1
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Gulrajani S, Snyder S, Hackenberg JD, Uhrich K. Effect of pH on salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-ester): Implications for polymer degradation and controlled salicylic acid release. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115221121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA)-based poly(anhydride-esters) (SAPAEs) hydrolytically degrade to release SA in a controlled manner over extended time periods. While these polymers have been well investigated under in vivo conditions, this study is the first detailed, systematic assessment of in vitro polymer degradation over a range of pH values. To investigate the effect of pH conditions on SAPAE degradation, in vitro degradation studies were conducted on SAPAE disks over a wide pH range (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.4, 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0) for 30 days. Several parameters were evaluated, including SA concentrations in the degradation media, polymer mass loss, water uptake in the polymer matrices, and SA solubility at different pH values to substantiate SA release results and characterize the in vitro polymer degradation process. Complete SA release was achieved at more basic conditions (pH 9.0 and 10.0) over 9 days, whereas less than 41% SA was released over the same time period at neutral pH conditions (pH 8.0 and 7.4). By comparison, SA release was minimal in acidic pH conditions. Overall, we present quantitative data of polymer degradation as defined by SA in vitro release, which increased with increasing pH values. More basic conditions promoted polymer degradation, whereas acidic conditions minimized polymer degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Gulrajani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sabrina Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jason D. Hackenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathryn Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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2
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Deng Z, Schweigerdt A, Norow A, Lienkamp K. Degradation of Polymer Films on Surfaces: A Model Study with Poly(sebacic anhydride). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019; 220:1900121. [PMID: 34404980 PMCID: PMC7611508 DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that the degradation kinetics of thin polymer films differ significantly from those of bulk materials, as interfacial effects become dominant. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate these kinetics separately. Qualitative analytics of thin film degradation exist, e.g. by scanning electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy (AFM), but a quantitative study is so far missing. In this work, poly(sebacic anhydride) (PSA), an aliphatic polyanhydride, is used as a model system for a quantitative degradation study. PSA was spin-coated onto silicon or gold substrates. The degradation of these PSA films was monitored by ellipsometry, surface-plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Two kinetic regimes were observed when plotting the relative layer thickness determined by FTIR and SPR against the degradation time. The data obtained by FTIR showed a single process for the rate of ester bond cleavage. Overall, the degradation rate constants of PSA determined by the different methods were consistent. The degradation rate constants of PSA film up to 378 nm thickness were constant. Several thicker free-standing samples studied gravimetrically had a degradation rate constant that was one order of magnitude slower, thus confirming thickness-dependent degradation rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoling Deng
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schweigerdt
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Norow
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Snyder SS, Cao Y, Uhrich KE. Extrudable salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-esters) for injectable drug releasing applications. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911519834808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Injectable biomaterials have attracted more and more interest owing to their advantages over traditional open surgeries: minimal invasive procedure and ease of handling. Commonly used synthetic injectable polymers exhibited low drug loading and poor biodegradability. In this work, we describe a novel series of degradable copolymers comprising salicylic acid–based poly(anhydride-esters) and poly(ethylene glycol) subunits suitable for injectable drug releasing applications. By tuning the rheology properties, these salicylic acid–based poly(anhydride-esters) and poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers may function as injectable drug delivery vehicles that deliver salicylic acid at the injury site. These copolymers were designed to have glass transition temperatures (Tg) below 0ºC, resulting in extrudable polymers that behave like viscous fluids at room temperature. Salicylic acid–based poly(anhydride-esters) and poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers of different ratios (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 salicylic acid–based poly(anhydride-esters) and poly(ethylene glycol)) were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies. Their shear viscosities were determined both at room and physiological temperatures. The in vitro drug release profiles, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed. The shear viscosities were found to compare favorably with current injectable barrier materials on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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4
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Faig JJ, Moretti A, Joseph LB, Zhang Y, Nova MJ, Smith K, Uhrich KE. Biodegradable Kojic Acid-Based Polymers: Controlled Delivery of Bioactives for Melanogenesis Inhibition. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:363-373. [PMID: 28026947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kojic acid (KA) is a naturally occurring fungal metabolite that is utilized as a skin-lightener and antibrowning agent owing to its potent tyrosinase inhibition activity. While efficacious, KA's inclination to undergo pH-mediated, thermal-, and photodegradation reduces its efficacy, necessitating stabilizing vehicles. To minimize degradation, poly(carbonate-esters) and polyesters comprised of KA and natural diacids were prepared via solution polymerization methods. In vitro hydrolytic degradation analyses revealed KA release was drastically influenced by polymer backbone composition (e.g., poly(carbonate-ester) vs polyester), linker molecule (aliphatic vs heteroatom-containing), and release conditions (physiological vs skin). Tyrosinase inhibition assays demonstrated that aliphatic KA dienols, the major degradation product under skin conditions, were more potent then KA itself. All dienols were found to be less toxic than KA at all tested concentrations. Additionally, the most lipophilic dienols were statistically more effective than KA at inhibiting melanin biosynthesis in cells. These KA-based polymer systems deliver KA analogues with improved efficacy and cytocompatible profiles, making them ideal candidates for sustained topical treatments in both medical and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Faig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Alysha Moretti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yingyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mary Joy Nova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kervin Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and §Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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5
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Faig JJ, Smith K, Moretti A, Yu W, Uhrich KE. One-Pot Polymerization Syntheses: Incorporating Bioactives into Poly(anhydride-esters). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Faig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers University; 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
| | - Kervin Smith
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; Rutgers University; Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Alysha Moretti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers University; 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
| | - Weiling Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rutgers University; 599 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers University; 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
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6
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Prudencio A, Faig JJ, Song M, Uhrich KE. Phenolic Acid-based Poly(anhydride-esters) as Antioxidant Biomaterials. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:214-22. [PMID: 26425923 PMCID: PMC4752411 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(anhydride-esters) comprised of naturally occurring, non-toxic phenolic acids, namely syringic and vanillic acid, with antioxidant properties were prepared via solution polymerization methods. Polymer and polymer precursor physiochemical properties were characterized, including polymer molecular weight and thermal properties. In vitro release studies illustrated that polymer hydrolytic degradation was influenced by relative hydrophobicity and degree of methoxy substitution of the phenolic acids. Further, the released phenolic acids were found to maintain antioxidant potency relative to free phenolic acid controls as determined by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Polymer cytotoxicity was assessed with L929 fibroblasts in polymer-containing media; appropriate cell morphology and high fibroblast proliferation were obtained for the polymers at the lower concentrations. These polymers deliver non-cytotoxic levels of naturally occurring antioxidants, which could be efficacious in topical delivery of antioxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Prudencio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA
| | - Jonathan J Faig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA
| | - MinJung Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA.
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7
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Faig JJ, Klein S, Ouimet MA, Yu W, Uhrich KE. Attenuating Oxidative Stress Via Oxalate Ester-Containing Ferulic Acid-Based Poly(anhydride-esters) that Scavenge Hydrogen Peroxide. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Faig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers University; 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
| | - Sarah Klein
- National Polytechnic Institute of Chemical and Industrial Engineering and Technology; Toulouse 31030 France
| | - Michelle A. Ouimet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers University; 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
| | - Weiling Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rutgers University; 599 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers University; 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8087 USA
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8
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Ouimet MA, Faig JJ, Yu W, Uhrich KE. Ferulic Acid-Based Polymers with Glycol Functionality as a Versatile Platform for Topical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2911-9. [PMID: 26258440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid-based polymers with aliphatic linkages have been previously synthesized via solution polymerization methods, yet they feature relatively slow ferulic acid release rates (∼11 months to 100% completion). To achieve a more rapid release rate as required in skin care formulations, ferulic acid-based polymers with ethylene glycol linkers were prepared to increase hydrophilicity and, in turn, increase ferulic acid release rates. The polymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies to confirm chemical composition. The molecular weights, thermal properties (e.g., glass transition temperature), and contact angles were also obtained and the polymers compared. Polymer glass transition temperature was observed to decrease with increasing linker molecule length, whereas increasing oxygen content decreased polymer contact angle. The polymers' chemical structures and physical properties were shown to influence ferulic acid release rates and antioxidant activity. In all polymers, ferulic acid release was achieved with no bioactive decomposition. These polymers demonstrate the ability to strategically release ferulic acid at rates and concentrations relevant for topical applications such as skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Ouimet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jonathan J Faig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Weiling Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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9
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Stebbins ND, Faig JJ, Yu W, Guliyev R, Uhrich KE. Polyactives: controlled and sustained bioactive release via hydrolytic degradation. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1171-87. [PMID: 26222033 PMCID: PMC4519997 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Significant and promising advances have been made in the polymer field for controlled and sustained bioactive delivery. Traditionally, small molecule bioactives have been physically incorporated into biodegradable polymers; however, chemical incorporation allows for higher drug loading, more controlled release, and enhanced processability. Moreover, the advent of bioactive-containing monomer polymerization and hydrolytic biodegradability allows for tunable bioactive loading without yielding a polymer residue. In this review, we highlight the chemical incorporation of different bioactive classes into novel biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. The polymer design, synthesis, and formulation are summarized in addition to the evaluation of bioactivity retention upon release via in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Stebbins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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10
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Ouimet MA, Fogaça R, Snyder SS, Sathaye S, Catalani LH, Pochan DJ, Uhrich KE. Poly(anhydride-ester) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) blends: salicylic acid-releasing blends with hydrogel-like properties that reduce inflammation. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:342-50. [PMID: 25333420 PMCID: PMC4424597 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polymers such as poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) have been used to prepare hydrogels for wound dressing applications but are not inherently bioactive. For enhanced healing, PVP was blended with salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-esters) (SAPAE) and shown to exhibit hydrogel properties upon swelling. In vitro release studies demonstrated that the chemically incorporated drug (SA) was released from the polymer blends over 3-4 d in contrast to 3 h, and that blends of higher PVP content displayed greater swelling values and faster SA release. The polymer blends significantly the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, in vitro without negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Ouimet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA
| | - Renata Fogaça
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05513-970, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S. Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA
| | - Sameer Sathaye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716-1501, USA
| | - Luiz H. Catalani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05513-970, Brazil
| | - Darrin J. Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716-1501, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA
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11
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Chandorkar Y, Bhaskar N, Madras G, Basu B. Long-term sustained release of salicylic acid from cross-linked biodegradable polyester induces a reduced foreign body response in mice. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:636-49. [PMID: 25559641 DOI: 10.1021/bm5017282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been a continuous surge toward developing new biopolymers that exhibit better in vivo biocompatibility properties in terms of demonstrating a reduced foreign body response (FBR). One approach to mitigate the undesired FBR is to develop an implant capable of releasing anti-inflammatory molecules in a sustained manner over a long time period. Implants causing inflammation are also more susceptible to infection. In this article, the in vivo biocompatibility of a novel, biodegradable salicylic acid releasing polyester (SAP) has been investigated by subcutaneous implantation in a mouse model. The tissue response to SAP was compared with that of a widely used biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), as a control over three time points: 2, 4, and 16 weeks postimplantation. A long-term in vitro study illustrates a continuous, linear (zero order) release of salicylic acid with a cumulative mass percent release rate of 7.34 × 10(-4) h(-1) over ∼1.5-17 months. On the basis of physicochemical analysis, surface erosion for SAP and bulk erosion for PLGA have been confirmed as their dominant degradation modes in vivo. On the basis of the histomorphometrical analysis of inflammatory cell densities and collagen distribution as well as quantification of proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-1β), a reduced foreign body response toward SAP with respect to that generated by PLGA has been unambiguously established. The favorable in vivo tissue response to SAP, as manifest from the uniform and well-vascularized encapsulation around the implant, is consistent with the decrease in inflammatory cell density and increase in angiogenesis with time. The above observations, together with the demonstration of long-term and sustained release of salicylic acid, establish the potential use of SAP for applications in improved matrices for tissue engineering and chronic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda Chandorkar
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Bioengineering Program, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
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12
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Rogers MA, Yan YF, Ben-Elazar K, Lan Y, Faig J, Smith K, Uhrich KE. Salicylic acid (SA) bioaccessibility from SA-based poly(anhydride-ester). Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3406-11. [PMID: 25082798 DOI: 10.1021/bm500927r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of salicylic acid (SA) can be effectively modified by incorporating the pharmacological compound directly into polymers such as poly(anhydride-esters). After simulated digestion conditions, the bioaccessibility of SA was observed to be statistically different (p < 0.0001) in each sample: 55.5 ± 2.0% for free SA, 31.2 ± 2.4% the SA-diglycolic acid polymer precursor (SADG), and 21.2 ± 3.1% for SADG-P (polymer). The release rates followed a zero-order release rate that was dependent on several factors, including (1) solubilization rate, (2) macroscopic erosion of the powdered polymer, (3) hydrolytic cleavage of the anhydride bonds, and (4) subsequent hydrolysis of the polymer precursor (SADG) to SA and diglycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rogers
- Department of Food Science and †New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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13
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Carbone-Howell AL, Stebbins ND, Uhrich KE. Poly(anhydride-esters) comprised exclusively of naturally occurring antimicrobials and EDTA: antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1889-95. [PMID: 24702678 PMCID: PMC4020595 DOI: 10.1021/bm500303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol are
naturally occurring phenolic
compounds known to possess antimicrobial activity against a range
of bacteria, as well as antioxidant activity. Biodegradable poly(anhydride-esters)
composed of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) backbone and
antimicrobial pendant groups (i.e., carvacrol, thymol, or eugenol)
were synthesized via solution polymerization. The resulting polymers
were characterized to confirm their chemical composition and understand
their thermal properties and molecular weight. In vitro release studies
demonstrated that polymer hydrolytic degradation was complete after
16 days, resulting in the release of free antimicrobials and EDTA.
Antioxidant and antibacterial assays determined that polymer release
media exhibited bioactivity similar to that of free compound, demonstrating
that polymer incorporation and subsequent release had no effect on
activity. These polymers completely degrade into components that are
biologically relevant and have the capability to promote preservation
of consumer products in the food and personal care industries via
antimicrobial and antioxidant pathways.
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15
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Mitchell A, Kim B, Cottrell J, Snyder S, Witek L, Ricci J, Uhrich KE, Patrick O'Connor J. Development of a guided bone regeneration device using salicylic acid-poly(anhydride-ester) polymers and osteoconductive scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:655-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Mitchell
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Newark NJ
| | - Brian Kim
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Newark NJ
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Newark NJ
| | - Sabrina Snyder
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Newark NJ
- Rutgers University; Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Piscataway NJ
| | - Lukasz Witek
- New York University College of Dentistry; Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York NY
- Oklahoma State University, School of Chemical Engineering; Stillwater OK
| | - John Ricci
- New York University College of Dentistry; Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York NY
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Rutgers University; Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Piscataway NJ
| | - J. Patrick O'Connor
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Newark NJ
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Newark NJ
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16
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Ouimet MA, Griffin J, Carbone-Howell AL, Wu WH, Stebbins ND, Di R, Uhrich KE. Biodegradable ferulic acid-containing poly(anhydride-ester): degradation products with controlled release and sustained antioxidant activity. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:854-61. [PMID: 23327626 PMCID: PMC3595371 DOI: 10.1021/bm3018998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is an antioxidant and photoprotective agent used in biomedical and cosmetic formulations to prevent skin cancer and senescence. Although FA exhibits numerous health benefits, physicochemical instability leading to decomposition hinders its efficacy. To minimize inherent decomposition, a FA-containing biodegradable polymer was prepared via solution polymerization to chemically incorporate FA into a poly(anhydride-ester). The polymer was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies. The molecular weight and thermal properties were also determined. In vitro studies demonstrated that the polymer was hydrolytically degradable, thus providing controlled release of the chemically incorporated bioactive with no detectable decomposition. The polymer degradation products were found to exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activity comparable to that of free FA, and in vitro cell viability studies demonstrated that the polymer is noncytotoxic toward fibroblasts. This renders the polymer a potential candidate for use as a controlled release system for skin care formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Ouimet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeremy Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ashley L. Carbone-Howell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Wen-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Rd. New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Nicholas D. Stebbins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd. New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Ouimet MA, Snyder SS, Uhrich KE. Tunable drug release profiles from salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) matrices using small molecule admixtures. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2012; 27:540-549. [PMID: 24078768 PMCID: PMC3782750 DOI: 10.1177/0883911512464605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(anhydride-esters) with salicylic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, chemically incorporated into the polymer backbone provide high inherent drug loading. These poly(anhydride-esters) hydrolytically degrade to release salicylic acid over extended time periods (>30 days); however, an initial lag period of no salicylic acid release is observed. This lag period could be unfavorable in applications where immediate salicylic acid release is desired. Poly(anhydride-esters) with short (2 days) and long (11 days) lag periods were admixed with various small molecules as a means to shorten or eliminate the lag period. Salicylic acid, larger salicylic acid prodrugs, and 1:1 combinations of the two were physically admixed, each at 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/w). All admixtures resulted in immediate salicylic acid release and a decrease in glass transition temperatures compared to polymer alone. By varying the amounts of salicylic acid and salicylic acid prodrugs incorporated into the polymer matrix, immediate and constant salicylic acid release profiles over varied time periods were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Ouimet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sabrina S Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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18
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Formulation of salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) microspheres for short- and long-term salicylic acid delivery. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012; 70:343-351. [PMID: 23420391 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) (PAE) microspheres was optimized by altering polymer concentration and homogenization speed to improve the overall morphology. The microspheres were prepared using three salicylate-based PAEs with different chemical compositions comprised of either a heteroatomic, linear aliphatic, or branched aliphatic moiety. These PAEs broadened the range of complete salicylic acid release to now include days, weeks and months. The molecular weight (M(w)), polydispersity index (PDI) and glass transition temperature (T(g)) of the formulated polymers were compared to the unformulated polymers. In general, the M(w) and PDI exhibited decreased and increased values, respectively, after formulation, whereas the T(g) changes did not follow a specific trend. Microsphere size and morphology were determined using scanning electron microscopy. These microspheres exhibited smooth surfaces, no aggregation, and size distributions ranging from 2-34 m in diameter. In vitro release studies of the chemically incorporated salicylic acid displayed widely tunable release profiles.
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19
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PolyMorphine: an innovative biodegradable polymer drug for extended pain relief. J Control Release 2012; 162:538-44. [PMID: 22877734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphine, a potent narcotic analgesic used for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, was chemically incorporated into a poly(anhydride-ester) backbone. The polymer termed "PolyMorphine", was designed to degrade hydrolytically releasing morphine in a controlled manner to ultimately provide analgesia for an extended time period. PolyMorphine was synthesized via melt-condensation polymerization and its structure was characterized using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and infrared spectroscopy. The weight-average molecular weight and the thermal properties were determined. The hydrolytic degradation pathway of the polymer was determined by in vitro studies, showing that free morphine is released. In vitro cytocompatibility studies demonstrated that PolyMorphine is non-cytotoxic towards fibroblasts. In vivo studies using mice showed that PolyMorphine provides analgesia for 3 days, 20 times the analgesic window of free morphine. The animals retained full responsiveness to morphine after being subjected to an acute morphine challenge.
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20
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Rosario-Meléndez R, Lavelle L, Bodnar S, Halperin F, Harper I, Griffin J, Uhrich KE. Stability of a salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) to electron beam and gamma radiation. Polym Degrad Stab 2011; 96:1625-1630. [PMID: 21909173 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of electron beam and gamma radiation on the physicochemical properties of a salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) was studied by exposing polymers to 0 (control), 25 and 50 kGy. After radiation exposure, salicylic acid release in vitro was monitored to assess any changes in drug release profiles. Molecular weight, glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature were evaluated for polymer chain scission and/or crosslinking as well as changes in thermal properties. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies were also used to determine polymer degradation and/or chain scission. In vitro cell studies were performed to identify cytocompatibility following radiation exposure. These studies demonstrate that the physicochemical properties of the polymer are not substantially affected by exposure to electron beam and gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselin Rosario-Meléndez
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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21
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Griffin J, Delgado-Rivera R, Meiners S, Uhrich KE. Salicylic acid-derived poly(anhydride-ester) electrospun fibers designed for regenerating the peripheral nervous system. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:230-42. [PMID: 21442724 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomaterial advances and the regenerating potential of the adult human peripheral nervous system offer great promise for restoring full function to innervated tissue following traumatic injury via synthetic nerve guidance conduits (NGCs). To most effectively facilitate nerve regeneration, a tissue engineering scaffold within a conduit must be similar to the linear microenvironment of the healthy nerve. To mimic the native nerve structure, aligned poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/bioactive polyanhydride fibrous substrates were fabricated through optimized electrospinning parameters with diameters of 600 ± 200 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images show fibers with a high degree of alignment. Schwann cells and dissociated rat dorsal root ganglia demonstrated elongated and healthy proliferation in a direction parallel to orientated electrospun fibers with significantly longer Schwann cell process length and neurite outgrowth when compared to randomly orientated fibers. Results suggest that an aligned polyanhydride fiber mat holds tremendous promise as a supplement scaffold for the interior of a degradable polymer NGC. Bioactive salicylic acid-based polyanhydride fibers are not limited to nerve regeneration and offer exciting promise for a wide variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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22
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Kim Y, Uhrich KE. Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Based Poly(anhydride-esters) by Solution Polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2010; 48:6003-6008. [PMID: 24431483 PMCID: PMC3889020 DOI: 10.1002/pola.24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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Deronde BM, Carbone AL, Uhrich KE. Storage Stability Study of Salicylate-based Poly(anhydride-esters). Polym Degrad Stab 2010; 95:1778-1782. [PMID: 21152105 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Storage stability was evaluated on a biodegradable salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) to elucidate the effects of storage conditions over time. The hydrolytically labile polymer samples were stored in powdered form at five relevant storage temperatures (-12 °C, 4 °C, 27 °C, 37 °C, 50 °C) and monitored over four weeks for changes in color, glass transition temperature, molecular weight, and extent of hydrolysis. Samples stored at lower temperatures remained relatively constant with respect to bond hydrolysis and molecular weight. Whereas, samples stored at higher temperatures displayed significant hydrolysis. For hydrolytically degradable polymers, such as these poly(anhydride-esters), samples are best stored at low temperatures under an inert atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Deronde
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8087
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Abstract
Fast-degrading, salicylate-based poly(anhydride-esters) were designed to degrade and release the active component, salicylic acid (SA), within 1 week. The polymer degradation was enhanced by using shorter or oxygen-containing aliphatic chains. A copolymer of diglycolic acid was also made with a salicylate-based diacid for comparison of polymer properties, including SA release. Both methods resulted in polyanhydrides with molecular weights ranging from 14 500 to 27 800 Da and displayed glass transition temperatures near physiological conditions, namely 33-40 degrees C. the homo- and copolymers completely degraded within one week releasing the chemically incorporated SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Carbone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854-8087, USA Fax: (+1) 732-445-7036
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854-8087, USA Fax: (+1) 732-445-7036
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Prudencio A, Carbone AL, Griffin J, Uhrich KE. A novel approach for incorporation of mono-functional bioactive phenols into polyanhydrides. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1101-8. [PMID: 21706573 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiseptics based on phenol and phenolic derivatives were chemically incorporated into polyanhydrides as pendant groups via ester linkages. Polyanhydrides with antiseptic loadings of 46-58 wt.-% were obtained with molecular weights ranging from 9 400-23 000. In general, polymers with the bulkier antiseptics were more difficult to polymerize and yielded lower molecular weights. All polyanhydrides were amorphous with glass transition temperatures ranging from 27-58 °C. Polymers were deemed noncytotoxic after culturing L929 mouse fibroblast cells in media containing the polymers at two concentrations (0.10 and 0.01 mg · mL(-1) ) over three days. In summary, mono-functional bioactives can be chemically incorporated into noncytotoxic polyanhydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Prudencio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway NJ 08854-8087, USA
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