1
|
Rai S, Mago Y, Aggarwal G, Yadav A, Tewari S. Liquid Bioformulation: A Trending Approach Towards Achieving Sustainable Agriculture. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:2725-2750. [PMID: 37923941 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The human population is expanding at an exponential rate, and has created a great surge in the demand for food production. To intensify the rate of crop production, there is a tremendous usage of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. The practice of using these chemicals to enhance crop productivity has resulted in the degradation of soil fertility, leading to the depletion of native soil microflora. The constant application of these hazardous chemicals in the soil possesses major threat to humans and animals thereby impacting the agroecosystem severely. Hence, it is very important to hunt for certain new alternatives for enhancing crop productivity in an eco-friendly manner by using the microbial bioformulations. Microbial bioformulations can be mainly divided into two types: solid and liquid. There is a lot of information available on the subject of solid bioformulation, but the concept of liquid bioformulation is largely ignored. This article focuses on the diverse spectrum of liquid bioformulation pertaining to the market capture, its different types, potency of the product, mode of usage, and the limitations encountered. Also the authors have tried to include all the strategies required for sensitizing and making liquid bioformulation approach cost effective and as a greener strategy to succeed in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaksh Rai
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Yashika Mago
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Sakshi Tewari
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García Riaño JL, Barrera GP, Hernández LC, Villamizar LF. Microsclerotia from Metarhizium robertsii: Production, ultrastructural analysis, robustness, and insecticidal activity. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1643-1656. [PMID: 38575237 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) are considered one of the most promising propagules for use as active ingredients in biopesticides due to their tolerance to abiotic factors and ability to produce infective conidia for the control of pests. Therefore, the objective of this research was to establish the conditions required to induce the formation of microsclerotia in Metarhizium robertsii Mt004 and to study its development process, tolerance to abiotic factors and insecticidal activity of MS-derived conidia. M. robertsii started to form hyphal aggregates after 2 days and looked more compact after 8 days. MS were mature and pigmented after 20 days. The final yield was 2.0 × 103 MS/mL and MS size varied between 356.9 and 1348.4 μm. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that mature MS contained only a few live cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Mature MS were more tolerance to UV-B radiation, heat and storage trials than conidia from Solid State Fermentation. MS-derived conidia were as virulent as conidia against Diatraea saccharalis larvae. These results showed that MS are promising propagules for the development of more persistent and efficient biopesticides for harsh environmental conditions. Our findings provide a baseline for production and a better understanding of microsclerotia development in M. robertsii strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lorena García Riaño
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Cundinamarca, Mosquera, 250047, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Carrera 30 # 45, Bogotá, D.C., 111321, Colombia.
| | - Gloria Patricia Barrera
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Cundinamarca, Mosquera, 250047, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Castellanos Hernández
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Carrera 30 # 45, Bogotá, D.C., 111321, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
López-Lima D, Alarcón-Utrera D, Ordáz-Meléndez JÁ, Villain L, Carrión G. Metarhizium carneum Formulations: A Promising New Biological Control to Be Incorporated in the Integrated Management of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Tomato Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3431. [PMID: 37836171 PMCID: PMC10574380 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the populations of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii in various vegetables such as tomatoes grown under greenhouse conditions as well as increasing restrictions on the use of certain chemical nematicides have led to the search for new, effective management strategies, preferably ones that are sustainable biological alternatives. In this work, two formulations of the nematophagous fungus Metarhizium carneum, one concentrated suspension and one wettable powder, were evaluated under greenhouse conditions to reduce the M. enterolobii infestation in tomato plants. In addition, the effectiveness of the liquid formulation of M. carneum was compared with two biological and three chemical commercial nematicides. The results show that the two M. carneum formulations reduced the M. enterolobii population density by 78 and 66% in relation to the control treatment. In comparison, the liquid formulation of M. carneum and Purpureocillium lilacinum treatments reduced nematode population density by 72 and 43%, respectively, while for metam sodium preplanting applications followed by M. carneum applications during the tomato growth stage, the reduction was 96%. The alternate use of some chemical compounds plus the application of M. carneum as a biocontrol is a good starting strategy for managing M. enterolobii populations. These results confirm that M. carneum is a serious candidate for the short-term commercialization of an environmentally friendly biological nematicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Lima
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91000, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luc Villain
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR DIADE, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Diversité, Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), Université de Montpellier, Pole Agriculture Environnement Biodiversité, IRD, CIRAD, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Gloria Carrión
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Xalapa 91073, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Production of Escovopsis weberi (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) Mycelial Pellets and Their Effects on Leaf-Cutting Ant Fungal Gardens. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020330. [PMID: 36839602 PMCID: PMC9965205 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the symbiosis between leaf-cutting ants and their mutualistic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus Singer (Moller) is vital for the survival of both species. The specialist fungal parasite Escovopsis weberi Muchovej & Della Lucia is a threat to this symbiosis, causing severe damage to the fungal garden. Mycelial pellets are resistant fungal structures that can be produced under laboratory conditions. These structures were studied for use in biological pest control, but the production of mycelial pellets has not previously been documented in Escovopsis. One of the aims of this study was to induce Escovopsis weberi to produce mycelial pellets and investigate the potential of these pellets for the control of leaf-cutting ants. We compared the pathogenicity of Escovopsis weberi mycelial pellets and conidia against mini-colonies of Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus Forel when applied in the form of baits. Worker ants were able to distinguish mycelial pellets from conidia, as baits with mycelial pellets were more attractive to workers than those with conidia, causing a greater negative impact on colony health. All types of baits containing Escovopsis weberi influenced the foraging activity but only treatments with viable fungal propagules resulted in an increase in the quantity of waste material, with a significant negative impact on the fungal garden biomass. The results provided novel information regarding Escovopsis recognition by worker ants and differences between conidia and mycelial pellet dynamics in leaf-cutting ant colonies, with new perspectives for the biological control of these important pests.
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva DM, de Souza VHM, Moral RDA, Delalibera Júnior I, Mascarin GM. Production of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia by Submerged Liquid Fermentation and Bioactivity against Tetranychus urticae and Heterodera glycines through Seed Inoculation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:511. [PMID: 35628766 PMCID: PMC9145524 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pochoniachlamydosporia and Purpureocilliumlilacinum are fungal bioagents used for the sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes. However, their production through submerged liquid fermentation and their use in seed treatment have been underexplored. Therefore, our goal was to assess the effect of different liquid media on the growth of 40 isolates of P. lilacinum and two of P. chlamydosporia. The most promising isolates tested were assessed for plant growth promotion and the control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Most isolates produced > 108 blastospores mL−1 and some isolates produced more than 104 microsclerotia mL−1. Microsclerotia of selected isolates were used to inoculate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in greenhouse trials. All fungal isolates reduced the T. urticae fecundity in inoculated plants through seed treatment, while P. chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 and P. lilacinum ESALQ2593 decreased cyst nematode population. Purpureocillium lilacinum was more frequently detected in soil, whereas P. chlamydosporia colonized all plant parts. Pochonia chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 improved the root development of bean plants. These findings demonstrate the possibility of producing submerged propagules of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum by liquid culture, and greenhouse trials support the applicability of fungal microsclerotia in seed treatment to control P. vulgaris pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Milanez Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Victor Hugo Moura de Souza
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Lawrence Weaver Rd., Cambridge CB30 LE, UK;
| | - Rafael de Andrade Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, KM 127.5, Jaguariúna 13918-110, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mascarin GM, da Silva AVR, da Silva TP, Kobori NN, Morandi MAB, Bettiol W. Clonostachys rosea: Production by Submerged Culture and Bioactivity Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Bemisia tabaci. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:851000. [PMID: 35602054 PMCID: PMC9120755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.851000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the prospective biocontrol agents, the saprophytic filamentous fungus Clonostachys rosea is an excellent necrotrophic mycoparasite of numerous plant pathogenic fungi. However, its commercial development has been hampered by mass production difficulties during solid-state fermentation. Conversely, the submerged liquid fermentation shortens the cultivation time while increasing yields of fungal propagules. However, this method has been overlooked for C. rosea. In this work, we investigated the impact of liquid pre-culture inoculum on the spore production by the two-stage fermentation process using rice grains in comparison to the traditional solid-state fermentation. In parallel, we studied the submerged cultivation of C. rosea by manipulating carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio and nitrogen source, with the further optimization of spore production in a benchtop bioreactor. Additional bioassays included assessing the bioactivity of water-dispersible microgranules (that contained a submerged conidia) against the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci biotype B) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of the white mold). Our results showed a maximum concentration of 1.1 × 109 conidia/g-dry-matter after 7 days of cultivation by two-stage fermentation process. The liquid fermentation yielded 1.4 × 109 submerged conidia/ml after 7 days using a medium with a 50:1 C:N ratio, and it also induced the production of microsclerotia (MS) up to 1.35 × 104/ml within 6 days with 10:1 C:N ratio; both media were supplemented with dextrose monohydrate and soybean meal. The fermentation batches carried out in a benchtop bioreactor with medium 50:1 C:N ratio and amended with soybean meal rendered a production peak on the fourth day, corresponding to 1.11 × 109 conidia/ml and 4.35 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. Following air-drying, the conidia production from air-dried microgranules of C. rosea biomass was estimated at 3.4 × 1010 conidia/g of formulated product upon re-hydration for 7 days. Both submerged conidia and MS of C. rosea inhibited 100% germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia by direct parasitism. The air-dried submerged conidia exhibited a suppressive activity on sclerotia (88% mycoparasitism) and early whitefly nymphs (76.2% mortality) that rendered LC50 values of 3.2 × 104 CFU/g soil and 1.5 × 107 CFU/ml, respectively. Therefore, the submerged liquid culture of C. rosea may offer a feasible and cost-effective method for its large-scale production, alleviating critical constraints to their commercial use while providing an additional tool for management of B. tabaci and S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wagner Bettiol
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yousef-Yousef M, Romero-Conde A, Quesada-Moraga E, Garrido-Jurado I. Production of Microsclerotia by Metarhizium sp., and Factors Affecting Their Survival, Germination, and Conidial Yield. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:402. [PMID: 35448633 PMCID: PMC9025875 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) produced by some species of Metarhizium can be used as active ingredients in mycoinsecticides for the control of soil-dwelling stages of geophilic pests. In this study, the MS production potential of two Metarhizium brunneum strains and one M. robertsii strain was evaluated. The three strains were able to produce MS in liquid fermentation, yielding between 4.0 × 106 (M. robertsii EAMa 01/158-Su strain) and 1.0 × 107 (M. brunneum EAMa 01/58-Su strain) infective propagules (CFU) per gram of MS. The EAMa 01/58-Su strain was selected for further investigation into the effects of key abiotic factors on their survival and conidial yield. The MS were demonstrated to be stable at different storage temperatures (-80, -18, and 4 °C), with a shelf-life up to one year. The best temperature for MS storage was -80 °C, ensuring good viability of MS for up to one year (4.9 × 1010 CFU/g MS). Moreover, soil texture significantly affected CFU production by MS; sandy soils were the best driver of infective propagule production. Finally, the best combination of soil temperature and humidity for MS germination was 22.7 °C and 7.3% (wt./wt.), with no significant effect of UV-B exposure time on MS viability. These results provide key insights into the handling and storage of MS, and for decision making on MS dosage and timing of application.
Collapse
|
8
|
Villamizar LF, Barrera G, Hurst M, Glare TR. Characterization of a new strain of Metarhizium novozealandicum with potential to be developed as a biopesticide. Mycology 2021; 12:261-278. [PMID: 34900381 PMCID: PMC8654417 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1935359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal species Metarhizium novozealandicum, that occurs only in New Zealand and Australia has been poorly studied. In this work, a new strain of M. novozealandicum isolated from a larva of Wiseana sp. is described based on morphology, genomic multilocus (ITS, EF-1α and β-tubulin) phylogeny, growth in different culture media and insecticidal activity. The isolate AgR-F177 was clustered in the same clade with M. novozealandicum. AgR-F177 colonies developed faster on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) than on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) when incubated at 25°C, with no growth observed at 30°C on either media. Conidia yield on an oat-based medium in semisolid fermentation was 7.41 x 108conidia/g of substrate and a higher yield of 1.68 x 109conidia/g of substrate was obtained using solid fermentation on cooked rice. AgR-F177 formed microsclerotia (MS) in liquid fermentation after 7 days reaching the maximum yield of 3.3 × 103 MS/mL after 10 days. AgR-F177 caused mortality in Wiseana copularis, Costelytra giveni and Plutella xylostella larvae with efficacies up to 100%, 69.2%, and 45.7%, respectively. The ease of production of AgR-F177 with different fermentation systems and its pathogenicity against different insect pests reveal its potential as a new biopesticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Barrera
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, AGROSAVIA,Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mark Hurst
- AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santos TR, da Paixão FRS, Catão AML, Muniz ER, Ribeiro-Silva CS, Taveira SF, Luz C, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK, Marreto RN. Inorganic pellets containing microsclerotia of Metarhizium anisopliae: a new technological platform for the biological control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5001-5012. [PMID: 34100979 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was sought to devise pellets containing inorganic materials and microsclerotia of Metarhizium anisopliae strain IP 119 for biological control of Rhipicephalus microplus, the most economically important tick in Brazilian cattle industry. In addition, we evaluated the storage stability of the pellets, their tolerance to ultraviolet radiation (UV-B), and efficacy against ticks under laboratory conditions. Fungal microsclerotia were produced by liquid culture fermentation and mixed with pre-selected inorganic matrices: vermiculite powder, diatomaceous earth, and colloidal silicon dioxide (78:20:2, w/w/w). The microsclerotial pellets were then prepared by a two-stage process involving extrusion and spheronization. Pellet size averaged 525.53 ± 7.74 μm, with a sphericity index of 0.72 ± 0.01, while biomass constituents did not affect the wet mass properties. Conidial production from microsclerotial pellets upon rehydration ranged from 1.85 × 109 to 1.97 × 109 conidia g-1 with conidial viability ≥ 93%. Conidial production from pellets stored at 4 °C was invariable for up to 21 days. Unformulated microsclerotia and microsclerotial pellets were extremely tolerant to UV-B compared with aerial conidia. Engorged tick females exposed to conidia from sporulated pellets applied to soil samples and upon optimal rehydration exhibited shorter oviposition time length, shorter life span, and reduced number of hatched larvae. In summary, microsclerotial pellets of M. anisopliae IP 119 effectively suppressed R. microplus and showed outstanding UV-B tolerance in laboratory tests. Prospectively, this formulation prototype is promising for targeting the non-parasitic stage of this tick on outdoor pasture fields and may offer a novel mycoacaricide for its sustainable management. KEY POINTS: • Pellets with microsclerotia and inorganic materials are innovative for tick control. • Metarhizium microsclerotia show superior UV-B tolerance in relation to conidia. • Pellets of Metarhizium microsclerotia produce infective conidia against ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thainá Rodrigues Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Santos da Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Alaine Maria Lopes Catão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Cárita Souza Ribeiro-Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Stephania Fleury Taveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paixão FRS, Huarte-Bonnet C, Ribeiro-Silva CDS, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK, Pedrini N. Tolerance to Abiotic Factors of Microsclerotia and Mycelial Pellets From Metarhizium robertsii, and Molecular and Ultrastructural Changes During Microsclerotial Differentiation. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:654737. [PMID: 37744155 PMCID: PMC10512246 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.654737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium species fungi are able to produce resistant structures termed microsclerotia, formed by compact and melanized threads of hyphae. These propagules are tolerant to desiccation and produce infective conidia; thus, they are promising candidates to use in biological control programs. In this study, we investigated the tolerance to both ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and heat of microsclerotia of Metarhizium robertsii strain ARSEF 2575. We also adapted the liquid medium and culture conditions to obtain mycelial pellets from the same isolate in order to compare these characteristics between both types of propagules. We followed the peroxisome biogenesis and studied the oxidative stress during differentiation from conidia to microsclerotia by transmission electron microscopy after staining with a peroxidase activity marker and by the expression pattern of genes potentially involved in these processes. We found that despite their twice smaller size, microsclerotia exhibited higher dry biomass, yield, and conidial productivity than mycelial pellets, both with and without UV-B and heat stresses. From the 16 genes measured, we found an induction after 96-h differentiation in the oxidative stress marker genes MrcatA, MrcatP, and Mrgpx; the peroxisome biogenesis factors Mrpex5 and Mrpex14/17; and the photoprotection genes Mrlac1 and Mrlac2; and Mrlac3. We concluded that an oxidative stress scenario is induced during microsclerotia differentiation in M. robertsii and confirmed that because of its tolerance to desiccation, heat, and UV-B, this fungal structure could be an excellent candidate for use in biological control of pests under tropical and subtropical climates where heat and UV radiation are detrimental to entomopathogenic fungi survival and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R. S. Paixão
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel M. Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária–Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Éverton K. K. Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Villamizar LF, Barrera G, Marshall SD, Richena M, Harland D, Jackson TA. Three-dimensional cellular aggregates formed by Beauveria pseudobassiana in liquid culture with potential for use as a biocontrol agent of the African black beetle ( Heteronychus arator). Mycology 2020; 12:105-118. [PMID: 34026302 PMCID: PMC8128166 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1754953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria pseudobassiana formed three-dimensional aggregates of cells (CAs) in liquid culture. CAs were formed mainly by blastospores and conidia, distinct from microsclerotia formed through adhesion of hyphae. The formation, germination and sporulation of CAs were studied, as well as the pathogenicity of conidia produced from them against adults of black beetle. After 4 days of culture, CAs were formed, becoming compact and melanised after 10 days of incubation. Electron microscopy showed three-dimensional CAs averaging 431.65 µm in length with irregular shapes and rough surfaces, where cells were trapped within an extracellular matrix. CAs germinated after 2 days of incubation on agar-plates producing hyphae and forming phialides and conidia after 4 days. Produced conidia caused 45% mortality of black beetle adults. CAs germination and sporulation on soil were directly correlated with soil moisture, reaching 80% and 100% germination on the surface of soil with 17% and 30% moisture, respectively. CAs maintained 100% germination after 2 years of storage under refrigeration. These CAs could have a similar function as microsclerotia in nature, acting as resistant structures able to protect internal cells and their ability to sporulate producing infective conidia, suggesting their potential to be used as bioinsecticides to control soil-dwelling insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Barrera
- Control Biológico De Plagas Agrícolas, Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research, Vía Mosquera, Colombia
| | | | - Marina Richena
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Duane Harland
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song Z, Yang J, Xin C, Xing X, Yuan Q, Yin Y, Wang Z. A transcription factor, MrMsn2, in the dimorphic fungus Metarhizium rileyi is essential for dimorphism transition, aggravated pigmentation, conidiation and microsclerotia formation. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1157-1169. [PMID: 30160031 PMCID: PMC6196401 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) are pseudoparenchymatous aggregations of hyphae of fungi that can be induced in liquid culture for biocontrol applications. Previously, we determined that the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signalling pathway was involved in regulating MS development in the dimorphic insect pathogen Metarhizium rileyi. To further investigate the mechanisms by which the signalling pathway is regulated, we characterized the transcriptional factor MrMsn2, a homologue of the yeast C2 H2 transcriptional factor Msn2, which is predicted to function downstream of the HOG pathway in M. rileyi. Compared with wild-type and complemented strains, disruption of MrMsn2 increased the yeast-to-hypha transition rate, enhanced conidiation capacity and aggravated pigmentation in M. rileyi. The ▵MrMsn2 mutants were sensitive to stress, produced morphologically abnormal clones and had significantly reduced MS formation and decreased virulence levels. Digital expression profiling revealed that genes involved in antioxidation, pigment biosynthesis and ion transport and storage were regulated by MrMsn2 during conidia and MS development. Taken together, our findings confirm that MrMsn2 controlled the yeast-to-hypha transition, conidia and MS formation, and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Caiyan Xin
- School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Xiaorui Xing
- School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Qing Yuan
- School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal InsecticideSchool of Life ScienceChongqing UniversityChongqing400030China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal InsecticideSchool of Life ScienceChongqing UniversityChongqing400030China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song Z. Fungal microsclerotia development: essential prerequisites, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9873-9880. [PMID: 30255231 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) consist of an outer layer of pigment parenchyma cells and an inner layer of colorless medulla cells. In nature, MS are formed as overwintering and spreading structures in phytopathogenic fungi. For biological applications, MS can be induced in artificial liquid medium. To understand the complicated structure of MS and molecular mechanism of MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi, data from different studies can be integrated. In this review, the essential prerequisites, environmental cues, and internal stimulating factors for MS development are explored. Emerging knowledges about the association between transcriptional regulatory circuits and signaling pathways involved in MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adaption to stress via Pbs2 during Metarhizium rileyi conidia and microsclerotia development. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:107. [PMID: 29971586 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway plays important role in Metarhizium rileyi microsclerotia (MS) development. To investigate how M. rileyi transduce growth stress and regulate MS development via mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) Pbs2, phenotypic characterization of the yeast Pbs2 homolog were performed. Expression of pbs2 peaked when MS formation occurred day 3 in liquid amended medium. Compared with wild-type and complemented strains, deletion mutant of pbs2 (Δpbs2) delayed dimorphic switch and vegetative growth, displayed sensitivities to various stress, and significantly reduced conidial (98%) and MS (40%) yields. Furthermore, transcription analysis showed that other genes of HOG signaling pathway were down-regulated in Δpbs2 mutants. Insect bioassays revealed that Δpbs2 mutants had decreased virulence levels in topical (24%) and injection (53%) bioassays. This study confirmed that Pbs2 play important roles in colony morphology, conidiation, stresses response and MS development in M. rileyi.
Collapse
|
15
|
Song Z, Yin Y, Lin Y, Du F, Ren G, Wang Z. The bZIP transcriptional factor activator protein-1 regulates Metarhizium rileyi morphology and mediates microsclerotia formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4577-4588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Song Z, Lin Y, Du F, Yin Y, Wang Z. Statistical optimisation of process variables and large-scale production of Metarhizium rileyi (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) microsclerotia in submerged fermentation. Mycology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1279688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Du
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The high osmotic response and cell wall integrity pathways cooperate to regulate morphology, microsclerotia development, and virulence in Metarhizium rileyi. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38765. [PMID: 27941838 PMCID: PMC5150533 DOI: 10.1038/srep38765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) formation was successfully induced in Metarhizium rileyi under changing liquid culture conditions. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in fungal development and in coordinating many stress responses. To investigate how M. rileyi transduces growth stress and regulates MS differentiation, we characterized the roles of two MAPKs, Hog1- and Slt2-type orthologues, in M. rileyi. Compared with the wild-type strain, the deletion mutants of Mrhog1 (ΔMrhog1) and Mrslt2 (ΔMrslt2) delayed germination and vegetative growth, displayed sensitivities to various stress, and produced morphologically abnormal clones. The ΔMrhog1 and ΔMrslt2 mutants significantly reduced conidial (42–99%) and MS (96–99%) yields. A transcriptional analysis showed that the two MAPKs regulate MS development in a cooperative manner. Insect bioassays revealed that ΔMrhog1 and ΔMrslt2 had decreased virulence levels in topical (36–56%) and injection (78–93%) bioassays. Our results confirmed the roles of MrHog1 and MrSlt2 in sensing growth-related stress and in regulating MS differentiation.
Collapse
|