneous visual processing deficit in developmental dyslexia? Vision Res 2008; 48:979-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Pihko E, Kujala T, Mickos A, Alku P, Byring R, Korkman M. Language impairment is reflected in auditory evoked fields. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 68:161-9. [PMID: 18295363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Specific language impairment (SLI) is diagnosed when a child has problems in producing or understanding language despite having a normal IQ and there being no other obvious explanation. There can be several associated problems, and no single underlying cause has yet been identified. Some theories propose problems in auditory processing, specifically in the discrimination of sound frequency or rapid temporal frequency changes. We compared automatic cortical speech-sound processing and discrimination between a group of children with SLI and control children with normal language development (mean age: 6.6 years; range: 5-7 years). We measured auditory evoked magnetic fields using two sets of CV syllables, one with a changing consonant /da/ba/ga/ and another one with a changing vowel /su/so/sy/ in an oddball paradigm. The P1m responses for onsets of repetitive stimuli were weaker in the SLI group whereas no significant group differences were found in the mismatch responses. The results indicate that the SLI group, having weaker responses to the onsets of sounds, might have slightly depressed sensory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pihko
- BioMag Laboratory, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Geiger G, Cattaneo C, Galli R, Pozzoli U, Lorusso ML, Facoetti A, Molteni M. Wide and Diffuse Perceptual Modes Characterize Dyslexics in Vision and Audition. Perception 2008; 37:1745-64. [DOI: 10.1068/p6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the performance of dyslexic and typically reading children on two analogous recognition tasks: one visual and the other auditory. Both tasks required recognition of centrally and peripherally presented stimuli. Dyslexics recognized letters visually farther in the periphery and more diffuse near the center than typical readers did. Both groups performed comparably in recognizing centrally spoken stimuli presented without peripheral interference, but in the presence of a surrounding speech mask (the ‘cocktail-party effect’) dyslexics recognized the central stimuli significantly less well than typical readers. However, dyslexics had a higher ratio of the number of words recognized from the surrounding speech mask, relative to the ones from the center, than typical readers did. We suggest that the evidence of wide visual and auditory perceptual modes in dyslexics indicates wider multi-dimensional neural tuning of sensory processing interacting with wider spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Cattaneo
- Scientific Institute ‘Eugenio Medea’, I 23842 Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
| | - Raffaella Galli
- Scientific Institute ‘Eugenio Medea’, I 23842 Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute ‘Eugenio Medea’, I 23842 Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
| | | | - Andrea Facoetti
- Scientific Institute ‘Eugenio Medea’, I 23842 Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, via Venezia 8, I 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Scientific Institute ‘Eugenio Medea’, I 23842 Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
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28
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Salmelin R. Clinical neurophysiology of language: The MEG approach. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:237-54. [PMID: 17008126 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evaluation of language function and basic neuroscience research into the neurophysiology of language are tied together. Whole-head MEG systems readily facilitate detailed spatiotemporal characterization of language processes. A fair amount of information is available about the cortical sequence of word perception and comprehension in the auditory and visual domain, which can be applied for clinical use. Language production remains, at present, somewhat less well charted. In clinical practice, the most obvious needs are noninvasive evaluation of the language-dominant hemisphere and mapping of areas involved in language performance to assist surgery. Multiple experimental designs and analysis approaches have been proposed for estimation of language lateralization. Some of them have been compared with the invasive Wada test and need to be tested further. Development of approaches for more comprehensive pre-surgical characterization of language cortex should build on basic neuroscience research, making use of parametric designs that allow functional mapping. Studies of the neural basis of developmental and acquired language disorders, such as dyslexia, stuttering, and aphasia can currently be regarded more as clinical or basic neuroscience research rather than as clinical routine. Such investigations may eventually provide tools for development of individually targeted training procedures and their objective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Salmelin
- Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
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29
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Cohen-Mimran R. Temporal processing deficits in Hebrew speaking children with reading disabilities. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2006; 49:127-37. [PMID: 16533078 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/010)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent specific reading disabilities and poor phonologic processing in children who read Hebrew, a primarily consonant orthography, are related to central auditory temporal processing deficits (TPDs).Twenty-four Hebrew-speaking children (ages 10-13) with and without reading disabilities were asked to discriminate auditorily pairs of syllables (/ba/ vs. /pa/) that differ by voice onset time (VOT) only. Two paradigms were used, 1 with a short interstimulus interval (ISI) (50 ms) and 1 with a long ISI (500 ms). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in response to the two syllables in an auditory oddball task. Results showed significantly lowered accuracy, longer reaction times, and prolonged P3 latency among the group with reading disabilities compared with the control group. No significant differences were found between the short ISI task and the long ISI task. However, significant correlations were found between the phonologic processing tasks and the short ISI task. These findings in the Hebrew language are consistent with findings from other languages and add support to the central TPD hypothesis of reading disabilities. The discussion highlights how investigating different orthographic systems can deepen our understanding of the role TPD plays in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Cohen-Mimran
- Department of Communication Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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30
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Pekkola J, Laasonen M, Ojanen V, Autti T, Jääskeläinen IP, Kujala T, Sams M. Perception of matching and conflicting audiovisual speech in dyslexic and fluent readers: An fMRI study at 3 T. Neuroimage 2006; 29:797-807. [PMID: 16359873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 06/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We presented phonetically matching and conflicting audiovisual vowels to 10 dyslexic and 10 fluent-reading young adults during "clustered volume acquisition" functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T. We further assessed co-variation between the dyslexic readers' phonological processing abilities, as indexed by neuropsychological test scores, and BOLD signal change within the visual cortex, auditory cortex, and Broca's area. Both dyslexic and fluent readers showed increased activation during observation of phonetically conflicting compared to matching vowels within the classical motor speech regions (Broca's area and the left premotor cortex), this activation difference being more extensive and bilateral in the dyslexic group. The between-group activation difference in conflicting > matching contrast reached significance in the motor speech regions and in the left inferior parietal lobule, with dyslexic readers exhibiting stronger activation than fluent readers. The dyslexic readers' BOLD signal change co-varied with their phonological processing abilities within the visual cortex and Broca's area, and to a lesser extent within the auditory cortex. We suggest these findings as reflecting dyslexic readers' greater use of motor-articulatory and visual strategies during phonetic processing of audiovisual speech, possibly to compensate for their difficulties in auditory speech perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pekkola
- Laboratory of Computational Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
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Bishop DVM, McArthur GM. Individual differences in auditory processing in specific language impairment: a follow-up study using event-related potentials and behavioural thresholds. Cortex 2005; 41:327-41. [PMID: 15871598 PMCID: PMC1266051 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has frequently been claimed that children with specific language impairment (SLI) have impaired auditory perception, but there is much controversy about the role of such deficits in causing their language problems, and it has been difficult to establish solid, replicable findings in this area. Discrepancies in this field may arise because (a) a focus on mean results obscures the heterogeneity in the population and (b) insufficient attention has been paid to maturational aspects of auditory processing. We conducted a study of 16 young people with specific language impairment (SLI) and 16 control participants, 24 of whom had had auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and frequency discrimination thresholds assessed 18 months previously. When originally assessed, around one third of the listeners with SLI had poor behavioural frequency discrimination thresholds, and these tended to be the younger participants. However, most of the SLI group had age-inappropriate late components of the auditory ERP, regardless of their frequency discrimination. At follow-up, the behavioural thresholds of those with poor frequency discrimination improved, though some remained outside the control range. At follow-up, ERPs for many of the individuals in the SLI group were still not age-appropriate. In several cases, waveforms of individuals in the SLI group resembled those of younger typically-developing children, though in other cases the waveform was unlike that of control cases at any age. Electrophysiological methods may reveal underlying immaturity or other abnormality of auditory processing even when behavioural thresholds look normal. This study emphasises the variability seen in SLI, and the importance of studying individual cases rather than focusing on group means.
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Pihko E, Kujala T, Mickos A, Antell H, Alku P, Byring R, Korkman M. Magnetic fields evoked by speech sounds in preschool children. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116:112-9. [PMID: 15589190 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study how well the auditory evoked magnetic fields (EF) reflect the behavioral discrimination of speech sounds in preschool children, and if they reveal the same information as simultaneously recorded evoked potentials (EP). METHODS EFs and EPs were recorded in 11 preschool children (mean age 6 years 9 months) using an oddball paradigm with two sets of speech stimuli consisting both of one standard and two deviants. After the brain activity recording, children were tested on behavioural discrimination of the same stimuli presented in pairs. RESULTS There was a mismatch negativity (MMN) calculated from difference curves and its magnetic counterpart MMNm measured from the original responses only to those deviants, which were behaviourally easiest to discriminate from the standards. In addition, EF revealed significant differences between the locations of the activation depending on the hemisphere and stimulus properties. CONCLUSIONS EF, in addition to reflecting the sound-discrimination accuracy in a similar manner as EP, also reflected the spatial differences in activation of the temporal lobes. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that both EPs and EFs are feasible for investigating the neural basis of sound discrimination in young children. The recording of EFs with its high spatial resolution reveals information on the location of the activated neural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pihko
- BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
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Parviainen T, Helenius P, Salmelin R. Cortical differentiation of speech and nonspeech sounds at 100 ms: implications for dyslexia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:1054-63. [PMID: 15563727 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurophysiological measures indicate cortical sensitivity to speech sounds by 150 ms after stimulus onset. In this time window dyslexic subjects start to show abnormal cortical processing. We investigated whether phonetic analysis is reflected in the robust auditory cortical activation at approximately 100 ms (N100m), and whether dyslexic subjects show abnormal N100m responses to speech or nonspeech sounds. We used magnetoencephalography to record auditory responses of 10 normally reading and 10 dyslexic adults. The speech stimuli were synthetic Finnish speech sounds (/a/, /u/, /pa/, /ka/). The nonspeech stimuli were complex nonspeech sounds and simple sine wave tones, composed of the F1+F2+F3 and F2 formant frequencies of the speech sounds, respectively. All sounds evoked a prominent N100m response in the bilateral auditory cortices. The N100m activation was stronger to speech than nonspeech sounds in the left but not in the right auditory cortex, in both subject groups. The leftward shift of hemispheric balance for speech sounds is likely to reflect analysis at the phonetic level. In dyslexic subjects the overall interhemispheric amplitude balance and timing were altered for all sound types alike. Dyslexic individuals thus seem to have an unusual cortical organization of general auditory processing in the time window of speech-sensitive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Parviainen
- Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
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Renvall H, Lehtonen R, Hari R. Abnormal Response Recovery in the Right Somatosensory Cortex of Dyslexic Adults. Cereb Cortex 2004; 15:507-13. [PMID: 15319305 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) to repetitive tactile stimuli were recorded from eight dyslexic and eight normal-reading adults. Three successive stimuli, produced by diaphragms driven by compressed air, were delivered to thumb, index finger and thumb in sequence, with stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 100 and 200 ms in different runs. Both hands were stimulated alternatingly with an intertrain interval of 1 s, and the responses were recorded with a whole-scalp neuromagnetometer. Whereas the primary somatosensory cortex responses to the first stimuli of the trains did not differ between dyslexics and controls, responses to the second stimuli (and the ratios of second to first responses) were significantly smaller in dyslexic than in control subjects in the right hemisphere (differences 41 and 28% for response amplitudes at the 100 and 200 ms SOAs). The results agree with the proposed pansensory nature of temporal processing deficits in dyslexia, specifically demonstrating abnormal response recovery in the right somatosensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Renvall
- Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland.
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Abstract
Electroencephalographic studies have demonstrated smaller auditory responses to infrequent deviances of speech and nonspeech sounds in dyslexic than normal-reading subjects. We used a whole-scalp neuromagnetometer to study selectively reactivity of the auditory cortices to sound deviances in 8 dyslexic and 11 normal-reading adults. Within a monotonous sequence of 50-millisecond 1000 Hz binaural tones, tones of 920 and 1080 Hz occurred with 7% probability each. Magnetic mismatch fields, elicited by the stimulus deviances, were diminished in the left hemisphere of the dyslexic subjects. The results indicate deficient change detection in the left auditory cortex of right-handed dyslexic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Renvall
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
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