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Ncisana L, Mabhaudhi T, Mkhize NR, Ravhuhali K, Tjelele TJ, Nyathi MK, Mbambalala L, Msiza NH, Nzeru MS, Modi AT. Water regimes in selected fodder radish ( Raphanus sativus) genotypes: Effects on nutritional value and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29203. [PMID: 38660280 PMCID: PMC11040040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fodder radish is widely used as a livestock supplement, however, the nutritional value of fodder radish under different water conditions remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to assess the chemical components and in vitro, ruminal dry matter degradability of two fodder radish genotypes (Endurance and Line 2) subjected to three irrigation regimes: well-watered (W1), moderate water stress (W2), and severe water stress (W3). The analysis revealed statistically significant effects of the main factors on the chemical composition and estimates of fodder radish leaves and tubers, particularly in terms of Crude Protein (CP) and Ether Extract (EE) across genotypes. Both Endurance and Line 2 leaves exhibited interaction effects on N, P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Al. Meanwhile only Na, K, Zn, and Cu were affected in tubers. Endurance tubers, specifically, displayed significantly higher (p < 0.05) CP content, with Line 2 tubers showing the highest CP content under W1. Furthermore, Endurance leaves had higher levels of Neutral Detergent Fibre, EE, and Non-Structural Carbohydrate (NSC) compared to Line 2 leaves under W1. Notable differences in tuber fibres were found, specifically in Acid Detergent Fibre for Endurance, with W3 exhibiting a higher concentration level. Both genotypes displayed higher NSC under W3. Significant variations in macro and mmicro minerals were observed between water levels in both genotypes. In terms of in vitro degradability during the 24 h and 48 h incubation periods, all treatments met the acceptable level of 60-80 %. Regardless of water regimes, both Endurance and Line 2 showed nutrient concentrations meeting the minimum requirements for optimal animal production. Though, Line 2 exhibits significantly higher nutritional value and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability than Endurance, evident in both leaves and tubers. Notably, moderate water stress conditions yielded better nutritional quality and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability compared to both well-watered and severe water stress treatments. This suggests that applying 180-220 mm of water per season can also yield better nutritive value of these genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusanda Ncisana
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, P/Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa
- Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwa Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ntuthuko Raphael Mkhize
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Khuliso Ravhuhali
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Northwest University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Tlou Julius Tjelele
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, P/Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - Melvin Kudu Nyathi
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetables and Ornamental Plants (ARC-VOP), Private Bag X 293, Roodeplaat, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lwando Mbambalala
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ntokozo Happy Msiza
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Northwest University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Mpho Siennah Nzeru
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, P/Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - Albert Thembinkosi Modi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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Hamidi N, Hajihassani A. Differences in parasitism of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on oilseed radish and oat. J Nematol 2020; 52:1-10. [PMID: 32329294 PMCID: PMC7266041 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed radish and oat are cool season annual crops that are potentially used as “trap” or “biofumigant” crops for the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil. Cultivars of oilseed radish (Carwoodi, Cardinal, Final, Image, Concorde, Control, Eco-Till, Karakter and Cannavaro), white (Tachiibuki) and black (Pratex) oats were evaluated for their ability to reduce reproduction of three root-knot nematode species: Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita race 3, and M. arenaria race 1. Nematode penetration and development were also evaluated using selected resistant and susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Root galling severity, number of eggs per gram of fresh root, and rate of reproduction varied among the cultivars in response to nematode infection. Oilseed radish cv. Carwoodi was resistant to M. javanica, whereas Karakter and Concorde were maintenance hosts allowing the nematode to maintain or increase its population on the plants. For M. incognita, Control and Carwoodi oilseed radish and Tachiibuki oat were resistant hosts. The cultivars that supported little reproduction of M. arenaria were Karakter and Carwoodi radish, and Tachiibuki oat. Comparable numbers of nematodes entered the roots of susceptible and resistant cultivars of oilseed radish and oat during early stages of infection. However, the development of the nematodes as evident from counting young and egg-laying females in roots were significantly decreased or inhibited in the resistant cultivars compared to the susceptible cultivars indicating that resistance occurs at post-infection stages. Histopathological examinations of galled-root tissues also revealed the susceptibility and resistance responses of selected cultivars of oilseed radish and oat to these nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Hamidi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia , Tifton, GA 31793
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Teklu MG, Schomaker CH, Been TH. The effect of storage time and temperature on the population dynamics and vitality of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers. NEMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The population densities of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers stored at 4, 8 and 12°C after 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 days of storage were assessed. Compared to day 0, storage temperatures of 4 and 8°C reduced population densities to 9 and 35%, respectively, after 240 days of storage, while nematode numbers in tubers stored at 12°C increased 2.5 times. The maximum hatching rate of nematodes from tubers stored at 8 and 12°C increased linearly with storage time. At 4°C it remained constant. The time required for the hatching process to reach the maximum number of second-stage juveniles (J2) decreased with increasing storage temperature. Recovered juveniles of M. chitwoodi from tubers after 180 and 240 days of storage at all three temperatures were still infective and able to multiply on ‘Desiree’ with estimates of the maximum multiplication rate (a) and the maximum population density (M) of 63.6 and 70.8 J2 (g dry soil)−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misghina G. Teklu
- 1Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 2Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie H. Schomaker
- 1Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Been
- 1Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Grabau ZJ, Zar Maung ZT, Noyes DC, Baas DG, Werling BP, Brainard DC, Melakeberhan H. Effects of Cover Crops on Pratylenchus penetrans and the Nematode Community in Carrot Production. J Nematol 2017; 49:114-123. [PMID: 28512383 PMCID: PMC5411247 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2017-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cover cropping is a common practice in U.S. Midwest carrot production for soil conservation, and may affect soil ecology and plant-parasitic nematodes-to which carrots are very susceptible. This study assessed the impact of cover crops-oats (Avena sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus) cv. Defender, rape (Brassica napus) cv. Dwarf Essex, and a mixture of oats and radish-on plant-parasitic nematodes and soil ecology based on the nematode community in Michigan carrot production systems. Research was conducted at two field sites where cover crops were grown in Fall 2014 preceding Summer 2015 carrot production. At Site 1, root-lesion (Pratylenchus penetrans) and stunt (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) nematodes were present at low population densities (less than 25 nematodes/100 cm3 soil), but were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by cover crops. At Site 2, P. penetrans population densities were increased (P ≤ 0.05) by 'Defender' radish compared to other cover crops or fallow control during cover crop growth and midseason carrot production. At both sites, there were few short-term impacts of cover cropping on soil ecology based on the nematode community. At Site 1, only at carrot harvest, radish-oats mixture and 'Dwarf Essex' rape alone enriched the soil food web based on the enrichment index (P ≤ 0.05) while rape and radish increased structure index values. At Site 2, bacterivore abundance was increased by oats or radish cover crops compared to control, but only during carrot production. In general, cover crops did not affect the nematode community until nearly a year after cover crop growth suggesting that changes in the soil community following cover cropping may be gradual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane J Grabau
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Zin Thu Zar Maung
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Nematology, Kearney Agriculture and Research Extension Center, University of California, Riverside, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - D Corey Noyes
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Dean G Baas
- Michigan State University Extension, Centreville, MI 49032
| | | | - Daniel C Brainard
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Teklu MG, Schomaker CH, Been TH, Molendijk LP. Tuber and root resistance of potato genotypes against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in the presence of Avena strigosa, related to tuber quality. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Relative tuber infestation and quality of two Meloidogyne chitwoodi resistant potato genotypes, AR04-4096 and 2011M1, were compared in glasshouse experiments at initial population density () = 16 second-stage juveniles (g dry soil)−1 in the presence and absence of the bristle oat, Avena strigosa. When A. strigosa was added, ( final population) on both AR04-4096 and 2011M1 increased 130×, increased 1.9 and 3.7×, respectively, while × fresh root weight (FRW)−1 was the same. Nematode hatch from peel of AR04-4096, without A. strigosa, was delayed by 3 weeks but relative hatching rate was increased. Although the RStuber (RS = Relative Susceptibility) of both AR04-4096 and 2011M1 were lower than 1%, in the presence of A. strigosa tuber quality of 2011M1 dropped below the marketable level, while that of AR04-4096 was hardly affected. We conclude that: i) is influenced by root mass; ii) root quality influences nematode hatch; iii) tuber quality is not an estimator for tuber resistance, and the reverse; iv) root resistance is equal to tuber resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misghina G. Teklu
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Nematology, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie H. Schomaker
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Been
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert P.G. Molendijk
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Teklu MG, Schomaker CH, Been TH, Molendijk LP. A routine test for the relative susceptibility of potato genotypes with resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on eight potato genotypes was compared to the susceptible cv. Desiree in four glasshouse experiments. The initial nematode densities consisted of log series 2x, with . Seinhorst’s logistic model was fitted to the final population densities to estimate the parameters maximum multiplication rate (a), maximum population density (M) and the ratios RSa, RSM and . Average RSa and RSM of the seven resistant genotypes were smaller than 0.29%. The ratios on six resistant genotypes and cv. Desiree were the same, 1.3, indicating independence of RS. One genotype stood out with , whereby RSa < RSM. Both RS and were unaffected by pot size or experimental conditions. Screening protocols at second-stage juveniles (g dry soil)−1 in 2 or 3 kg pots were evaluated for distinctiveness between the two genotype groups. Based on the results, an optimal protocol for a routine resistance test is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misghina G. Teklu
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Nematology, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie H. Schomaker
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Been
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert P.G. Molendijk
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abebe E, Mekete T, Seid A, Meressa BH, Wondafrash M, Addis T, Getaneh G, Abate BA. Research on plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes in Ethiopia: a review of current state and future direction. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food self-sufficiency is Ethiopia’s national priority goal. Given that pest management seriously impacts agriculture, research on crop diseases is of paramount significance to the national goal. Here we provide a comprehensive account of research on plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes in Ethiopia. We show that the limited information available indicates that plant-parasitic nematodes impact crop production. There exists a serious gap in knowledge with regard to the effects of plant-parasitic nematodes on almost all major crops. This gap includes surveys with appropriate levels of identification, distribution, and yield loss and damage threshold studies on target crops. The current state of knowledge hinders the nation’s ability to design and implement appropriate control strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes. We propose a strategic assessment of plant-parasitic nematodes of all major crops, the need for systematic manpower training and continued search for entomopathogenic nematodes in the major agro-ecological zones of the nation and further research on those entomopathogenic nematodes already identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyualem Abebe
- Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA
| | - Tesfamariam Mekete
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Awol Seid
- Haramaya University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Beira H. Meressa
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Mesfin Wondafrash
- Haramaya University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Temesgen Addis
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gezahegn Getaneh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Salale Campus, Addis Ababa University P.O. Box 245, Fitche, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan A. Abate
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Heve WK, Been TH, Schomaker CH, Teklu MG. Damage thresholds and population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on carrot (Daucus carota) at different seed densities. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yield loss of carrot (Daucus carota) cv. Nerac caused by Meloidogyne chitwoodi and population dynamics of this nematode were studied using a range of 13 nematode densities at three seed densities (2, 4, 18 seeds pot−1) in a climate-controlled glasshouse. Yield and quality data were fitted to Seinhorst’s yield models. Final population densities were fitted to the population dynamic models for sedentary and free-living nematodes. The tolerance limits for yield loss were 0.34, 0.62 and 0.50, while that of quality were 0.012, 0.142 and 0.813 second-stage juveniles (J2) (g dry soil)−1 at increasing seed densities, respectively. The minimum yield (m), increased with seed density: 0.25, 0.30 and 0.50; the minimum quality yield was 0.10, 0.08 and 0.15 J2 (g dry soil)−1 at increasing seed densities, respectively. Both maximum multiplication rates and maximum population densities increased with increasing seed density but were generally low. Carrot cv. Nerac can be considered a bad host for M. chitwoodi.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Heve
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Natural Area Drive, University of Florida, Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA
| | - Thomas H. Been
- Plant Research International, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie H. Schomaker
- Plant Research International, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Misghina G. Teklu
- Plant Research International, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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