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Federici A, Bernardi G, Senna I, Fantoni M, Ernst MO, Ricciardi E, Bottari D. Crossmodal plasticity following short-term monocular deprivation. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120141. [PMID: 37120043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A brief period of monocular deprivation (MD) induces short-term plasticity of the adult visual system. Whether MD elicits neural changes beyond visual processing is yet unclear. Here, we assessed the specific impact of MD on neural correlates of multisensory processes. Neural oscillations associated with visual and audio-visual processing were measured for both the deprived and the non-deprived eye. Results revealed that MD changed neural activities associated with visual and multisensory processes in an eye-specific manner. Selectively for the deprived eye, alpha synchronization was reduced within the first 150 ms of visual processing. Conversely, gamma activity was enhanced in response to audio-visual events only for the non-deprived eye within 100-300 ms after stimulus onset. The analysis of gamma responses to unisensory auditory events revealed that MD elicited a crossmodal upweight for the non-deprived eye. Distributed source modeling suggested that the right parietal cortex played a major role in neural effects induced by MD. Finally, visual and audio-visual processing alterations emerged for the induced component of the neural oscillations, indicating a prominent role of feedback connectivity. Results reveal the causal impact of MD on both unisensory (visual and auditory) and multisensory (audio-visual) processes and, their frequency-specific profiles. These findings support a model in which MD increases excitability to visual events for the deprived eye and audio-visual and auditory input for the non-deprived eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Federici
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy.
| | - G Bernardi
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy
| | - I Senna
- Applied Cognitive Psychology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Fantoni
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy
| | - M O Ernst
- Applied Cognitive Psychology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Ricciardi
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy
| | - D Bottari
- MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy
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2
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Castillo-Astorga R, Del Valle-Batalla L, Mariman JJ, Plaza-Rosales I, de los Angeles Juricic M, Maldonado PE, Vogel M, Fuentes-Flores R. Combined therapy of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation and ocular occlusion improves visual function in adults with amblyopia, a randomized pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1056432. [PMID: 36816499 PMCID: PMC9936073 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1056432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amblyopia is the interocular visual acuity difference of two lines or more with the best correction in both eyes. It is treated with ocular occlusion therapy, but its success depends on neuroplasticity, and thus is effective in children but not adults. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is suggested to increase neuroplasticity. Objective To determine if combined intervention of bilateral tDCS and ocular occlusion improves visual function in adults with amblyopia. Methods A double-blind randomized, controlled pilot trial was conducted in 10 volunteers with amblyopia. While applying ocular occlusion and performing a reading task, participants received bilateral tDCS (n = 5) or sham stimulation (n = 5), with the anodal tDCS electrode in the contralateral visual cortex and the cathodal in the ipsilateral visual cortex in relation to the amblyopic eye. Visual function (through visual acuity, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity tests) and visual evoked potential (with checkerboard pattern stimuli presentation) were evaluated immediately after. Results A total of 30 min after treatment with bilateral tDCS, visual acuity improved by 0.16 (± 0.025) LogMAR in the treatment group compared with no improvement (-0.02 ± 0.02) in five controls (p = 0.0079), along with a significant increase in the amplitude of visual evoked potentials of the amblyopic eye response (p = 0.0286). No significant changes were observed in stereopsis and contrast sensitivity. No volunteer reported any harm derived from the intervention. Conclusion Our study is the first to combine anodal and cathodal tDCS for the treatment of amblyopia, showing transient improved visual acuity in amblyopic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan José Mariman
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile,Núcleo de Bienestar y Desarrollo Humano, Centro de Investigación en Educación (CIE-UMCE), Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan Plaza-Rosales
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria de los Angeles Juricic
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Esteban Maldonado
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marlene Vogel
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Exequiel González, Santiago, Chile,Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romulo Fuentes-Flores
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Romulo Fuentes-Flores,
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3
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Bang JW, Hamilton-Fletcher G, Chan KC. Visual Plasticity in Adulthood: Perspectives from Hebbian and Homeostatic Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:117-138. [PMID: 34382456 PMCID: PMC9356772 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211037619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The visual system retains profound plastic potential in adulthood. In the current review, we summarize the evidence of preserved plasticity in the adult visual system during visual perceptual learning as well as both monocular and binocular visual deprivation. In each condition, we discuss how such evidence reflects two major cellular mechanisms of plasticity: Hebbian and homeostatic processes. We focus on how these two mechanisms work together to shape plasticity in the visual system. In addition, we discuss how these two mechanisms could be further revealed in future studies investigating cross-modal plasticity in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Bang
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giles Hamilton-Fletcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Min SH, Gong L, Baldwin AS, Reynaud A, He Z, Zhou J, Hess RF. Some psychophysical tasks measure ocular dominance plasticity more reliably than others. J Vis 2021; 21:20. [PMID: 34410308 PMCID: PMC8383899 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.8.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent decade, studies have shown that short-term monocular deprivation strengthens the deprived eye's contribution to binocular vision. However, the magnitude of the change in eye dominance after monocular deprivation (i.e., the patching effect) has been found to be different between different methods and within the same method. There are three possible explanations for the discrepancy. First, the mechanisms underlying the patching effect that are probed by different measurement tasks might exist at different neural sites. Second, the test–retest variability of the same test can produce inconsistent results. Third, the magnitude of the patching effect itself within the same observer can vary across separate days or experimental sessions. To explore these possibilities, we assessed the test–retest reliability of the three most commonly used tasks (binocular rivalry, binocular combination, and dichoptic masking) and the repeatability of the shift in eye dominance after short-term monocular deprivation for each of the task. Two variations for binocular phase combination were used, at one and many contrasts of the stimuli. Also, two variations for dichoptic masking were employed; the orientation of the mask grating was either horizontal or vertical. Thus, five different tasks were evaluated. We hoped to resolve some of the inconsistencies reported in the literature concerning this form of visual plasticity. In this study, we also aimed to recommend a measurement method that would allow us to better understand its physiological basis and the underpinning of visual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Min
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Ling Gong
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University.,
| | - Alex S Baldwin
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Alexandre Reynaud
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Zhifen He
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University.,
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University.,
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
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Opoku-Baah C, Wallace MT. Brief period of monocular deprivation drives changes in audiovisual temporal perception. J Vis 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 32761108 PMCID: PMC7438662 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.8.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain retains a striking degree of plasticity into adulthood. Recent studies have demonstrated that a short period of altered visual experience (via monocular deprivation) can change the dynamics of binocular rivalry in favor of the deprived eye, a compensatory action thought to be mediated by an upregulation of cortical gain control mechanisms. Here, we sought to better understand the impact of monocular deprivation on multisensory abilities, specifically examining audiovisual temporal perception. Using an audiovisual simultaneity judgment task, we discovered that 90 minutes of monocular deprivation produced opposing effects on the temporal binding window depending on the eye used in the task. Thus, in those who performed the task with their deprived eye there was a narrowing of the temporal binding window, whereas in those performing the task with their nondeprived eye there was a widening of the temporal binding window. The effect was short lived, being observed only in the first 10 minutes of postdeprivation testing. These findings indicate that changes in visual experience in the adult can rapidly impact multisensory perceptual processes, a finding that has important clinical implications for those patients with adult-onset visual deprivation and for therapies founded on monocular deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T Wallace
- ,.,,.,,.,,.,,.,,
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Lunghi C, Galli-Resta L, Binda P, Cicchini GM, Placidi G, Falsini B, Morrone MC. Visual Cortical Plasticity in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2753-2763. [PMID: 31247082 PMCID: PMC6746622 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa is a family of genetic diseases inducing progressive photoreceptor degeneration. There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa, but prospective therapeutic strategies are aimed at restoring or substituting retinal input. Yet, it is unclear whether the visual cortex of retinitis pigmentosa patients retains plasticity to react to the restored visual input. Methods To investigate short-term visual cortical plasticity in retinitis pigmentosa, we tested the effect of short-term (2 hours) monocular deprivation on sensory ocular dominance (measured with binocular rivalry) in a group of 14 patients diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa with a central visual field sparing greater than 20° in diameter. Results After deprivation most patients showed a perceptual shift in ocular dominance in favor of the deprived eye (P < 0.001), as did control subjects, indicating a level of visual cortical plasticity in the normal range. The deprivation effect correlated negatively with visual acuity (r = −0.63, P = 0.015), and with the amplitude of the central 18° focal electroretinogram (r = −0.68, P = 0.015) of the deprived eye, revealing that in retinitis pigmentosa stronger visual impairment is associated with higher plasticity. Conclusions Our results provide a new tool to assess the ability of retinitis pigmentosa patients to adapt to altered visual inputs, and suggest that in retinitis pigmentosa the adult brain has sufficient short-term plasticity to benefit from prospective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lunghi
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Placidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Policlinico Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Policlinico Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
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Gu J, Liu B, Li X, Wang P, Wang B. Cross-modal representations in early visual and auditory cortices revealed by multi-voxel pattern analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1908-1920. [PMID: 31183774 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary sensory cortices can respond not only to their defined sensory modality but also to cross-modal information. In addition to the observed cross-modal phenomenon, it is valuable to research further whether cross-modal information can be valuable for categorizing stimuli and what effect other factors, such as experience and imagination, may have on cross-modal processing. In this study, we researched cross-modal information processing in the early visual cortex (EVC, including the visual area 1, 2, and 3 (V1, V2, and V3)) and auditory cortex (primary (A1) and secondary (A2) auditory cortex). Images and sound clips were presented to participants separately in two experiments in which participants' imagination and expectations were restricted by an orthogonal fixation task and the data were collected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We successfully decoded categories of the cross-modal stimuli in the ROIs except for V1 by multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA). It was further shown that familiar sounds had the advantage of classification accuracies in V2 and V3 when compared with unfamiliar sounds. The results of the cross-classification analysis showed that there was no significant similarity between the activity patterns induced by different stimulus modalities. Even though the cross-modal representation is robust when considering the restriction of top-down expectations and mental imagery in our experiments, the sound experience showed effects on cross-modal representation in V2 and V3. In addition, primary sensory cortices may receive information from different modalities in different ways, so the activity patterns between two modalities were not similar enough to complete the cross-classification successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gu
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianglin Li
- Medical Imaging Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Medical Imaging Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, People's Republic of China
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Bocci T, Nasini F, Caleo M, Restani L, Barloscio D, Ardolino G, Priori A, Maffei L, Nardi M, Sartucci F. Unilateral Application of Cathodal tDCS Reduces Transcallosal Inhibition and Improves Visual Acuity in Amblyopic Patients. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:109. [PMID: 29896093 PMCID: PMC5986963 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by visual acuity and contrast sensitivity loss, refractory to pharmacological and optical treatments in adulthood. In animals, the corpus callosum (CC) contributes to suppression of visual responses of the amblyopic eye. To investigate the role of interhemispheric pathways in amblyopic patients, we studied the response of the visual cortex to transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) applied over the primary visual area (V1) contralateral to the “lazy eye.” Methods: Visual acuity (logMAR) was assessed before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 60’ following the application of cathodal tDCS (2.0 mA, 20’) in 12 amblyopic patients. At each time point, Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) triggered by grating stimuli of different contrasts (K90%, K20%) were recorded in both hemispheres and compared to those obtained in healthy volunteers. Results: Cathodal tDCS improved visual acuity respect to baseline (p < 0.0001), whereas sham polarization had no significant effect. At T1, tDCS induced an inhibitory effect on VEPs amplitudes at all contrasts in the targeted side and a facilitation of responses in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the amblyopic eye; compared with controls, the facilitation persisted at T2 for high contrasts (K90%; Holm–Sidak post hoc method, p < 0.001), while the stimulated hemisphere recovered more quickly from inhibition (Holm–Sidak post hoc method, p < 0.001). Conclusions: tDCS is a promising treatment for amblyopia in adults. The rapid recovery of excitability and the concurrent transcallosal disinhibition following perturbation of cortical activity may support a critical role of interhemispheric balance in the pathophysiology of amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bocci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Clinical Center for Neurotechnologies, Neuromodulation, and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Nasini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Restani
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Barloscio
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ardolino
- Clinical Center for Neurotechnologies, Neuromodulation, and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Clinical Center for Neurotechnologies, Neuromodulation, and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan and Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Lamberto Maffei
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nardi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Samad M, Shams L. Recalibrating the body: visuotactile ventriloquism aftereffect. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4504. [PMID: 29576972 PMCID: PMC5857348 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuotactile ventriloquism is a recently reported effect showing that somatotopic tactile representations (namely, representation of location along the surface of one’s arm) can be biased by simultaneous presentation of a visual stimulus in a spatial localization task along the surface of the skin. Here we investigated whether the exposure to discrepancy between tactile and visual stimuli on the skin can induce lasting changes in the somatotopic representations of space. We conducted an experiment investigating this question by asking participants to perform a localization task that included unisensory and bisensory trials, before and after exposure to spatially discrepant visuotactile stimuli. Participants localized brief flashes of light and brief vibrations that were presented along the surface of their forearms, and were presented either individually (unisensory conditions) or were presented simultaneously at the same location or different locations. We then compared the localization of tactile stimuli in unisensory tactile conditions before and after the exposure to discrepant bisensory stimuli. After exposure, participants exhibited a shift in their tactile localizations in the direction of the visual stimulus that was presented during the exposure block. These results demonstrate that the somatotopic spatial representations are capable of rapidly recalibrating after a very brief exposure to visually discrepant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Samad
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ladan Shams
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Bai J, Dong X, He S, Bao M. Monocular deprivation of Fourier phase information boosts the deprived eye’s dominance during interocular competition but not interocular phase combination. Neuroscience 2017; 352:122-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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