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Johari N, Khodaei A, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Moroni L. Ancient fibrous biomaterials from silkworm protein fibroin and spider silk blends: Biomechanical patterns. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:38-67. [PMID: 36126911 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm silk protein fibroin and spider silk spidroin are known biocompatible and natural biodegradable polymers in biomedical applications. The presence of β-sheets in silk fibroin and spider spidroin conformation improves their mechanical properties. The strength and toughness of pure recombinant silkworm fibroin and spidroin are relatively low due to reduced molecular weight. Hence, blending is the foremost approach of recent studies to optimize silk fibroin and spidroin's mechanical properties. As summarised in the present review, numerous research investigations evaluate the blending of natural and synthetic polymers. The effects of blending silk fibroin and spidroin with natural and synthetic polymers on the mechanical properties are discussed in this review article. Indeed, combining natural and synthetic polymers with silk fibroin and spidroin changes their conformation and structure, fine-tuning the blends' mechanical properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Silkworm and spider silk proteins (silk fibroin and spidroin) are biocompatible and biodegradable natural polymers having different types of biomedical applications. Their mechanical and biological properties may be tuned through various strategies such as blending, conjugating and cross-linking. Blending is the most common method to modify fibroin and spidroin properties on demand, this review article aims to categorize and evaluate the effects of blending fibroin and spidroin with different natural and synthetic polymers. Increased polarity and hydrophilicity end to hydrogen bonding triggered conformational change in fibroin and spidroin blends. The effect of polarity and hydrophilicity of the blending compound is discussed and categorized to a combinatorial, synergistic and indirect impacts. This outlook guides us to choose the blending compounds mindfully as this mixing affects the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of the biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Johari
- Materials Engineering group, Golpayegan College of Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Golpayegan, Iran.
| | - Azin Khodaei
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Naskar D, Sapru S, Ghosh AK, Reis RL, Dey T, Kundu SC. Nonmulberry silk proteins: multipurpose ingredient in bio-functional assembly. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34428758 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac20a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicines utilising artificial polymers is facing many problems. Despite having mechanical stability, non-toxicity and biodegradability, most of them lack cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Natural polymers (such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, fibrin, fibroin, and others), including blends, are introduced to the field to solve some of the relevant issues. Another natural biopolymer: silkworm silk gained special attention primarily due to its specific biophysical, biochemical, and material properties, worldwide availability, and cost-effectiveness. Silk proteins, namely fibroin and sericin extracted from domesticated mulberry silkwormBombyx mori, are studied extensively in the last few decades for tissue engineering. Wild nonmulberry silkworm species, originated from India and other parts of the world, also produce silk proteins with variations in their nature and properties. Among the nonmulberry silkworm species,Antheraea mylitta(Indian Tropical Tasar),A. assamensis/A. assama(Indian Muga), andSamia ricini/Philosamia ricini(Indian Eri), along withA. pernyi(Chinese temperate Oak Tasar/Tussah) andA. yamamai(Japanese Oak Tasar) exhibit inherent tripeptide motifs of arginyl glycyl aspartic acid in their fibroin amino acid sequences, which support their candidacy as the potential biomaterials. Similarly, sericin isolated from such wild species delivers unique properties and is used as anti-apoptotic and growth-inducing factors in regenerative medicines. Other characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-inflammatory nature make it suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine based applications. A diverse range of matrices, including but not limited to nano-micro scale structures, nanofibres, thin films, hydrogels, and porous scaffolds, are prepared from the silk proteins (fibroins and sericins) for biomedical and tissue engineering research. This review aims to represent the progress made in medical and non-medical applications in the last couple of years and depict the present status of the investigations on Indian nonmulberry silk-based matrices as a particular reference due to its remarkable potentiality of regeneration of different types of tissues. It also discusses the future perspective in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines in the context of developing cutting-edge techniques such as 3D printing/bioprinting, microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, and other electronics, optical and thermal property-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,Present address: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sunaina Sapru
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,Present address: Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, IL, Israel
| | - Ananta K Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Tuli Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,3Bs Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
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Qi Q, Yao Y, Jia X, Meng Y, Zhao K, Jian Y. Effects of polyethylene glycol content on the properties of a silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite/polyethylene glycol electrospun scaffold. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33941-33948. [PMID: 35528921 PMCID: PMC9073650 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06654c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) content on the mechanical properties and degradation of silk fibroin, nano-hydroxyapatite, and PEG (SF/nHAP/PEG) electrospun scaffolds, and according to the PEG ratio in the scaffold (SF : nHAP : PEG), test groups were divided as follows: PEG-0 (10 : 2), PEG-0.5 (10 : 2 : 0.5), PEG-1 (10 : 2 : 1), and PEG-2 (10 : 2 : 2). A series of tests to determine the mechanical properties, degradation rates, and osteogenic characteristics was undertaken. PEG facilitated SF degradation (PEG-1 > PEG-0.5 > PEG-0 > PEG-2), and the mass loss of the scaffolds in PEG-1 was more than 30%, while in PEG-2 it was less than 20% after 8 days (P < 0.05). The addition of PEG strengthened the mechanical properties of the scaffold (PEG-1 > PEG-2 > PEG-0.5 > PEG-0), as the Young's modulus increased from 41.72 ± 3.40 MPa for PEG-0 to 76.12 ± 3.73 MPa for PEG-1 (P < 0.05). PEG was favorable for the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs (PEG-0.5 > PEG-1 > PEG-2 > PEG-0). The enhancements were attributable to the increased hydrophilicity and nHAP dispersion, as well as to the secondary structure transformation of SF. The PEG content was deemed to be optimal when the SF/nHAP/PEG ratio was equal to 10 : 2 : 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Technology and Materials for Oral Reconstruction, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| | - Yitong Yao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Technology and Materials for Oral Reconstruction, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoshi Jia
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Technology and Materials for Oral Reconstruction, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Technology and Materials for Oral Reconstruction, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| | - Yutao Jian
- Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
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Kumar M, Coburn J, Kaplan DL, Mandal BB. Immuno-Informed 3D Silk Biomaterials for Tailoring Biological Responses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29310-29322. [PMID: 27726371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, the key players in immunoregulation, are actively involved in tissue remodelling and vascularization. Recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine illustrate the importance of "immuno-informed" biomaterials to regulate the microenvironment of biomedical implants. In the current study, silk-based 3D hydrogels were utilized to regulate cytokine delivery for macrophage, a type of immune cell, differentiation and polarization. Three different hydrogel variants, silk-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (SP), silk-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (SH) and silk-sonicated (SS) hydrogels were studied. Hydrogels were loaded with the M1 and M2 polarizing cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively. Functional cytokine release and macrophage polarization studies were conducted using three cytokine exposure approaches: only cytokine encapsulation (macrophage in culture well), only macrophage encapsulation (cytokine in culture media) and cytokine with macrophage encapsulation. The extent of macrophage polarization by cytokine-eluting and macrophage-encapsulating hydrogels was investigated using gene expression analysis for C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) and cluster of differentiation 209 (CD209). The released cytokines polarized macrophages from an M0 phenotype to an M1/M2 phenotype. Also, lineage committed M1/M2 macrophages could be "switched" to their M2/M1 counterparts (M1-to-M2 or M2-to-M1 transition) exhibiting their well-established plasticity. When macrophages were encapsulated in hydrogels, polarization could be induced to the lineage committed M1 or M2 phenotypes either in polarizing media or when coencapsulated with cytokines. Through this study, silk hydrogels demonstrated utility as a novel system for focal delivery of cytokines and macrophages as "immuno-informed" 3D silk-biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishekhar Kumar
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG) , Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Jeannine Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts United States
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG) , Guwahati, 781039, India
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Hardy JG, Leal-Egaña A, Scheibel TR. Engineered Spider Silk Protein-Based Composites for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1431-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Hardy
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Aldo Leal-Egaña
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas R. Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is a multidisciplinary field that aims at the in vitro engineering of tissues and organs by integrating science and technology of cells, materials and biochemical factors. Mimicking the natural extracellular matrix is one of the critical and challenging technological barriers, for which scaffold engineering has become a prime focus of research within the field of TE. Amongst the variety of materials tested, silk fibroin (SF) is increasingly being recognized as a promising material for scaffold fabrication. Ease of processing, excellent biocompatibility, remarkable mechanical properties and tailorable degradability of SF has been explored for fabrication of various articles such as films, porous matrices, hydrogels, nonwoven mats, etc., and has been investigated for use in various TE applications, including bone, tendon, ligament, cartilage, skin, liver, trachea, nerve, cornea, eardrum, dental, bladder, etc. The current review extensively covers the progress made in the SF-based in vitro engineering and regeneration of various human tissues and identifies opportunities for further development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kasoju
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Ji J, Li B, Zhong WH. Effects of Soy Protein on the Crystallization and Dielectric Properties of PEG/PEG Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Reduced inflammatory responses to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) by the incorporation of hydroxybenzyl alcohol releasing polyoxalate. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Song Y, Kwon J, Kim B, Jeon Y, Khang G, Lee D. Physicobiological properties and biocompatibility of biodegradable poly(oxalate-co-oxamide). J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:517-26. [PMID: 21681944 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of biodegradable and biocompatible materials is the basis for tissue engineering and drug delivery. The aims of this study are to develop the poly(oxalate-co-oxamide) (POXAM) and evaluate its physicochemical properties and biocompatibility as the initial step for the development of new biomaterials. POXAM had a molecular weight of ~70,000 Da and rapidly degraded under physiological condition with a half-hydrolysis of ~4 days. POXAM films exhibited relative hydrophilic nature because of the presence of oxamide linkages and induced a higher cell attachment and proliferation compared with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films. In vitro inflammatory responses to POXAM were evaluated using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. POXAM films minimally stimulated the cells to generate less production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) than PLGA films. We assessed the in vivo inflammatory responses to POXAM films implanted in the dorsal skin of rats. Histological studies revealed that POXAM provoked remarkably reduced inflammatory responses, evidenced by the less accumulation of inflammatory cells and giant cells, thinner fibrotic capsules, in comparison with PLGA. Given its excellent biocompatibility, fast degradation, and very mild inflammatory responses, POXAM has great potential for biomedical applications, such as scaffolds, wound dressing, and fast drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiseul Song
- Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Dukjin, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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