1
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Islam F, Zeng Q. Advances in Organosulfur-Based Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1207. [PMID: 38732676 PMCID: PMC11085353 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur-based polymers have unique properties that make them useful for targeted and managed drug delivery, which can improve therapy while reducing side effects. This work aims to provide a brief review of the synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and packages of organosulfur-based polymers in drug delivery. More importantly, this work discusses the characterization, biocompatibility, controlled release, nanotechnology, and targeted therapeutic aspects of these important structural units. This review provides not only a good comprehension of organosulfur-based polymers but also an insightful discussion of potential future prospectives in research. The discovery of novel organosulfur polymers and innovations is highly expected to be stimulated in order to synthesize polymer prototypes with increased functional accuracy, efficiency, and low cost for many industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingle Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
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2
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Gevrek TN, Sanyal A. Furan-containing polymeric Materials: Harnessing the Diels-Alder chemistry for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Jadoun S, Riaz U. A review on the chemical and electrochemical copolymerization of conducting monomers: recent advancements and future prospects. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1669647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Jadoun
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ufana Riaz
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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4
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Dai Y, Zhang X, Xia F. Click Chemistry in Functional Aliphatic Polycarbonates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
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5
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Truong TT, Thai SH, Nguyen HT, Vuong VD, Nguyen LTT. Synthesis of allyl end-block functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone)s and their facile post-functionalization via thiol-ene reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thu Truong
- Faculty of Materials Technology; Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, Vietnam National University (VNU-HCM); 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Son Hong Thai
- Faculty of Materials Technology; Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, Vietnam National University (VNU-HCM); 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Ha Tran Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Technology; Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, Vietnam National University (VNU-HCM); 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Materials Technology Key Laboratory (Mtlab); Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University (VNU-HCM); 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Vinh-Dat Vuong
- Materials Technology Key Laboratory (Mtlab); Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University (VNU-HCM); 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Le-Thu T. Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Technology; Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, Vietnam National University (VNU-HCM); 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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6
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Dai Y, Zhang X. Recent development of functional aliphatic polycarbonates for the construction of amphiphilic polymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01815k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional aliphatic polycarbonates in the construction of amphiphilic polymers are summarized in seven categories (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or/and functional unit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
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7
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Dias SFL, Nogueira SS, de França Dourado F, Guimarães MA, de Oliveira Pitombeira NA, Gobbo GG, Primo FL, de Paula RCM, Feitosa JPA, Tedesco AC, Nunes LCC, Leite JRSA, da Silva DA. Acetylated cashew gum-based nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of diclofenac diethyl amine. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:254-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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The Diels–Alder reaction: A powerful tool for the design of drug delivery systems and biomaterials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:438-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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García-Gallego S, Nyström AM, Malkoch M. Chemistry of multifunctional polymers based on bis-MPA and their cutting-edge applications. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Li Q, Liu CG, Yu Y. Separation of monodisperse alginate nanoparticles and effect of particle size on transport of vitamin E. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:274-9. [PMID: 25839821 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four batches of oleoyl alginate ester (OAE) nanoparticles with narrow size distribution were rapidly separated from the initial batch of nanoparticles by means of centrifugation at the relative centrifugal force (RCF) between 270×g and 6750×g after adjusting the zeta potential. The size of nanoparticles decreased with increasing speed of centrifugation, and the polydispersity of nanoparticles significantly decreased. As particle size increased the loading capacity also increased, while transport across Caco-2 cells and the cellular uptake of nanoparticles in jejunum decreased. Endocytosis of nanoparticles around 50nm/120nm, 420nm and 730nm occur mainly via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis respectively. These results show that centrifugation could separate nanoparticles with appropriate zeta potential into different sizes and the transport and cellular uptake of OAE polysaccharide nanoparticles were size dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yu Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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11
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Kirchhof S, Strasser A, Wittmann HJ, Messmann V, Hammer N, Goepferich AM, Brandl FP. New insights into the cross-linking and degradation mechanism of Diels–Alder hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:449-457. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01680g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of Diels–Alder hydrogels occurs by retro-Diels–Alder reaction followed by OH−-catalyzed ring-opening hydrolysis of maleimide groups to unreactive maleamic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kirchhof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Andrea Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry II
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Wittmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry II
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Viktoria Messmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Nadine Hammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Achim M. Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ferdinand P. Brandl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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12
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Asadirad AM, Boutault S, Erno Z, Branda NR. Controlling a Polymer Adhesive Using Light and a Molecular Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3024-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500496n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mahmoud Asadirad
- 4D LABS,
Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Stéphanie Boutault
- 4D LABS,
Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Zach Erno
- 4D LABS,
Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Neil R. Branda
- 4D LABS,
Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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13
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Chan DPY, Deleavey GF, Owen SC, Damha MJ, Shoichet MS. Click conjugated polymeric immuno-nanoparticles for targeted siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide delivery. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8408-15. [PMID: 23932248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and targeted cellular delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) is a major challenge facing oligonucleotide-based therapeutics. The majority of current delivery strategies employ either conjugated ligands or oligonucleotide encapsulation within delivery vehicles to facilitate cellular uptake. Chemical modification of the oligonucleotides (ONs) can improve potency and duration of activity, usually as a result of improved nuclease resistance. Here we take advantage of innovations in both polymeric delivery vehicles and ON stabilization to achieve receptor-mediated targeted delivery of siRNAs or AONs for gene silencing. Polymeric nanoparticles comprised of poly(lactide-co-2-methyl, 2-carboxytrimethylene carbonate)-g-polyethylene glycol-furan/azide are click-modified with both anti-HER2 antibodies and nucleic acids on the exterior PEG corona. Phosphorothioate (PS), 2'F-ANA, and 2'F-RNA backbone chemical modifications improve siRNA and AON potency and duration of activity. Importantly, delivery of these nucleic acids on the exterior of the polymeric immuno-nanoparticles are as efficient in gene silencing as lipofectamine transfection without the associated potential toxicity of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna P Y Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
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14
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Pegoraro C, Cecchin D, Gracia LS, Warren N, Madsen J, Armes SP, Lewis A, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Enhanced drug delivery to melanoma cells using PMPC-PDPA polymersomes. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:328-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Patil S, Datar S, Rekha N, Asha SK, Dharmadhikari CV. Charge storage and electron transport properties of gold nanoparticles decorating a urethane-methacrylate comb polymer network. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:4404-4411. [PMID: 23575605 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose enhanced charge storage capacity of nanoparticles based polymer films. A flat band voltage window varying from 5-7 V is obtained leading to a trapped charge density of the order of 10(13) cm(-2). These results vary for two distinct morphologies obtained due to decoration of a urethane-methacrylate comb polymer (UMCP) network by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Films have been further investigated for morphology, optical, charge storage, and electron transport properties using techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and capacitance versus voltage (C-V) measurements. SEM and AFM confirm either the deposition of AuNPs inside the UMCP network or the formation of ring like structures depending on the deposition sequence. STS measurements performed on both films are compared with bare UMCP and AuNPs films. Current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics so obtained are discussed in the light of electron transport mechanisms in such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Patil
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Materials Science and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Pune, Pune-411007, India
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16
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Chan DPY, Owen SC, Shoichet MS. Double Click: Dual Functionalized Polymeric Micelles with Antibodies and Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:105-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianna P. Y. Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Room 514 − 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Shawn C. Owen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Room 514 − 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Room 514 − 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
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17
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Ross AM, Jiang Z, Bastmeyer M, Lahann J. Physical aspects of cell culture substrates: topography, roughness, and elasticity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:336-55. [PMID: 22162324 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cellular environment impacts a myriad of cellular functions by providing signals that can modulate cell phenotype and function. Physical cues such as topography, roughness, gradients, and elasticity are of particular importance. Thus, synthetic substrates can be potentially useful tools for exploring the influence of the aforementioned physical properties on cellular function. Many micro- and nanofabrication processes have been employed to control substrate characteristics in both 2D and 3D environments. This review highlights strategies for modulating the physical properties of surfaces, the influence of these changes on cell responses, and the promise and limitations of these surfaces in in-vitro settings. While both hard and soft materials are discussed, emphasis is placed on soft substrates. Moreover, methods for creating synthetic substrates for cell studies, substrate properties, and impact of substrate properties on cell behavior are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftin M Ross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Feng J, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Construction of functional aliphatic polycarbonates for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Poly(ester amide)-Poly(ethylene oxide) Graft Copolymers: Towards Micellar Drug Delivery Vehicles. INT J POLYM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/564348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Micelles formed from amphiphilic copolymers are promising materials for the delivery of drug molecules, potentially leading to enhanced biological properties and efficacy. In this work, new poly(ester amide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEA-PEO) graft copolymers were synthesized and their assembly into micelles in aqueous solution was investigated. It was possible to tune the sizes of the micelles by varying the PEO content of the polymers and the method of micelle preparation. Under optimized conditions, it was possible to obtain micelles with diameters less than 100 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. These micelles were demonstrated to encapsulate and release a model drug, Nile Red, and were nontoxic to HeLa cells as measured by an MTT assay. Overall, the properties of these micelles suggest that they are promising new materials for drug delivery systems.
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20
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Suriano F, Coulembier O, Hedrick JL, Dubois P. Functionalized cyclic carbonates: from synthesis and metal-free catalyzed ring-opening polymerization to applications. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Tasdelen MA. Diels–Alder “click” reactions: recent applications in polymer and material science. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Lu J, Shoichet MS. Self-Assembled Polymeric Nanoparticles of Organocatalytic Copolymerizated d,l-Lactide and 2-Methyl 2-Carboxytrimethylene Carbonate. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1004265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering
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23
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Lu J, Shi M, Shoichet MS. Click chemistry functionalized polymeric nanoparticles target corneal epithelial cells through RGD-cell surface receptors. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:87-94. [PMID: 19099361 DOI: 10.1021/bc8003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles modified with targeting ligands on the surface provide a means for localized cell delivery. To gain greater insight into the possibility of derivatizing poly(2-methyl-2-carboxytrimethylene carbonate-co-D,L-lactide) (poly(TMCC-co-LA)) nanoparticles using the Huisgen's 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction, we synthesized amphiphilic copolymers comprising a hydrophobic poly(TMCC-co-LA) backbone and a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) pendant chain. By coupling amine-terminated PEG-azide to the carboxylic acid group of the poly(TMCC-co-LA) via EDC chemistry, an amphiphilic copolymer was formed. The poly(TMCC-co-LA)-g-PEG-N3 self-assembled in aqueous solution and presented azide groups on the surface of the nanoparticles. Alkyne-modified KGRGDS peptides were synthesized and coupled to the azide-functionalized nanoparticles via Huisgen's 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition, which was catalyzed by copper sulfate and sodium ascorbate in aqueous solution. Using coumarin-modified lysine (K) of the KGRGDS peptide, fluorescence was used to determine that there were approximately 400 peptides bound to each nanoparticle. The bioactivity of the GRGDS nanoparticle was confirmed with a competitive cell attachment assay using rabbit corneal epithelial cells. This GRGDS-nanoparticle system may be suitable for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1
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