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Rosenheim JA, Schreiber SJ. Pathways to the density-dependent expression of cannibalism, and consequences for regulated population dynamics. Ecology 2022; 103:e3785. [PMID: 35818739 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannibalism, once viewed as a rare or aberrant behavior, is now recognized to be widespread and to contribute broadly to the self-regulation of many populations. Cannibalism can produce endogenous negative feedback on population growth because it is expressed as a conditional behavior, responding to the deteriorating ecological conditions that flow, directly or indirectly, from increasing densities of conspecifics. Thus, cannibalism emerges as a strongly density-dependent source of mortality. In this synthesis, we review recent research that has revealed a rich diversity of pathways through which rising density elicits increased cannibalism, including both factors that (a) elevate the rate of dangerous encounters between conspecifics and (b) enhance the likelihood that such encounters will lead to successful cannibalistic attacks. These pathways include both features of the autecology of cannibal populations and features of interactions with other species, including food resources and pathogens. Using mathematical models, we explore the consequences of including density-dependent cannibal attack rates on population dynamics. The conditional expression of cannibalism generally enhances stability and population regulation in single-species models but also may increase opportunities for alternative states and prey population escape from control by cannibalistic predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Duplouy A, Nair A, Nyman T, van Nouhuys S. Long-term spatiotemporal genetic structure of an accidental parasitoid introduction, and local changes in prevalence of its associated Wolbachia symbiont. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4368-4380. [PMID: 34233062 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Population bottlenecks associated with founder events strongly impact the establishment and genetic makeup of populations. In addition to their genotype, founding individuals also bring along parasites, as well as symbionts that can manipulate the phenotype of their host, affecting the host population establishment, dynamics and evolution. Thus, to understand introduction, invasion, and spread, we should identify the roles played by accompanying symbionts. In 1991, the parasitoid wasp, Hyposoter horticola, and its associated hyperparasitoid were accidentally introduced from the main Åland islands, Finland, to an isolated island in the archipelago, along with their host, the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Though the receiving island was unoccupied, the butterfly was present on some of the small islands in the vicinity. The three introduced species have persisted locally ever since. A strain of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia has an intermediate prevalence in the parasitoid H. horticola across the main Åland population. The infection increases its susceptibility of to hyperparasitism. We investigated the establishment and spread of the parasitoid, along with patterns of prevalence of its symbiont using 323 specimens collected between 1992 and 2013, from five localities across Åland, including the source and introduced populations. Using 14 microsatellites and one mitochondrial marker, we suggest that the relatively diverse founding population and occasional migration between islands might have facilitated the persistence of all isolated populations, despite multiple local population crashes. We also show that where the hyperparasitoid is absent, and thus selection against infected wasp genotypes is relaxed, there is near-fixation of Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abhilash Nair
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshka Nyman
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Facultative production of multiple-egg clutches in a quasi-gregarious parasitoid: fitness gains for offspring at low developmental temperature. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Naselli M, Biondi A, Tropea Garzia G, Desneux N, Russo A, Siscaro G, Zappalà L. Insights into food webs associated with the South American tomato pinworm. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1352-1357. [PMID: 28299894 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of both natural and managed ecosystems involves various forms of interaction among organisms. Two or more species that exploit the same resource can engage in competitive behaviours, usually referred to as intraguild interactions. These can be direct, i.e. one species feeds directly upon the competitor (intraguild predation) or indirect, e.g. when the dominant organism competes for a food source that another organism is feeding upon (kleptoparasitism). We investigated the potential for such interactions in a biological model composed by the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, and three of its newly associated natural enemies: the zoophytophagous predator Nesidiocoris tenuis and the two idiobiont ectoparasitoids Bracon nigricans and Necremnus tutae. RESULTS N. tenuis was shown (i) to scavenge on parasitised T. absoluta larvae and (ii) directly to attack and feed upon larvae of both parasitoid species, although at a higher percentage in the case of N. tutae. In the presence of the host plant, the predator reduced the emergence of both B. nigricans and N. tutae adults significantly. CONCLUSION This study stresses the ecological success of a generalist predator over indigenous parasitoids attacking an invasive pest. Moreover, these findings provide potential elements for better design of biological control programmes against T. absoluta. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Naselli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Agatino Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Siscaro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Zappalà
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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van Nouhuys S, Kohonen M, Duplouy A. Wolbachia increases the susceptibility of a parasitoid wasp to hyperparasitism. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2984-2990. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The success of maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria, such as Wolbachia, is directly linked to their host reproduction but in direct conflict with other parasites that kill the host before it reaches reproductive maturity. Therefore, symbionts that have evolved strategies to increase their host’s ability to evade lethal parasites may have high penetrance, while detrimental symbionts would be selected against, leading to lower penetrance or extinction from the host population. In a natural population of the parasitoid wasp Hyposoter horticola in the Åland Islands (Finland), the Wolbachia strain wHho persists at an intermediate prevalence (∼50%). Additionally, there is a negative correlation between the prevalence of Wolbachia and a hyperparasitoid wasp, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus, in the landscape. Using a manipulative field experiment, we addressed the persistence of Wolbachia at this intermediate level, and tested whether the observed negative correlation could be due to Wolbachia inducing either susceptibility or resistance to parasitism. We show that infection with Wolbachia does not influence the ability of the wasp to parasitize its butterfly host, Melitaea cinxia, but that hyperparasitism of the wasp increases in the presence of wHho. Consequently, the symbiont is detrimental, and in order to persist in the host population, must also have a positive effect on fitness that outweighs the costly burden of susceptibility to widespread parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PL 65, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Minna Kohonen
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PL 65, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anne Duplouy
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PL 65, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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Couchoux C, Seppä P, van Nouhuys S. Strong dispersal in a parasitoid wasp overwhelms habitat fragmentation and host population dynamics. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3344-55. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Couchoux
- Department of Biosciences; Metapopulation Research Centre; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - P. Seppä
- Department of Biosciences; Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - S. van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences; Metapopulation Research Centre; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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van Nouhuys S. Diversity, population structure, and individual behaviour of parasitoids as seen using molecular markers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:94-99. [PMID: 27436653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have long been models for host-parasite interactions, and are important in biological control. Neutral molecular markers have become increasingly accessible tools, revealing previously unknown parasitoid diversity. Thus, insect communities are now seen as more speciose. They have also been found to be more complex, based on trophic links detected using bits of parasitoid DNA in hosts, and host DNA in adult parasitoids. At the population level molecular markers are used to determine the influence of factors such as host dynamics on parasitoid population structure. Finally, at the individual level, they are used to identify movement of individuals. Overall molecular markers greatly increase the value of parasitoid samples collected, for both basic and applied research, at all levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Duplouy A, Couchoux C, Hanski I, van Nouhuys S. Wolbachia Infection in a Natural Parasitoid Wasp Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134843. [PMID: 26244782 PMCID: PMC4526672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternally transmitted bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is well known for spreading and persisting in insect populations through manipulation of the fitness of its host. Here, we identify three new Wolbachia pipientis strains, wHho, wHho2 and wHho3, infecting Hyposoter horticola, a specialist wasp parasitoid of the Glanville fritillary butterfly. The wHho strain (ST435) infects about 50% of the individuals in the Åland islands in Finland, with a different infection rate in the two mitochondrial (COI) haplotypes of the wasp. The vertical transmission rate of Wolbachia is imperfect, and lower in the haplotype with lower infection rate, suggesting a fitness trade-off. We found no association of the wHho infection with fecundity, longevity or dispersal ability of the parasitoid host. However, preliminary results convey spatial associations between Wolbachia infection, host mitochondrial haplotype and parasitism of H. horticola by its hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus. We discuss the possibility that Wolbachia infection protects H. horticola against hyperparasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Christelle Couchoux
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Brighton BN19QG, United Kingdom
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
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